CVS Health CVS Form 10-Q filing Q3 FY2025

Part I Financial Information

Item 1. Financial Statements 1

Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations 48

Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk 73

Item 4. Controls and Procedures 73

Part II Other Information

Item 1. Legal Proceedings 74

Item 1A. Risk Factors 74

Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds 74

Item 3 Defaults Upon Senior Securities 74

Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures 74

Item 5. Other Information 74

Item 6. Exhibits 75

Signatures 76

Form 10-Q Table of Contents

Part I.Financial Information

Item 1.Financial Statements

See accompanying notes to condensed consolidated financial statements (unaudited).

See accompanying notes to condensed consolidated financial statements (unaudited).

See accompanying notes to condensed consolidated financial statements (unaudited).

See accompanying notes to condensed consolidated financial statements (unaudited).

(1) Treasury shares include 1 million shares held in trust and treasury stock includes $29 million related to shares held in trust as of September 30, 2025, June 30, 2025, March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024.

(2) Common stock and capital surplus includes the par value of common stock of $18 million as of September 30, 2025, June 30, 2025, March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024.

See accompanying notes to condensed consolidated financial statements (unaudited).

(1) Treasury shares include 1 million shares held in trust and treasury stock includes $29 million related to shares held in trust as of September 30, 2024, June 30, 2024, March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023.

(2) Common stock and capital surplus includes the par value of common stock of $18 million as of September 30, 2024, June 30, 2024, March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023.

See accompanying notes to condensed consolidated financial statements (unaudited).

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)

1.Significant Accounting Policies

Description of Business

CVS Health Corporation, together with its subsidiaries (collectively, “CVS Health” or the “Company”), is a leading health solutions company building a world of health around every consumer it serves and connecting care so that it works for people wherever they are. As of September 30, 2025, the Company had approximately 9,000 retail locations, more than 1,000 walk-in and primary care medical clinics and a leading pharmacy benefits manager with approximately 87 million plan members and expanding specialty pharmacy solutions. The Company also serves an estimated more than 37 million people through traditional, voluntary and consumer-directed health insurance products and related services, including expanding Medicare Advantage offerings and a leading standalone Medicare Part D prescription drug plan (“PDP”). The Company is creating new sources of value through its integrated model allowing it to expand into personalized, technology driven care delivery and health services, increasing access to quality care, delivering better health outcomes and lowering overall health care costs.

The Company has four reportable segments: Health Care Benefits, Health Services, Pharmacy & Consumer Wellness and Corporate/Other, which are described below.

Health Care Benefits Segment

The Health Care Benefits segment operates as one of the nation’s leading diversified health care benefits providers through its Aetna® operations. The Health Care Benefits segment has the information and resources to help members, in consultation with their health care professionals, make more informed decisions about their health care. The Health Care Benefits segment offers a broad range of traditional, voluntary and consumer-directed health insurance products and related services, including medical, pharmacy, dental and behavioral health plans, medical management capabilities, Medicare Advantage and Medicare Supplement plans, PDPs and Medicaid health care management services. The Health Care Benefits segment’s primary customers, its members, primarily access the segment’s products and services through employer groups, government-sponsored plans or individually. The Health Care Benefits segment also serves customers who purchase products and services that are ancillary to its health insurance products. The Company refers to insurance products (where it assumes all or a majority of the risk for medical and dental care costs) as “Insured” and administrative services contract products (where the plan sponsor assumes all or a majority of the risk for medical and dental care costs) as “ASC.” The Company also sells Insured plans directly to individual consumers through the individual public health insurance exchanges. The Company plans to exit the states in which Aetna operates on the individual public health insurance exchanges effective January 2026.

Health Services Segment

The Health Services segment provides a full range of pharmacy benefit management (“PBM”) solutions through its CVS Caremark® operations and delivers health care services in its medical clinics, virtually, and in the home. PBM solutions include plan design offerings and administration, formulary management, retail pharmacy network management services, and specialty and mail order pharmacy services. In addition, the Company provides clinical services, disease management services, medical spend management and pharmacy and/or other administrative services for providers and federal 340B drug pricing program covered entities (“Covered Entities”). The Company operates a group purchasing organization that negotiates pricing for the purchase of pharmaceuticals and rebates with pharmaceutical manufacturers on behalf of its participants and provides various administrative, management and reporting services to pharmaceutical manufacturers. The segment also works directly with pharmaceutical manufacturers to commercialize and/or co-produce high quality biosimilar products through its CordavisTM subsidiary. The Health Services segment’s health care delivery assets include Signify Health, Inc. (“Signify Health”), a leader in health risk assessments and value-based care, and Oak Street Health, Inc. (“Oak Street Health”), a leading multi-payor operator of value-based primary care centers serving Medicare eligible patients. The Health Services segment’s clients and customers are primarily employers, insurance companies, unions, government employee groups, health plans, PDPs, Medicaid managed care plans, the U.S. Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (“CMS”), plans offered on public and private health insurance exchanges and other sponsors of health benefit plans throughout the U.S., patients who receive care in the Health Services segment’s medical clinics, virtually or in the home, as well as Covered Entities.

Pharmacy & Consumer Wellness Segment

The Pharmacy & Consumer Wellness segment dispenses prescriptions in its CVS Pharmacy® retail locations and through its infusion operations, provides ancillary pharmacy services including pharmacy patient care programs, diagnostic testing and vaccination administration, and sells a wide assortment of health and wellness products and general merchandise. The segment also provides pharmacy fulfillment services to support the Health Services segment’s specialty and mail order pharmacy offerings. As of September 30, 2025, the Pharmacy & Consumer Wellness segment operated approximately 9,000 retail

locations, as well as online retail pharmacy websites, retail specialty pharmacy stores, compounding pharmacies and branches for infusion and enteral nutrition services.

Corporate/Other Segment

The Company presents the remainder of its financial results in the Corporate/Other segment, which primarily consists of:

• Management and administrative expenses to support the Company’s overall operations, which include certain aspects of executive management and the corporate relations, legal, compliance, human resources and finance departments, information technology, digital, data and analytics, as well as acquisition-related integration costs; and
• Products for which the Company no longer solicits or accepts new customers, such as its large case pensions and long-term care insurance products.

Basis of Presentation

The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements of CVS Health and its subsidiaries have been prepared in accordance with the rules and regulations of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) regarding interim financial reporting. In accordance with such rules and regulations, certain information and accompanying note disclosures normally included in financial statements prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”) have been omitted, although the Company believes the disclosures included herein are adequate to make the information presented not misleading. These unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the audited consolidated financial statements and notes thereto which are included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024 (the “2024 Form 10-K”).

In the opinion of management, the accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements include all adjustments, consisting only of normal recurring adjustments, necessary for a fair presentation of the results for the interim periods presented. Because of the influence of various factors on the Company’s operations, including business combinations, certain holidays and other seasonal influences, net income (loss) for any interim period may not be comparable to the same interim period in previous years or necessarily indicative of income for the full year.

Principles of Consolidation

The unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its majority-owned subsidiaries and variable interest entities (“VIEs”) for which the Company is the primary beneficiary. All material intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated.

The Company continually evaluates its investments to determine if they represent variable interests in a VIE. If the Company determines that it has a variable interest in a VIE, the Company then evaluates if it is the primary beneficiary of the VIE. The evaluation is a qualitative assessment as to whether the Company has the ability to direct the activities of a VIE that most significantly impact the entity’s economic performance. The Company consolidates a VIE if it is considered to be the primary beneficiary.

Assets and liabilities of VIEs for which the Company is the primary beneficiary were not significant to the Company’s unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements. VIE creditors do not have recourse against the general credit of the Company.

Restricted Cash

Restricted cash included in other current assets on the unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheets primarily represents funds held on behalf of members. Restricted cash included in other assets on the unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheets represents amounts held in a trust in one of the Company’s captive insurance companies to satisfy collateral requirements associated with the assignment of certain insurance policies. All restricted cash is invested in demand deposits, time deposits and money market funds.

The following is a reconciliation of cash and cash equivalents on the unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheets to total cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash on the unaudited condensed consolidated statements of cash flows:

Accounts Receivable

Accounts receivable are stated net of allowances for credit losses, customer credit allowances, contractual allowances and estimated terminations. Accounts receivable, net at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024 was composed of the following:

The Company’s allowance for credit losses was $178 million and $407 million as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively. When developing an estimate of the Company’s expected credit losses, the Company considers all available relevant information regarding the collectability of cash flows, including historical information, current conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts of future economic conditions over the contractual life of the receivable. The Company’s accounts receivable are short duration in nature and typically settle in less than 30 days.

Health Care Contract Acquisition Costs

Insurance products included in the Health Care Benefits segment are cancellable by either the customer or the member monthly upon written notice. Acquisition costs related to prepaid health care and health indemnity contracts are generally expensed as incurred. For certain long-duration insurance contracts, acquisition costs directly related to the successful acquisition of a new or renewal insurance contract, including commissions, are deferred and are recorded as other current assets or other assets on the unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheets. Contracts are grouped by product and issue year into cohorts consistent with the grouping used in estimating the associated liability and are amortized on a constant level basis based on the remaining in-force policies over the estimated term of the contracts to approximate straight-line amortization. Changes to the Company’s assumptions, including assumptions related to persistency, are reflected at the cohort level at the time of change and are recognized prospectively over the estimated terms of the contract. The amortization of deferred acquisition costs is recorded in operating expenses in the unaudited condensed consolidated statements of operations.

The following is a roll forward of deferred acquisition costs for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024:

Premium Deficiency Reserves

The Company evaluates its short-duration insurance contracts to determine if it is probable that a loss will be incurred. For purposes of determining premium deficiency reserves, contracts are grouped consistent with the Company’s method of acquiring, servicing and measuring the profitability of such contracts. For each contract grouping, a premium deficiency reserve is recognized when it is probable that expected future incurred claims, including costs to maintain the contract grouping, exceed anticipated future premiums and reinsurance recoveries. Anticipated investment income is not considered in the calculation of premium deficiency reserves. A premium deficiency is first recognized by charging any unamortized acquisition costs to operating expenses, and to the extent the premium deficiency is greater than the unamortized acquisition costs, a premium deficiency reserve liability is established and reflected in health care costs payable on the unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheets. Losses recognized as a premium deficiency reserve result in a beneficial effect in subsequent periods as subsequent costs under these contracts are then charged to this previously established liability.

2025 Activity

During the first quarter of 2025, the Company determined it had a premium deficiency in its individual exchange product line related to the remainder of the 2025 coverage year. Accordingly, during the three months ended March 31, 2025, the Company recorded a premium deficiency reserve of $448 million, consisting of a $17 million charge of unamortized acquisition costs, which was recorded in operating expenses, and the establishment of a premium deficiency reserve of $431 million, which was recorded in health care costs. As of September 30, 2025, the premium deficiency reserve related to the individual exchange product line reflected in health care costs payable was $335 million.

Additionally, during the second quarter of 2025, the Company recorded a premium deficiency reserve of $471 million to health care costs related to its Group Medicare Advantage product line for the remainder of the 2025 coverage year, which was reflected in health care costs payable. As of September 30, 2025, the premium deficiency reserve related to the Group Medicare Advantage product line reflected in health care costs payable was $393 million.

2024 Activity

During the third quarter of 2024, the Company determined it had a premium deficiency in its Medicare product line related to the 2024 coverage year. Accordingly, during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, the Company recorded a premium deficiency reserve of $766 million, consisting of a $383 million charge of unamortized acquisition costs, which was recorded in operating expenses, and the establishment of a premium deficiency reserve of $383 million, which was recorded in health care costs. The Company did not have any premium deficiency reserves related to its Medicare product line as of December 31, 2024.

Additionally, during the third quarter of 2024, the Company established a premium deficiency reserve of $270 million related to its individual exchange product line for the 2024 coverage year, consisting of an $11 million charge of unamortized acquisition costs, which was recorded in operating expenses, and the establishment of a premium deficiency reserve of $259 million, which was recorded in health care costs. During the third quarter of 2024, the Company also established a premium deficiency reserve of $28 million related to its Medicaid product line, which was recorded in health care costs. The Company did not have any premium deficiency reserves related to its individual exchange or Medicaid product lines as of December 31, 2024.

Revenue Recognition

Disaggregation of Revenue

The following tables disaggregate the Company’s revenue by major source in each segment for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024:

(1) Health Services pharmacy network is defined as claims filled at retail and specialty retail pharmacies, including pharmacies owned by the Company, as well as activity associated with Maintenance Choice®, which permits eligible client plan members to fill their maintenance prescriptions through mail order delivery or at a CVS pharmacy retail store for the same price as mail order.

(2) Health Services mail & specialty is defined as specialty mail claims inclusive of Specialty Connect® claims picked up at a retail pharmacy, as well as mail order and specialty claims fulfilled by the Pharmacy & Consumer Wellness segment.

Contract Balances

Contract liabilities primarily represent the Company’s obligation to transfer additional goods or services to a customer for which the Company has received consideration, and primarily include ExtraBucks® Rewards and unredeemed Company gift cards. The consideration received remains a contract liability until goods or services have been provided to the customer. In addition, the Company recognizes breakage on Company gift cards based on historical redemption patterns.

The following table provides information about receivables and contract liabilities from contracts with customers:

ACO REACH and MSSP Exit

Prior to the first quarter of 2025, the Company’s Health Services segment provided enablement services to health systems primarily through two programs administered by CMS: the Accountable Care Organization Realizing Equity, Access and Community Health (“ACO REACH”) program and the Medicare Shared Savings Program (“MSSP”). During the first quarter of 2025, the Company determined that it would substantially exit both the ACO REACH program and the MSSP as further described below. In connection with these actions, during the nine months ended September 30, 2025, the Company recorded expenses of $288 million, which were included in the loss on Accountable Care assets and are reflected in operating expenses within the Health Services segment.

ACO REACH

In February 2025, the Company informed CMS of its plans to voluntarily terminate substantially all of its participation in the ACO REACH program effective March 31, 2025. In connection with the process of winding down its ACO REACH operations, the Company incurred costs of $52 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2025.

MSSP

In March 2025, the Company also divested its MSSP operations to Wellvana Health, LLC. The Company recorded a pre-tax loss on the divestiture of $236 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2025, which includes the removal of intangible assets and goodwill totaling $342 million. The consideration received related to this agreement was not material.

Omnicare Bankruptcy

On September 22, 2025, Omnicare, LLC (“Omnicare”), a wholly-owned indirect subsidiary of CVS Health Corporation, and certain of Omnicare’s subsidiary entities (collectively, the “Omnicare Entities”) voluntarily initiated Chapter 11 proceedings under the U.S. Bankruptcy Code. As a result of the initiation of Chapter 11 proceedings, the Company determined that it no longer retained control of the Omnicare Entities and deconsolidated the subsidiaries on September 22, 2025. The Omnicare Entities conduct long-term care pharmacy (“LTC”) operations, which distribute prescription drugs and provide related pharmacy consulting and ancillary services to long-term care facilities and other care settings. Prior to deconsolidation, the financial results of the Omnicare Entities were not material and were included in the Pharmacy & Consumer Wellness segment. As a result of the deconsolidation, the Company recorded a gain on deconsolidation of subsidiary of $483 million. Subsequent to deconsolidation, the Company’s retained investment related to its equity ownership of the Omnicare Entities had both a carrying value and a fair value of $0.

New Accounting Pronouncements Recently Adopted

Segment Reporting

In November 2023, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2023-07, Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures. This standard requires the Company to disclose significant segment expenses that are regularly provided to the Chief Operating Decision Maker (“CODM”) and are included within each reported measure of segment operating results. The standard also requires the Company to disclose the total amount of any other items included in segment operating results which were not deemed to be significant expenses for separate disclosure, along with a qualitative description of the composition of these other items. In addition, the standard also requires disclosure of the CODM’s title and position, as well as detail on how the CODM uses the reported measure of segment operating results to evaluate segment performance and allocate resources. The standard also aligns interim segment reporting disclosure requirements with annual segment reporting disclosure requirements. The Company adopted the standard on January 1, 2024 for fiscal year reporting and the standard became effective for interim reporting periods in fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024. The standard requires retrospective application to all prior periods presented. While the standard requires additional disclosures related to the Company’s reportable segments, the standard did not have any impact on the Company’s consolidated operating results, financial condition or cash flows as of the date of adoption. Refer to Note 12 ‘‘Segment Reporting’’ for the Company’s segment reporting disclosures, including those newly required by this standard.

Income Taxes

In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures. The standard requires the Company to provide further disaggregated income tax disclosures for specific categories on the effective tax rate reconciliation, as well as additional information about federal, state/local and foreign income taxes. The standard also requires the Company to annually disclose its income taxes paid (net of refunds received), disaggregated by jurisdiction. The Company adopted the standard on January 1, 2025 for fiscal year reporting. The standard is to be applied on a prospective basis, although optional retrospective application is permitted. While the standard will require additional disclosures related to the Company’s income taxes within the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2025, the standard did not have any impact on the Company’s consolidated operating results, financial condition or cash flows.

New Accounting Pronouncements Not Yet Adopted

Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses

In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU 2024-03, Income Statement—Reporting Comprehensive Income—Expense Disaggregation Disclosures (Subtopic 220-40): Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses. The standard requires the Company to provide further disaggregated information of relevant expense captions within its consolidated statements of operations, including the purchases of inventory, employee compensation, depreciation and intangible asset amortization, as well as the inclusion of other specific expenses, gains and losses required by existing GAAP. The new standard also requires the Company to disclose its total selling expenses and, on an annual basis, provide a qualitative description of its selling expenses. The standard is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2026 and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2027, with early adoption permitted. The standard may be applied prospectively or retrospectively. While the standard will require additional disclosures related to certain expenses included in the consolidated statements of operations, the standard is not expected to have any impact on the Company’s consolidated operating results, financial condition or cash flows.

Internal-Use Software

In September 2025, the FASB issued ASU 2025-06, Targeted Improvements to the Accounting for Internal-Use Software. This standard is intended to modernize the accounting for internal-use software. Under the new standard, the Company will capitalize eligible costs when (i) management has authorized and committed to funding the software project, and (ii) it is probable that the project will be completed and the software will be used to perform the function intended. The standard is effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2027, with early adoption permitted as of the beginning of a fiscal year. The standard may be applied prospectively, retrospectively or using a modified transition approach. The Company is currently evaluating the impact that this standard will have on the Company’s consolidated operating results, cash flows, financial condition and related disclosures.

2.Investments

Total investments at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024 were as follows:

Debt Securities

Debt securities available for sale at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024 were as follows:

(1) There was no allowance for expected credit losses recorded on available-for-sale debt securities at September 30, 2025 or December 31, 2024.

(2) Investment risks associated with the Company’s experience-rated products generally do not impact the Company’s consolidated operating results. At September 30, 2025, debt securities with a fair value of $487 million, gross unrealized capital gains of $11 million and gross unrealized capital losses of $15 million, and at December 31, 2024, debt securities with a fair value of $543 million, gross unrealized capital gains of $5 million and gross unrealized capital losses of $30 million were included in total debt securities, but support experience-rated products. Changes in net unrealized capital gains (losses) on these securities are not reflected in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss).

The amortized cost and fair value of debt securities at September 30, 2025 are shown below by contractual maturity. Actual maturities may differ from contractual maturities because securities may be restructured, called or prepaid, or the Company intends to sell a security prior to maturity.

Summarized below are the debt securities the Company held at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024 that were in an unrealized capital loss position, aggregated by the length of time the investments have been in that position:

The Company reviewed the securities in the table above and concluded that they are performing assets generating investment income to support the needs of the Company’s business. In performing this review, the Company considered factors such as the quality of the investment security based on research performed by the Company’s internal credit analysts and external rating agencies and the prospects of realizing the carrying value of the security based on the investment’s current prospects for recovery. Unrealized capital losses at September 30, 2025 were generally caused by interest rate increases and not by unfavorable changes in the credit quality associated with these securities. As of September 30, 2025, the Company did not intend to sell these securities, and did not believe it was more likely than not that it would be required to sell these securities prior to the anticipated recovery of their amortized cost basis.

The maturity dates for debt securities in an unrealized capital loss position at September 30, 2025 were as follows:

Mortgage Loans

The Company’s mortgage loans are collateralized by commercial real estate. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, the Company had the following activity in its mortgage loan portfolio:

The Company assesses mortgage loans on a regular basis for credit impairments, and assigns a credit quality indicator to each loan. The Company’s credit quality indicator is internally developed and categorizes each loan in its portfolio on a scale from 1 to 7. These indicators are based upon several factors, including current loan-to-value ratios, current and future property cash flow, property condition, market trends, creditworthiness of the borrower and deal structure.

• Category 1 - Represents loans of superior quality.
• Categories 2 to 4 - Represent loans where credit risk is minimal to acceptable; however, these loans may display some susceptibility to economic changes.
• Categories 5 and 6 - Represent loans where credit risk is not substantial, but these loans warrant management’s close attention.
• Category 7 - Represents loans where collections are potentially at risk; if necessary, an impairment is recorded.

Based on the Company’s assessments at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the amortized cost basis of the Company’s mortgage loans within each credit quality indicator by year of origination was as follows:

Net Investment Income

Sources of net investment income for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024 were as follows:

Excluding amounts related to experience-rated products, proceeds from the sale of available-for-sale debt securities and the related gross realized capital gains and losses for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024 were as follows:

3.Fair Value

The preparation of the Company’s unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements in accordance with GAAP requires certain assets and liabilities to be reflected at their fair value and others to be reflected on another basis, such as an adjusted historical cost basis. The Company’s assets and liabilities carried at fair value have been classified within one of three levels of a hierarchy established by GAAP. The following are the levels of the hierarchy and a brief description of the type of valuation information (“valuation inputs”) that qualifies a financial asset or liability for each level:

• Level 1 – Unadjusted quoted prices for identical assets or liabilities in active markets.
• Level 2 – Valuation inputs other than Level 1 that are based on observable market data. These include: quoted prices for similar assets in active markets, quoted prices for identical assets in inactive markets, valuation inputs that are observable that are not prices (such as interest rates and credit risks) and valuation inputs that are derived from or corroborated by observable markets.
• Level 3 – Developed from unobservable data, reflecting the Company’s assumptions.

For a description of the methods and assumptions that are used to estimate the fair value and determine the fair value hierarchy classification of each class of financial instrument, see Note 5 ‘‘Fair Value’’ in the 2024 Form 10-K.

There were no financial liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis on the unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheets at September 30, 2025 or December 31, 2024. Financial assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis on the unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheets at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024 were as follows:

During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025, there were $23 million and $55 million, respectively, of transfers out of Level 3. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, there were $47 million of transfers out of Level 3.

The carrying value and estimated fair value classified by level of fair value hierarchy for financial instruments carried on the unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheets at adjusted cost or contract value at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024 were as follows:

(1) It was not practical to estimate the fair value of these investments as they represent shares of unlisted companies.

Separate Accounts assets relate to the Company’s large case pensions products which represent funds maintained to meet specific objectives of contract holders. Since contract holders bear the investment risk of these assets, a corresponding Separate Accounts liability has been established equal to the assets. These assets and liabilities are carried at fair value. Separate Accounts financial assets as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024 were as follows:

(1) Excludes $43 million of other receivables and $188 million of other payables at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively.

4.Goodwill and Other Intangibles

Goodwill

Goodwill is not amortized, but is subject to annual impairment reviews, or more frequent reviews if events or circumstances indicate there may be impairment. Goodwill is evaluated for possible impairment by comparing the fair value of a reporting unit to its carrying value, including the goodwill assigned to that reporting unit.

During the fourth quarter of 2024, the Company performed its required annual impairment tests of goodwill. The results of the impairment tests indicated that there was no impairment of goodwill as of the 2024 testing date. The fair value of the Health Care Delivery reporting unit exceeded its carrying value by approximately 8%. The Health Care Delivery reporting unit is within the Health Services segment and is primarily comprised of the Signify Health and Oak Street Health care delivery assets, which were acquired in 2023.

During 2025, the Health Care Delivery reporting unit has continued to experience challenges, including the impact of persistent elevated utilization levels. In order to best respond to these challenges, the Company made a number of changes to its Health Care Delivery management team during 2025. During the third quarter of 2025, this new management team finalized certain strategic changes, including the determination that it would reduce the number of new primary care clinics it would open in 2026 and annually thereafter. The Company also determined that it would close certain existing Oak Street Health clinics in 2026. The strategy changes were presented to CVS Health Corporation’s Board of Directors in September 2025.

These changes are expected to impact management’s ability to grow the business at the rate that was originally estimated when the Company acquired the associated care delivery assets in 2023 and when the prior year annual goodwill impairment test was performed. Accordingly, the Health Care Delivery management team updated its financial projections to reflect these changes for 2026 and beyond. Based on these updated projections, management determined that there were indicators that the Health Care Delivery reporting unit’s goodwill may be impaired and, accordingly, an interim goodwill impairment test was performed as of August 31, 2025.

The results of the impairment test showed that the fair value of the Health Care Delivery reporting unit was lower than its carrying value, resulting in a $5.7 billion goodwill impairment charge. The fair value of the Health Care Delivery reporting unit was determined using a combination of a discounted cash flow method and a market multiple method and utilized inputs that reflect the Company’s assumptions, which are categorized as Level 3 inputs within the fair value hierarchy. In addition to the lower financial projections, lower market multiples of the peer group companies contributed to the amount of the goodwill impairment charge. As of September 30, 2025, the remaining goodwill balance in the Health Care Delivery reporting unit after recording the goodwill impairment was approximately $4.2 billion. The Company also performed an impairment test of the intangible assets of the Health Care Delivery reporting unit and no intangible assets were impaired as of September 30, 2025.

At September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, cumulative goodwill impairments were $5.7 billion and $6.6 billion, respectively. Cumulative goodwill impairments previously recorded on the long-term care reporting unit of $6.6 billion were eliminated in connection with the deconsolidation of the Omnicare Entities during the nine months ended September 30, 2025.

Below is a summary of the changes in the carrying value of goodwill by segment for the nine months ended September 30, 2025:

Rite Aid Asset Acquisition

In May 2025, the Company reached an agreement to acquire the prescription files of certain Rite Aid pharmacies, as well as acquire and operate certain Rite Aid stores in Idaho, Oregon and Washington for total consideration of $465 million. The closings were completed during the third quarter of 2025. The Company recorded $285 million of customer relationships

intangible assets related to the prescription file acquisitions completed in the nine months ended September 30, 2025, which will be amortized over a weighted average period of 10 years.

5.Health Care Costs Payable

The following table shows the components of the change in health care costs payable during the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024:

(1) Reflects the difference between the current discount rate and the locked-in discount rate on long-duration insurance reserves which is recorded within accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) on the unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheets.

(2) Total incurred health care costs for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024 in the table above exclude $41 million and $70 million, respectively, of health care costs recorded in the Health Care Benefits segment that are included in other insurance liabilities on the unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheets and $133 million and $142 million, respectively, of health care costs recorded in the Corporate/Other segment that are included in other insurance liabilities on the unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheets. Total incurred health care costs for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 also exclude $728 million for premium deficiency reserves for the 2025 coverage year related to the Company’s individual exchange and Group Medicare Advantage product lines. Total incurred health care costs for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 also exclude $670 million for premium deficiency reserves related to the Company’s Medicare, individual exchange and Medicaid product lines.

The Company’s estimates of prior years’ health care costs payable decreased by $1.9 billion and $845 million, respectively, in the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, because claims were settled for amounts less than originally estimated (i.e., the amount of claims incurred was lower than originally estimated), primarily due to lower health care cost trends as well as the actual claim submission time being faster than originally assumed (i.e., the Company’s completion factors were higher than originally assumed) in estimating health care costs payable at the end of the prior year.

At September 30, 2025, the Company’s liabilities for the ultimate cost of (i) services rendered to the Company’s Insured members but not yet reported to the Company and (ii) claims which have been reported to the Company but not yet paid (collectively, “IBNR”) plus expected development on reported claims totaled approximately $10.6 billion. Substantially all of the Company’s liabilities for IBNR plus expected development on reported claims at September 30, 2025 related to the current year.

6.Other Insurance Liabilities and Separate Accounts

Future Policy Benefits

The following tables show the components of the change in the liability for future policy benefits, which is included in other insurance liabilities and other long-term insurance liabilities on the unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheets, during the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024:

(1) The present value of expected net premiums is equivalent to the present value of expected gross premiums for the long-term care insurance contracts as net premiums are set equal to gross premiums.

(1) The present value of expected net premiums is equivalent to the present value of expected gross premiums for the long-term care insurance contracts as net premiums are set equal to gross premiums.

The Company did not have any material differences between the actual experience and expected experience for the significant assumptions used in the computation of the liability for future policy benefits.

The amount of undiscounted expected gross premiums and expected future benefit payments for long-duration insurance liabilities as of September 30, 2025 and 2024 were as follows:

The weighted-average interest rate used in the measurement of the long-duration insurance liabilities as of September 30, 2025 and 2024 were as follows:

The weighted-average durations (in years) of the long-duration insurance liabilities as of September 30, 2025 and 2024 were as follows:

Separate Accounts

The following table shows the fair value of assets, by major investment category, supporting Separate Accounts as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024:

(1) Excludes $43 million of other receivables and $188 million of other payables at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively.

The following table shows the components of the change in Separate Accounts liabilities during the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024:

The Company did not recognize any gains or losses on assets transferred to Separate Accounts during the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024.

7.Borrowings

The following table is a summary of the Company’s borrowings at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024:

Short-term Borrowings

Commercial Paper

The Company had $1.2 billion of commercial paper outstanding at a weighted average interest rate of 4.64% as of September 30, 2025. The Company had $2.1 billion of commercial paper outstanding at a weighted average interest rate of 4.98% as of December 31, 2024.

Long-term Borrowings

2025 Notes

On August 15, 2025, the Company issued $750 million aggregate principal amount of 5.0% senior notes due September 2032, $1.5 billion aggregate principal amount of 5.45% senior notes due September 2035, $1.25 billion aggregate principal amount of 6.2% senior notes due September 2055 and $500 million aggregate principal amount of 6.25% senior notes due September 2065 for total proceeds of approximately $4.0 billion, net of discounts and underwriting fees. The net proceeds of these offerings were used to repay existing indebtedness, including borrowings under the Company’s commercial paper program, as well as for general corporate purposes.

8.Shareholders’ Equity

Share Repurchases

The following share repurchase programs have been authorized by CVS Health Corporation’s Board of Directors (the “Board”):

Each of the share Repurchase Programs was effective immediately and permit the Company to effect repurchases from time to time through a combination of open market repurchases, privately negotiated transactions, accelerated share repurchase (“ASR”) transactions, and/or other derivative transactions. Both the 2022 and 2021 Repurchase Programs can be modified or terminated by the Board at any time.

During the nine months ended September 30, 2025, the Company did not repurchase any shares of its common stock. During the nine months ended September 30, 2024, the Company repurchased an aggregate of 39.7 million shares of common stock for approximately $3.0 billion pursuant to the 2021 Repurchase Program. This activity includes the share repurchases under the ASR transaction described below.

Pursuant to the authorization under the 2021 Repurchase Program, the Company entered into a $3.0 billion fixed dollar ASR with Morgan Stanley & Co. LLC. Upon payment of the $3.0 billion purchase price on January 4, 2024, the Company received a number of shares of CVS Health Corporation’s common stock equal to 85% of the $3.0 billion notional amount of the ASR or approximately 31.4 million shares, which were placed into treasury stock in January 2024. The ASR was accounted for as an initial treasury stock transaction for $2.6 billion and a forward contract for $0.4 billion. The forward contract was classified as an equity instrument and was recorded within capital surplus. In March 2024, the Company received approximately 8.3 million shares of CVS Health Corporation’s common stock, representing the remaining 15% of the $3.0 billion notional amount of the ASR, thereby concluding the ASR. These shares were placed into treasury and the forward contract was reclassified from capital surplus to treasury stock in March 2024.

At the time they were received, the initial and final receipt of shares resulted in an immediate reduction of the outstanding shares used to calculate the weighted average common shares outstanding for basic and diluted earnings per share.

Dividends

The quarterly cash dividend declared by the Board was $0.665 per share in both the three months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024. Cash dividends declared by the Board were $1.995 per share in both the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024. CVS Health Corporation has paid cash dividends every quarter since becoming a public company. Future dividend payments will depend on the Company’s earnings, capital requirements, financial condition and other factors considered relevant by the Board.

9.Other Comprehensive Income

Shareholders’ equity included the following activity in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024:

(1) Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) for specifically identified debt securities are included in net investment income in the unaudited condensed consolidated statements of operations.

(2) Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income for specifically identified cash flow hedges are included in interest expense in the unaudited condensed consolidated statements of operations. The Company expects to reclassify approximately $16 million, net of tax, in net gains associated with its cash flow hedges into net income within the next 12 months.

10.Earnings (Loss) Per Share

Earnings (loss) per share is computed using the treasury stock method. For periods in which the Company reports net income, diluted earnings per share is determined using the weighted average number of common and dilutive common equivalent shares outstanding during the period, unless the effect is antidilutive. Stock options and stock appreciation rights to purchase 9 million and 10 million shares of common stock were outstanding, but were excluded from the calculation of diluted loss per share for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025, respectively, because their exercise prices were greater than the average market price of the common shares and, therefore, the effect would be antidilutive. For the same reason, stock options and stock appreciation rights to purchase 8 million and 7 million shares of common stock were outstanding, but were excluded from the calculation of diluted earnings per share for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, respectively. In addition, due to the net loss attributable to CVS Health in the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025, 3 million of potentially dilutive common equivalent shares were excluded from the calculation of diluted earnings (loss) per share, as the impact of these shares was antidilutive for each of those periods.

The following is a reconciliation of basic and diluted earnings (loss) per share for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024:

11.Commitments and Contingencies

Lease Guarantees

Between 1995 and 1997, the Company sold or spun off a number of subsidiaries, including Linens ‘n Things and Marshalls. In many cases, when a former subsidiary leased a store, the Company provided a guarantee of the former subsidiary’s lease obligations for the initial lease term and any extension thereof pursuant to a renewal option provided for in the lease prior to the time of the disposition. When the subsidiaries were disposed of and accounted for as discontinued operations, the Company’s guarantees remained in place, although each initial purchaser agreed to indemnify the Company for any lease obligations the Company was required to satisfy. If any of the purchasers or any of the former subsidiaries fail to make the required payments under a store lease, the Company could be required to satisfy those obligations. As of September 30, 2025, the Company guaranteed 60 such store leases (excluding the lease guarantees related to Linens ‘n Things, which have been recorded as a liability on the unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheets), with the maximum remaining lease term extending through 2036.

Guaranty Fund Assessments, Market Stabilization and Other Non-Voluntary Risk Sharing Pools

Under guaranty fund laws existing in all states, insurers doing business in those states can be assessed (in most states up to prescribed limits) for certain obligations of insolvent insurance companies to policyholders and claimants. The life and health insurance guaranty associations in which the Company participates that operate under these laws respond to insolvencies of long-term care insurers and life insurers as well as health insurers. The Company’s assessments generally are based on a formula relating to the Company’s health care premiums in the state compared to the premiums of other insurers. Certain states allow assessments to be recovered over time as offsets to premium taxes. Some states have similar laws relating to health

maintenance organizations (“HMOs”) and/or other payors such as not-for-profit consumer-governed health plans established under the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act and the Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act of 2010.

In 2009, the Pennsylvania Insurance Commissioner placed long-term care insurer Penn Treaty Network America Insurance Company and one of its subsidiaries (collectively, “Penn Treaty”) in rehabilitation, an intermediate action before insolvency, and subsequently petitioned a state court to convert the rehabilitation into a liquidation. Penn Treaty was placed in liquidation in March 2017. The Company has recorded a liability for its estimated share of future assessments by applicable life and health insurance guaranty associations. It is reasonably possible that in the future the Company may record a liability and expense relating to other insolvencies which could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s operating results, financial condition and cash flows. While historically the Company has ultimately recovered more than half of guaranty fund assessments through statutorily permitted premium tax offsets, significant increases in assessments could lead to legislative and/or regulatory actions that limit future offsets.

HMOs in certain states in which the Company does business are subject to assessments, including market stabilization and other risk-sharing pools, for which the Company is assessed charges based on incurred claims, demographic membership mix and other factors. The Company establishes liabilities for these assessments based on applicable laws and regulations. In certain states, the ultimate assessments the Company pays are dependent upon the Company’s experience relative to other entities subject to the assessment, and the ultimate liability is not known at the financial statement date. While the ultimate amount of the assessment is dependent upon the experience of all pool participants, the Company believes it has adequate reserves to cover such assessments.

Litigation and Regulatory Proceedings

The Company has been involved or is currently involved in numerous legal proceedings, including litigation, arbitration, government investigations, audits, reviews and claims. These include routine, regular and special investigations, audits and reviews by CMS, state insurance and health and welfare departments, the U.S. Department of Justice (the “DOJ”), state Attorneys General, the U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration (the “DEA”), the U.S. Federal Trade Commission (the “FTC”) and other governmental authorities.

Legal proceedings, in general, and securities, class action and multi-district litigation, in particular, and governmental special investigations, audits and reviews can be expensive and disruptive. Some of the litigation matters may purport or be determined to be class actions and/or involve parties seeking large and/or indeterminate amounts, including punitive or exemplary damages, and may remain unresolved for several years. The Company also may be named from time to time in qui tam actions initiated by private third parties that could also be separately pursued by a governmental body. The results of legal proceedings, including government investigations, are often uncertain and difficult to predict, and the costs incurred in these matters can be substantial, regardless of the outcome.

The Company records accruals for outstanding legal matters when it believes it is probable that a loss will be incurred and the amount can be reasonably estimated. The Company evaluates, on a quarterly basis, developments in legal matters that could affect the amount of any accrual and developments that would make a loss contingency both probable and reasonably estimable. If a loss contingency is not both probable and reasonably estimable, the Company does not establish an accrued liability. Other than the controlled substances litigation accruals described below and as otherwise noted, none of the Company’s accruals for outstanding legal matters are material individually or in the aggregate to the Company’s unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheets.

Except as otherwise noted, the Company cannot predict with certainty the timing or outcome of the legal matters described below, and the Company is unable to reasonably estimate a possible loss or range of possible loss in excess of amounts already accrued for these matters. The Company believes that its defenses and assertions in pending legal proceedings have merit and does not believe that any of these pending matters, after consideration of applicable reserves and rights to indemnification, will have a material adverse effect on the Company’s financial position. Substantial unanticipated verdicts, fines and rulings, however, do sometimes occur, which could result in judgments against the Company, entry into settlements or a revision to its expectations regarding the outcome of certain matters, and such developments could have a material adverse effect on its results of operations. In addition, as a result of governmental investigations or proceedings, the Company may be subject to damages, civil or criminal fines or penalties, or other sanctions including possible suspension or loss of licensure and/or exclusion from participating in government programs. The outcome of such governmental investigations of proceedings could be material to the Company.

Usual and Customary Pricing Litigation

The Company is named as a defendant in a number of lawsuits that allege that the Company’s retail pharmacies overcharged for prescription drugs by not submitting the correct usual and customary price during the claims adjudication process. These actions are brought by a number of different types of plaintiffs, including private payors and government payors, and are based on different legal theories. Some of these cases are brought as putative class actions in which classes have been certified, and one of the cases asserts state false claims act claims by several state attorneys general in an intervened complaint filed in April 2025 and unsealed in May 2025. The Company is defending itself against these claims.

PBM Litigation and Investigations

The Company is named as a defendant in a number of lawsuits and is subject to a number of investigations concerning its PBM practices.

The Company is facing multiple lawsuits, including by the FTC, state Attorneys General, governmental subdivisions, private parties and several putative class actions, regarding drug pricing and its rebate arrangements with drug manufacturers. These complaints, brought by a number of different types of plaintiffs under a variety of legal theories, generally allege that rebate agreements between the drug manufacturers and PBMs caused inflated prices for certain drug products. The majority of these cases have now been transferred into a multi-district litigation in the U.S. District Court for the District of New Jersey. The Company is defending itself against these claims. The Company has also received subpoenas, civil investigative demands (“CIDs”), and other requests for documents and information from, and is being investigated by, the DOJ, the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (“HHS”), the FTC and Attorneys General of several states and the District of Columbia regarding its PBM practices, including pharmacy contracting practices and reimbursement, pricing and rebates. While the FTC has released a number of interim staff reports related to its studies of PBM practices under Section 6(b) of the FTC Act, which allows the FTC to conduct studies, among other activities, it has not yet released a final report. The Company has been providing documents and information in response to these subpoenas, CIDs and requests for information. In September 2024, the FTC filed an administrative complaint against the three largest PBMs (the “PBM Group”) and their affiliated group purchasing organizations, including subsidiaries of the Company. The complaint alleged that the PBM Group and their affiliated group purchasing organizations engaged in anti-competitive and unfair practices that “artificially” increased insulin costs. The Company is aggressively defending itself against the complaint. In November 2024, the PBM Group filed a complaint in the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Missouri challenging the constitutionality of the FTC’s administrative complaint. After the district court denied the challenge, the PBM Group filed an appeal with the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit, which is still pending.

United States ex rel. Behnke v. CVS Caremark Corporation, et al. (U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania). In April 2018, the Court unsealed a complaint filed in February 2014. The government has declined to intervene in this case. The relator alleges that the Company submitted, or caused to be submitted, to Part D of the Medicare program Prescription Drug Event data and/or Direct and Indirect Remuneration reports that misrepresented true prices paid by the Company’s PBM to pharmacies for drugs dispensed to Part D beneficiaries with prescription benefits administered by the Company’s PBM. Following a two-week trial, the Court issued a split decision and ruled that the Company was liable under the False Claims Act as to certain claims. After trebling damages and assessing penalties, the court entered judgment for $291 million. The Company recorded a litigation reserve related to this matter in the nine months ended September 30, 2025. The Company has appealed to the Third Circuit Court of Appeals.

Controlled Substances Litigation, Audits and Subpoenas

Forty-five states, the District of Columbia, and all eligible United States territories are participating in a settlement resolving substantially all opioid claims against Company entities by participating states and political subdivisions but not private plaintiffs. A high percentage of eligible subdivisions within the participating states also have elected to join the settlement. The settlement agreement is available at nationalopioidsettlement.com. The Company has separately entered into settlement agreements with four states – Florida, West Virginia, New Mexico and Nevada – and a high percentage of eligible subdivisions within those states also have elected to participate.

The final settlement agreement contains certain contingencies related to payment obligations. Because these contingencies are inherently unpredictable, the assessment requires judgments about future events. The amount of ultimate loss may differ from the amount accrued by the Company.

The State of Maryland has elected not to participate, and thus subdivisions within the State of Maryland may not participate, in the settlement. The State of Maryland has issued a civil subpoena for information from the Company, and litigation is pending with certain subdivisions within the State of Maryland as well as other non-participating subdivisions in other geographies, including the City of Philadelphia, and private parties such as hospitals and third-party payors. Trial in a case brought by a group of Florida hospitals began in September 2025. The Company is defending itself against the claims made in these cases.

In November 2021, the Company was among the chain pharmacies found liable by a jury in a trial in federal court in Ohio; in August 2022, the court issued a judgment jointly against the three defendants in the amount of $651 million to be paid over 15 years and also ordered certain injunctive relief. In December 2024, following an appeal by the Company, the Supreme Court of Ohio ruled that Ohio law precluded the claim on which the verdict and judgment were based.

Because of the many uncertainties associated with any settlement arrangement or other resolution of opioid-related litigation matters, and because the Company continues to actively defend ongoing litigation for which it believes it has defenses and assertions that have merit, the Company is not able to reasonably estimate the range of ultimate possible loss for all opioid-related litigation matters at this time. The outcome of these legal matters could have a material effect on the Company’s business, financial condition, operating results and/or cash flows.

In December 2024, the DOJ intervened in a previously sealed qui tam action and filed an amended complaint in the U.S. District Court for the District of Rhode Island, alleging, among other claims, violations of the federal Controlled Substances Act and the federal False Claims Act based on the filling of opioid and other controlled substance prescriptions at CVS Pharmacy locations nationwide. The Company is defending itself against the claims made in this case. Separately, the Company has been served with subpoenas issued by the U.S. Attorney’s Office for the Western District of Virginia, seeking records related to, among other things, commercial arrangements between the Company’s PBM and opioid manufacturers.

Prescription Processing Litigation and Investigations

The Company is named as a defendant in a number of lawsuits and is subject to a number of investigations concerning its prescription processing practices, including related to billing government payors for prescriptions, and the following:

U.S. ex rel. Bassan et al. v. Omnicare, Inc. and CVS Health Corp. (U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York). In December 2019, the U.S. Attorney’s Office for the Southern District of New York filed a complaint-in-intervention in this previously sealed qui tam case. The complaint alleges that for certain non-skilled nursing facilities, Omnicare improperly filled prescriptions where a valid prescription did not exist and that these dispensing events violated the federal False Claims Act. In April 2025, the jury found both Omnicare and CVS Health Corporation liable. The jury awarded approximately $136 million due to Omnicare’s conduct. This amount is automatically required to be tripled by statute to approximately $407 million. Accordingly, a litigation reserve was recorded related to this matter in the three months ended March 31, 2025. The jury found no damages attributable to CVS Health Corporation. In July 2025, the Court awarded penalties against Omnicare for $542 million, for which the Company recorded an incremental litigation reserve in the three months ended June 30, 2025. The Court also found CVS Health Corporation to be jointly and severally liable for $165 million of the $542 million in penalties. The Company has filed an appeal to the Second Circuit. As discussed in Note 1 ‘‘Significant Accounting Policies’’, on September 22, 2025, Omnicare initiated a voluntary court-supervised Chapter 11 bankruptcy process and was deconsolidated in the three months ended September 30, 2025. The litigation reserve of $165 million that CVS Health Corporation was jointly and severally liable for remained as a liability on the consolidated financial statements at September 30, 2025.

U.S. ex rel. Gill et al. v. CVS Health Corp. et al. (U.S. District Court for the Northern District of Illinois). In July 2022, the Delaware Attorney General’s Office moved for partial intervention as to allegations under the Delaware false claims act related to not escheating alleged overpayments in this previously sealed qui tam case. The federal government and the remaining states declined to intervene on other additional theories in the relator’s complaint, except that the federal government filed a notice of intervention for the limited purpose of defending the constitutionality of the qui tam provisions of the False Claims Act. The Company is defending itself against all of the claims.

Provider Proceedings

The Company is named as a defendant in purported class actions and individual lawsuits arising out of its practices related to the payment of claims for services rendered to its members by providers with whom the Company has a contract and with whom the Company does not have a contract (“out-of-network providers”). Among other things, these lawsuits allege that the Company paid too little to its health plan members and/or providers for out-of-network services (including COVID-19 testing) and/or otherwise allege that the Company failed to timely or appropriately pay or administer claims and benefits (including the

Company’s post payment audit and collection practices). Other major health insurers are the subject of similar litigation or have settled similar litigation.

The Company also has received subpoenas and/or requests for documents and other information from, and been investigated by, state Attorneys General and other state and/or federal regulators, legislators and agencies relating to claims payments, and the Company is involved in other litigation regarding its out-of-network benefit payment and administration practices. It is reasonably possible that others could initiate additional litigation or additional regulatory action against the Company with respect to its out-of-network benefit payment and/or administration practices.

CMS Actions

CMS regularly audits the Company’s performance to determine its compliance with CMS’s regulations and its contracts with CMS and to assess the quality of services it provides to Medicare beneficiaries. CMS uses various payment mechanisms to allocate and adjust premium payments to the Company’s and other companies’ Medicare plans by considering the applicable health status of Medicare members as supported by information prepared, maintained and provided by providers. The Company collects claim and encounter data from providers and generally relies on providers to appropriately code their submissions to the Company and document their medical records, including the diagnosis data submitted to the Company with claims. CMS pays increased premiums to Medicare Advantage plans and Medicare PDP plans for members who have certain medical conditions identified with specific diagnosis codes. Federal regulators review and audit the providers’ medical records to determine whether those records support the related diagnosis codes that determine the members’ health status and the resulting risk-adjusted premium payments to the Company. In that regard, CMS has instituted risk adjustment data validation (“RADV”) audits of various Medicare Advantage plans, including the Company’s plans, to validate coding practices and supporting medical record documentation maintained by providers and the resulting risk-adjusted premium payments to the plans. CMS may require the Company to refund premium payments if the Company’s risk-adjusted premiums are not properly supported by medical record data. The Office of the Inspector General of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (the “OIG”) also is auditing the Company’s risk adjustment-related data and that of other companies. The Company expects CMS and the OIG to continue these types of audits.

On January 30, 2023, CMS released the final RADV rule (“RADV Audit Rule”), announcing it may use extrapolation for payment years 2018 forward, for both RADV audits and OIG contract level audits, and eliminated the application of an adjustment for the error rate in fee-for-service Medicare (“FFS Adjuster”) that was considered in prior proposed rules. Under the revised extrapolation methodology, CMS may extrapolate an error rate from the audit sample across the audited contract without any FFS Adjuster. In the RADV Audit Rule, CMS indicated that it will use more than one audit methodology going forward and indicated CMS will audit contracts it believes are at the highest risk for overpayments based on its statistical modeling, citing a 2016 Governmental Accountability Office report that recommended selection of contract-level RADV audits with a focus on contracts likely to have high rates of improper payment, the highest coding intensity scores, and contracts with high levels of unsupported diagnoses from prior RADV audits. On May 21, 2025, CMS announced it would audit every Medicare Advantage contract each payment year, with an expedited plan to complete audits for payment years 2018 through 2024 by early 2026.

The Company is currently unable to predict which of its Medicare Advantage contracts will be selected for audit, the amounts of any retroactive refunds for years prior to 2018 or prospective adjustments to Medicare Advantage premium payments made to the Company, the effect of any such refunds or adjustments on the actuarial soundness of the Company’s Medicare Advantage bids, or whether any RADV audit findings would require the Company to change its method of estimating future premium revenue in future bid submissions to CMS or compromise premium assumptions made in the Company’s bids for prior contract years, the current contract year or future contract years. CMS and OIG have begun audits of the Company’s plans that are subject to extrapolation under the RADV Audit Rule. Any premium or fee refunds or adjustments resulting from regulatory audits, whether as a result of RADV, Public Exchange-related or other audits by CMS, the OIG or otherwise, including audits of the Company’s minimum loss ratio rebates, methodology and/or reports, could be material and could adversely affect the Company’s operating results, cash flows and/or financial condition.

The RADV Audit Rule does not apply to the CMS Part C Improper Payment Measures audits nor the HHS RADV programs.

Medicare and Medicaid Litigation and Investigations

The Company has received CIDs from the Civil Division of the DOJ in connection with investigations of the Company’s identification and/or submission of diagnosis codes related to risk adjustment payments, including patient chart review processes, under Parts C and D of the Medicare program. The Company is cooperating with the government and providing documents and information in response to these CIDs.

In May 2017, the Company received a CID from the U.S. Attorney’s Office for the Southern District of New York requesting documents and information concerning possible false claims submitted to Medicare in connection with reimbursements for prescription drugs under the Medicare Part D program. The Company has been cooperating with the government and providing documents and information in response to this CID.

U.S. ex rel. Andrew Shea v. Aetna Life Insurance Company, et al.(U.S. District Court for the District of Massachusetts). In May 2025, the U.S. Attorney’s Office for the District of Massachusetts filed a complaint-in-intervention in this previously sealed qui tam case. The complaint alleges that the Company and two other large health insurance companies, paid kickbacks to insurance brokers to induce them to direct patients to their Medicare Advantage plans and, as a result, claims made to the government in connection with those plans violated the federal False Claims Act and Anti-Kickback Statute. The complaint also alleges that the Company engaged in discriminatory conduct. The Company is defending itself against these claims.

Stockholder Matters

Beginning in February 2019, multiple class action complaints, as well as a derivative complaint, were filed by putative plaintiffs against the Company and certain current and former officers and directors. The plaintiffs in these cases assert a variety of causes of action under federal securities laws that are premised on allegations that the defendants made certain omissions and misrepresentations relating to the performance of the Company’s LTC business unit. Since filing, several of the cases have been consolidated, and three have resolved. In February 2025, the District of Rhode Island granted the Company’s motion to dismiss In re CVS Health Corp. Securities Act Litigation (formerly known as Waterford) and in March 2025 plaintiffs filed a notice of appeal of that decision to the First Circuit. A derivative case in the District of Rhode Island, Lovoi v. Aguirre, had been stayed pending the outcome of the Waterford case, and will remain stayed pending the resolution of the appeal. The Company and its current and former officers and directors are defending themselves against remaining claims.

Beginning in December 2021, the Company has received several demands for inspection of books and records pursuant to Delaware General Corporation Law Section 220 (“Section 220 demands”), as well as a derivative complaint (Vladimir Gusinsky Revocable Trust v. Lynch, et al.) that was filed in January 2023, which the defendants moved to dismiss. The Section 220 demands and the complaint purport to be related to potential breaches of fiduciary duties by the Board in relation to certain matters concerning opioids. Following the Company’s response to the first three Section 220 demands, two of the three stockholders sent demand letters to the Board containing allegations substantially similar to those made in the earlier Section 220 demands and the derivative matter, and requested that it take certain actions, including consideration of its governance and policies with respect to controlled substances. In July 2024, the court granted the defendants’ motion to dismiss the Gusinsky case. In September 2024, the Board received a third demand letter containing similar allegations and requesting the Board take action. The Board has formed a demand review committee to evaluate the demands. In March 2025, the Company received another Section 220 demand requesting materials similar to the prior demands, which was subsequently withdrawn. In September 2025, the Company received a Section 220 demand requesting materials related to the Board’s oversight of certain PBM and retail practices (including pricing and manufacturers’ rebates). The Company is evaluating the demand.

Beginning in July 2024, two purported class action complaints, as well as multiple derivative complaints, were filed by putative plaintiffs against the Company and certain current and former officers and directors. The plaintiffs in these cases assert a variety of causes of action under federal securities laws and state law that are premised on allegations that the defendants made certain omissions and misrepresentations relating to the profitability of the Health Care Benefits segment. Two purported class actions were filed and have been consolidated in U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York. In May 2025, the defendants filed a motion to dismiss the amended consolidated class action complaint captioned as Louisiana Sheriffs’ Pension and Relief Fund, et al. v. CVS Health Corp., et al. Two derivative cases were also filed in the Southern District of New York and have been consolidated as In re CVS Health Corporation Derivative Litigation. Two derivative cases filed in the District of Rhode Island have been consolidated as In re CVS Health Corporation Stockholder Derivative Litigation. The consolidated derivative actions have been stayed pending the outcome of any motion to dismiss in the consolidated Louisiana Sheriffs’ securities class action. Three additional derivative cases were filed in Rhode Island Superior Court: two have been consolidated as In re CVS Health Corporation Stockholder Derivative Litigation and the third is Davidow v. Lynch, et al., and these cases have also been stayed on similar terms as the other actions. The Company and the individual defendants are defending themselves against these claims. In January 2025, the Board received a stockholder demand containing allegations substantially similar to those made in the class action and derivative matters, and requesting that it take certain actions, including investigating whether any Board members or officers breached their fiduciary duties related to those allegations, and bringing litigation to recover the Company’s damages if any such misconduct is found. The Board has determined to defer a decision on the demand pending developments in the related litigation.

Other Legal and Regulatory Proceedings

The Company is also a party to other legal proceedings and is subject to government investigations, inquiries and audits, and has received and is cooperating with the government in response to CIDs, subpoenas, or similar process from various governmental agencies requesting information. These other legal proceedings and government actions include claims of or relating to bad faith, medical or professional malpractice, breach of fiduciary duty, claims processing and billing, dispensing of medications, the use of medical testing devices in the in-home evaluation setting, non-compliance with state and federal regulatory regimes, marketing misconduct, denial of or failure to timely or appropriately pay or administer claims and benefits, provider network structure (including the use of performance-based networks and termination of provider contracts), rescission of insurance coverage, improper disclosure or use of personal information, anticompetitive practices, the Company’s participation in the 340B program, general contractual matters, product liability, intellectual property litigation, discrimination and employment litigation. Some of these other legal proceedings are or are purported to be class actions or derivative claims. The Company is defending itself against the claims brought in these matters.

Awards to the Company and others of certain government contracts, particularly Medicaid contracts and other contracts with government customers in the Company’s Health Care Benefits segment, frequently are subject to protests by unsuccessful bidders. These protests may result in awards to the Company being reversed, delayed, or modified. The loss or delay in implementation of any government contract could adversely affect the Company’s operating results. The Company will continue to defend contract awards it receives.

There also continues to be a heightened level of review and/or audit by regulatory authorities and legislators of, and increased litigation regarding, the Company’s and the rest of the health care and related benefits industry’s business and reporting practices, including premium rate increases, utilization management, development and application of medical policies, complaint, grievance and appeal processing, information privacy, provider network structure (including provider network adequacy, the use of performance-based networks and termination of provider contracts), provider directory accuracy, provider credentialing, calculation of minimum medical loss ratios and/or payment of related rebates, delegated arrangements, rescission of insurance coverage, limited benefit health products, student health products, PBM practices (including manufacturers’ rebates, pricing, the use of narrow networks and the placement of drugs in formulary tiers), sales practices, customer service practices, vendor oversight, and claim payment practices (including payments to out-of-network providers).

As a leading national health solutions company, the Company regularly is the subject of government actions of the types described above. These government actions may prevent or delay the Company from implementing planned premium rate increases and may result, and have resulted, in restrictions on the Company’s businesses, changes to or clarifications of the Company’s business practices, retroactive adjustments to premiums, refunds or other payments to members, beneficiaries, states or the federal government, withholding of premium payments to the Company by government agencies, assessments of damages, civil or criminal fines or penalties, or other sanctions, including the possible suspension or loss of licensure and/or suspension or exclusion from participation in government programs.

The Company can give no assurance that its businesses, financial condition, operating results and/or cash flows will not be materially adversely affected, or that the Company will not be required to materially change its business practices, based on: (i) future enactment of new health care or other laws or regulations; (ii) the interpretation or application of existing laws or regulations as they may relate to one or more of the Company’s businesses, one or more of the industries in which the Company competes and/or the health care industry generally; (iii) pending or future federal or state government investigations of one or more of the Company’s businesses, one or more of the industries in which the Company competes and/or the health care industry generally; (iv) pending or future government audits, investigations or enforcement actions against the Company; (v) adverse developments in any pending qui tam lawsuit against the Company, whether sealed or unsealed, or in any future qui tam lawsuit that may be filed against the Company; or (vi) adverse developments in pending or future legal proceedings against the Company or affecting one or more of the industries in which the Company competes and/or the health care industry generally.

12.Segment Reporting

The Company has four reportable segments: Health Care Benefits, Health Services, Pharmacy & Consumer Wellness and Corporate/Other. The Company’s segments maintain separate financial information, and the CODM, the Company’s Chief Executive Officer, evaluates the segments’ operating results on a regular basis in deciding how to allocate resources among the segments and in assessing segment performance. The CODM evaluates the performance of the Company’s segments based on adjusted operating income. Total assets by segment are not used by the CODM to assess the performance of, or allocate resources to, the Company’s segments, therefore total assets by segment are not disclosed.

Adjusted operating income (loss) is defined as operating income (loss) (GAAP measure) excluding the impact of amortization of intangible assets, net realized capital gains or losses and other items, if any, that neither relate to the ordinary course of the Company’s business nor reflect the Company’s underlying business performance. The CODM uses adjusted operating income as its principal measure of segment performance as it enhances the CODM’s ability to compare past financial performance with current performance and analyze underlying business performance and trends. Non-GAAP financial measures the Company discloses, such as consolidated adjusted operating income, should not be considered a substitute for, or superior to, financial measures determined or calculated in accordance with GAAP.

The following is a reconciliation of financial measures of the Company’s segments to the consolidated totals:

(1) Total revenues of the Health Services segment include approximately $2.4 billion and $2.7 billion of retail co-payments for the three months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively. Total revenues of the Health Services segment include approximately $8.8 billion and $8.9 billion of retail co-payments for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively.

(2) Intersegment revenue eliminations relate to intersegment revenue generating activities that occur between the Health Care Benefits segment, the Health Services segment, and/or the Pharmacy & Consumer Wellness segment.

(3) Other segment items for each reportable segment include operating expenses, which primarily consist of selling, general and administrative expenses. Other segment items exclude the impact of amortization of intangible assets and other items, if any, that neither relate to the ordinary course of the Company’s business nor reflect the Company’s underlying business performance.

(4) The Company’s acquisition activities have resulted in the recognition of intangible assets as required under the acquisition method of accounting which consist primarily of trademarks, customer contracts/relationships, covenants not to compete, technology, provider networks and value of business acquired. Definite-lived intangible assets are amortized over their estimated useful lives and are tested for impairment when events indicate that the carrying value may not be recoverable. The amortization of intangible assets is reflected in operating expenses within each segment. Although intangible assets contribute to the Company’s revenue generation, the amortization of intangible assets does not directly relate to the underwriting of the Company’s insurance products, the services performed for the Company’s customers or the sale of the Company’s products or services. Additionally, intangible asset amortization expense typically fluctuates based on the size and timing of the Company’s acquisition activity. Accordingly, the Company believes excluding the amortization of intangible assets enhances the Company’s and investors’ ability to compare the Company’s past financial performance with its current performance and to analyze underlying business performance and trends. Intangible asset amortization excluded from the related non-GAAP financial measure represents the entire amount recorded within the Company’s GAAP financial statements, and the revenue generated by the associated intangible assets has not been excluded from the related non-GAAP financial measure. Intangible asset amortization is excluded from the related non-GAAP financial measure because the amortization, unlike the related revenue, is not affected by operations of any particular period unless an intangible asset becomes impaired or the estimated useful life of an intangible asset is revised.

(5) The Company’s net realized capital gains and losses arise from various types of transactions, primarily in the course of managing a portfolio of assets that support the payment of insurance liabilities. Net realized capital gains and losses are reflected in net investment income (loss) within each segment. These capital gains and losses are the result of investment decisions, market conditions and other economic developments that are unrelated to the performance of the Company’s business, and the amount and timing of these capital gains and losses do not directly relate to the underwriting of the Company’s insurance products, the services performed for the Company’s customers or the sale of the Company’s products or services. Accordingly, the Company believes excluding net realized capital gains and losses enhances the Company’s and investors’ ability to compare the Company’s past financial performance with its current performance and to analyze underlying business performance and trends.

(6) During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, the acquisition-related integration costs relate to the acquisitions of Signify Health and Oak Street Health. The acquisition-related integration costs are reflected in operating expenses within the Corporate/Other segment.

(7) During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025, the goodwill impairment charge relates to the Health Care Delivery reporting unit within the Health Services segment.

(8) During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025, the Health Care Delivery clinic closure charge primarily relates to the write down of long-lived assets in connection with the planned closure of certain existing Oak Street Health clinics in 2026, as well as associated severance and employee-related costs expected to be incurred. The Health Care Delivery clinic closure charge is reflected in operating expenses within the Health Services segment.

(9) During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and the nine months ended September 30, 2024, the opioid litigation charges relate to changes in the Company’s accrual related to ongoing opioid litigation matters.

(10) During the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, the office real estate optimization charges primarily relate to the abandonment of leased real estate and the related right-of-use assets and property and equipment in connection with the Company’s evaluation of corporate office real estate space in response to its ongoing flexible work arrangement. The office real estate optimization charges are reflected in operating expenses within each segment.

(11) During the nine months ended September 30, 2025, the Company recorded legacy litigation charges related to two court decisions associated with its past business practices.

In April 2025, a jury found Omnicare and CVS Health Corporation liable in connection with alleged violations of the federal False Claims Act related to dispensing practices by Omnicare from 2010, prior to its acquisition by the Company in 2015, through 2018. Damages were found only with respect to Omnicare. Accordingly, the Company recorded a litigation charge of $387 million during the first quarter of 2025. During the second quarter of 2025, the Company recorded a charge of $542 million, reflecting penalties assessed under the False Claims Act. These litigation charges are reflected in operating expenses within the Pharmacy & Consumer Wellness segment.

In June 2025, a court found certain subsidiaries of CVS Health Corporation liable for damages in connection with a complaint filed in February 2014, in which the government declined to intervene, related to PBM direct and indirect remuneration reporting practices for two clients from 2010 through 2016, which the Company has since modified. In connection with this court decision, the Company recorded a litigation charge of $291 million during the second quarter of 2025. This litigation charge is reflected in operating expenses within the Health Services segment.

(12) During the nine months ended September 30, 2025, the loss on the wind down and sale of Accountable Care assets represents the pre-tax loss on the divestiture of the Company’s MSSP operations, which the Company sold in March 2025, as well as costs incurred in connection with the process of winding down the Company’s ACO REACH operations. The loss on Accountable Care assets is reflected in operating expenses within the Health Services segment.

(13) During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, the restructuring charges are primarily comprised of a store impairment charge, corporate workforce optimization costs, including severance and employee-related costs, and other asset impairment and related charges associated with the discontinuation of certain non-core assets. During the third quarter of 2024, the Company finalized an enterprise-wide restructuring plan intended to streamline and simplify the organization, improve efficiency and reduce costs. In connection with this restructuring plan, the Company completed a strategic review of its retail business and determined that it planned to close additional retail stores in 2025, and, accordingly, it recorded a store impairment charge to write down the associated lease right-of-use assets and property and equipment. In addition, during the third quarter of 2024, the Company also conducted a review of its various strategic assets and determined that it would discontinue the use of certain non-core assets, at which time impairment losses were recorded to write down the carrying value of these assets to the Company’s best estimate of their fair value. The restructuring charges associated with the store impairments are reflected within the Pharmacy & Consumer Wellness segment, other asset impairments and related charges are reflected within the Corporate/Other and Pharmacy & Consumer Wellness segments and corporate workforce optimization costs are reflected within the Corporate/Other segment.

(14) During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025, the gain on deconsolidation of subsidiary relates to Omnicare, a wholly-owned indirect subsidiary of CVS Health Corporation, and certain of its subsidiary entities. In September 2025, the Omnicare Entities voluntarily initiated Chapter 11 proceedings under the U.S. Bankruptcy Code, at which time the Company determined that it no longer retained control of the Omnicare Entities and deconsolidated the subsidiaries.

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

To the Shareholders and the Board of Directors of CVS Health Corporation

Results of Review of Interim Financial Statements

We have reviewed the accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheet of CVS Health Corporation (the Company) as of September 30, 2025, the related condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss) for the three-month and nine-month periods ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, the related condensed consolidated statements of shareholders’ equity for the three-month periods ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, June 30, 2025 and 2024 and September 30, 2025 and 2024, the related condensed consolidated statements of cash flows for the nine-month periods ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the “condensed consolidated interim financial statements”). Based on our reviews, we are not aware of any material modifications that should be made to the condensed consolidated interim financial statements for them to be in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles.

We have previously audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the consolidated balance sheet of the Company as of December 31, 2024, the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive income, shareholders’ equity and cash flows for the year then ended, and the related notes (not presented herein); and in our report dated February 12, 2025, we expressed an unqualified audit opinion on those consolidated financial statements. In our opinion, the information set forth in the accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2024, is fairly stated, in all material respects, in relation to the consolidated balance sheet from which it was derived.

Basis for Review Results

These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the SEC and the PCAOB. We conducted our review in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. A review of interim financial statements consists principally of applying analytical procedures and making inquiries of persons responsible for financial and accounting matters. It is substantially less in scope than an audit conducted in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB, the objective of which is the expression of an opinion regarding the financial statements taken as a whole. Accordingly, we do not express such an opinion.

/s/ Ernst & Young LLP

Boston, Massachusetts

October 29, 2025

Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

Form 10-Q Table of Contents

Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations (“MD&A”)

Overview of Business

CVS Health Corporation, together with its subsidiaries (collectively, “CVS Health,” the “Company,” “we,” “our” or “us”), is a leading health solutions company building a world of health around every consumer it serves and connecting care so that it works for people wherever they are. As of September 30, 2025, the Company had approximately 9,000 retail locations, more than 1,000 walk-in and primary care medical clinics and a leading pharmacy benefits manager with approximately 87 million plan members and expanding specialty pharmacy solutions. The Company also serves an estimated more than 37 million people through traditional, voluntary and consumer-directed health insurance products and related services, including expanding Medicare Advantage offerings and a leading standalone Medicare Part D prescription drug plan (“PDP”). The Company is creating new sources of value through its integrated model allowing it to expand into personalized, technology driven care delivery and health services, increasing access to quality care, delivering better health outcomes and lowering overall health care costs.

The Company has four reportable segments: Health Care Benefits, Health Services, Pharmacy & Consumer Wellness and Corporate/Other, which are described below.

Overview of the Health Care Benefits Segment

The Health Care Benefits segment operates as one of the nation’s leading diversified health care benefits providers through its Aetna® operations. The Health Care Benefits segment has the information and resources to help members, in consultation with their health care professionals, make more informed decisions about their health care. The Health Care Benefits segment offers a broad range of traditional, voluntary and consumer-directed health insurance products and related services, including medical, pharmacy, dental and behavioral health plans, medical management capabilities, Medicare Advantage and Medicare Supplement plans, PDPs and Medicaid health care management services. The Health Care Benefits segment’s primary customers, its members, primarily access the segment’s products and services through employer groups, government-sponsored plans or individually. The Health Care Benefits segment also serves customers who purchase products and services that are ancillary to its health insurance products. The Company refers to insurance products (where it assumes all or a majority of the risk for medical and dental care costs) as “Insured” and administrative services contract products (where the plan sponsor assumes all or a majority of the risk for medical and dental care costs) as “ASC.” The Company also sells Insured plans directly to individual consumers through the individual public health insurance exchanges. The Company plans to exit the states in which Aetna operates on the individual public health insurance exchanges effective January 2026.

Overview of the Health Services Segment

The Health Services segment provides a full range of pharmacy benefit management (“PBM”) solutions through its CVS Caremark® operations and delivers health care services in its medical clinics, virtually, and in the home. PBM solutions include plan design offerings and administration, formulary management, retail pharmacy network management services, and specialty and mail order pharmacy services. In addition, the Company provides clinical services, disease management services, medical spend management and pharmacy and/or other administrative services for providers and federal 340B drug pricing program covered entities (“Covered Entities”). The Company operates a group purchasing organization that negotiates pricing for the purchase of pharmaceuticals and rebates with pharmaceutical manufacturers on behalf of its participants and provides various administrative, management and reporting services to pharmaceutical manufacturers. The segment also works directly with pharmaceutical manufacturers to commercialize and/or co-produce high quality biosimilar products through its CordavisTM subsidiary. The Health Services segment’s health care delivery assets include Signify Health, Inc. (“Signify Health”), a leader in health risk assessments and value-based care, and Oak Street Health, Inc. (“Oak Street Health”), a leading multi-payor operator of value-based primary care centers serving Medicare eligible patients. The Health Services segment’s clients and customers are primarily employers, insurance companies, unions, government employee groups, health plans, PDPs, Medicaid managed care plans, the U.S. Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (“CMS”), plans offered on public and private health insurance exchanges and other sponsors of health benefit plans throughout the U.S., patients who receive care in the Health Services segment’s medical clinics, virtually or in the home, as well as Covered Entities.

Overview of the Pharmacy & Consumer Wellness Segment

The Pharmacy & Consumer Wellness segment dispenses prescriptions in its CVS Pharmacy® retail locations and through its infusion operations, provides ancillary pharmacy services including pharmacy patient care programs, diagnostic testing and vaccination administration, and sells a wide assortment of health and wellness products and general merchandise. The segment

also provides pharmacy fulfillment services to support the Health Services segment’s specialty and mail order pharmacy offerings. As of September 30, 2025, the Pharmacy & Consumer Wellness segment operated approximately 9,000 retail locations, as well as online retail pharmacy websites, retail specialty pharmacy stores, compounding pharmacies and branches for infusion and enteral nutrition services.

Overview of the Corporate/Other Segment

The Company presents the remainder of its financial results in the Corporate/Other segment, which primarily consists of:

• Management and administrative expenses to support the Company’s overall operations, which include certain aspects of executive management and the corporate relations, legal, compliance, human resources and finance departments, information technology, digital, data and analytics, as well as acquisition-related integration costs; and
• Products for which the Company no longer solicits or accepts new customers, such as its large case pensions and long-term care insurance products.

Operating Results

The following discussion explains the material changes in the Company’s operating results for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, and the significant developments affecting the Company’s financial condition since December 31, 2024. We strongly recommend that you read our audited consolidated financial statements and notes thereto and Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations, which are included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024 (the “2024 Form 10-K”).

Summary of Consolidated Financial Results

Commentary - Three Months Ended September 30, 2025 vs. 2024

Revenues

• Total revenues increased $7.4 billion, or 7.8%, in the three months ended September 30, 2025 compared to the prior year driven by revenue growth across all operating segments.
• Please see “Segment Analysis” later in this report for additional information about the revenues of the Company’s segments.

Operating expenses

• Operating expenses increased $731 million, or 6.9%, in the three months ended September 30, 2025 compared to the prior year. The increase in operating expenses was primarily due to a $320 million opioid litigation charge related to a change in the Company’s accrual for ongoing opioid litigation matters recorded during the three months ended September 30, 2025, as well as increased investments in colleagues and capabilities.
• Please see “Segment Analysis” later in this report for additional information about the operating expenses of the Company’s segments.

Operating income (loss)

• During the three months ended September 30, 2025, the Company incurred an operating loss of $3.2 billion compared to operating income of $832 million in the prior year. The difference was primarily driven by a $5.7 billion goodwill impairment charge related to the Health Care Delivery reporting unit, partially offset by improved operating performance in the Health Care Benefits segment and the absence of approximately $1.2 billion of restructuring charges recorded in the prior year.
• Please see “Segment Analysis” later in this report for additional information about the operating results of the Company’s segments.

Gain on deconsolidation of subsidiary

• During the three months ended September 30, 2025, the gain on deconsolidation of subsidiary relates to Omnicare, LLC (“Omnicare”), a wholly-owned indirect subsidiary of CVS Health Corporation, and certain of its subsidiary entities (collectively, the “Omnicare Entities”). See Note 1 ‘‘Significant Accounting Policies’’ to the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements for further information on the deconsolidation of the Omnicare Entities.

Interest expense

• Interest expense increased $32 million, or 4.3%, due to higher debt in the three months ended September 30, 2025, primarily as a result of long-term debt issued in December of 2024 and August of 2025.

Income tax provision

• The effective income tax rate was (14.6)% for the three months ended September 30, 2025 compared to 32.4% for the three months ended September 30, 2024. The change in the effective income tax rate was primarily due to the $5.7 billion goodwill impairment charge recorded in the three months ended September 30, 2025, which was not deductible for income tax purposes.

Commentary - Nine Months Ended September 30, 2025 vs. 2024

Revenues

• Total revenues increased $21.3 billion, or 7.7%, in the nine months ended September 30, 2025 compared to the prior year driven by revenue growth across all operating segments.
• Please see “Segment Analysis” later in this report for additional information about the revenues of the Company’s segments.

Operating expenses

• Operating expenses increased $2.3 billion, or 7.5%, in the nine months ended September 30, 2025 compared to the prior year. The increase in operating expenses was primarily due to $1.2 billion in legacy litigation charges related to two court decisions associated with the Company’s past business practices, the $320 million opioid litigation charge described above, as well as $288 million of pre-tax losses on Accountable Care assets, all recorded during the nine months ended September 30, 2025.
• Please see “Segment Analysis” later in this report for additional information about the operating expenses of the Company’s segments.

Operating income

• Operating income decreased $3.6 billion, or 58.6%, in the nine months ended September 30, 2025 compared to the prior year primarily due to the $5.7 billion goodwill impairment charge related to the Health Care Delivery reporting unit, the $1.2 billion of legacy litigation charges, the $320 million opioid litigation charge, as well as the pre-tax losses on Accountable Care assets, all recorded during the nine months ended September 30, 2025. These decreases were partially offset by improved operating performance in the Health Care Benefits segment and the absence of approximately $1.2 billion of restructuring charges recorded in the prior year.
• Please see “Segment Analysis” later in this report for additional information about the operating results of the Company’s segments.

Gain on deconsolidation of subsidiary

• During the nine months ended September 30, 2025, the gain on deconsolidation of subsidiary relates to Omnicare and certain of its subsidiary entities.

Interest expense

• Interest expense increased $132 million, or 6.0%, due to higher debt in the nine months ended September 30, 2025, primarily as a result of long-term debt issued in August of 2025 and May and December of 2024.

Income tax provision

• The effective income tax rate was 252.8% for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 compared to 26.3% for the nine months ended September 30, 2024. The increase in the effective income tax rate was primarily due to the impact of the goodwill impairment charge and the legacy litigation charges recorded in the nine months ended September 30, 2025 described above, both of which were not deductible for income tax purposes.

Outlook

The Company believes you should consider the following key business and regulatory trends and uncertainties:

Key Business Trends and Uncertainties

• The Company’s medical membership declined in its Medicare and individual exchange products. The Company plans to exit the states in which Aetna operates on the individual public health insurance exchanges effective January 2026. Medical membership disruptions may result in volatility in the Company’s financial results.
• Utilization persisted at elevated levels through the third quarter of 2025. Although the level of utilization is difficult to accurately predict, at this time, the Company expects that utilization will pressure its Health Care Benefits segment and its health care delivery assets in its Health Services segment for the remainder of the year. Further utilization pressure beyond current expectations could result in the future impairment of goodwill.
• Increases in utilization beyond the Company’s projections may result in the Company having to record additional premium deficiency reserves within the Health Care Benefits segment.
• The Company’s Medicaid business is experiencing medical cost pressures, largely driven by higher than expected acuity following the resumption of member redeterminations. While the Company continues to work closely with its state partners to ensure the underlying trends are reflected in its premium rates going forward, it is uncertain when these pressures will be fully offset by state rate updates.
• The Company’s individual exchange business is subject to a risk adjustment program whereby the Company estimates its ultimate risk adjustment receivable or payable based on the risk of its qualified plan members relative to the average risk of members of other qualified plans in comparable markets. Changes in the Company’s risk relative to the markets’ risk, including changes resulting from volatility in membership, could adversely impact the Company’s estimate of its risk adjustment receivable or payable.
• The Company continues to share with clients a larger portion of rebates, fees and/or discounts received from pharmaceutical manufacturers, and typically offers clients minimum pricing guarantees that cannot always be achieved. In addition, marketplace dynamics and regulatory changes have limited the Company’s ability to offer plan sponsors pricing that includes retail network “differential” or “spread.” The Company expects these trends to continue.
• The Company’s Pharmacy & Consumer Wellness segment is likely to benefit from incremental volume due to disruption across the retail pharmacy market, including the Company’s acquisition of the prescription files of certain Rite Aid pharmacies and certain Rite Aid stores.
• Regulatory changes or consumer sentiment shift for immunizations may negatively impact national demand impacting financial results.
• Implementation of new tariffs or changes in tariffs, including the impact of tariffs on trade relations between the U.S. and foreign countries, create exposure for increased costs and supply chain disruptions that can adversely impact consumer demand, the ability to deliver client savings or the Company’s financial results.
• Consumer spend management and a decline in consumer discretionary spending, as well as a shift to value, grocery and digital retailers, could drive lower front store sales.
• Future financial performance will be influenced by a number of factors including competitive demand for products and services, legislative and regulatory considerations, and labor and other market dynamics, including inflation. The Company evaluates and adjusts its approach in each of the markets it serves, considering all relevant factors.
• The Company expects benefits from ongoing enterprise-wide cost savings initiatives and investments in efficiencies, which aim to reduce the Company’s operating cost structure in a way that improves the consumer experience and is sustainable. During the third quarter of 2024, the Company finalized an enterprise-wide restructuring plan intended to streamline and simplify the organization, improve efficiency and generate expected cost savings of over $500 million in 2025.
• Changes in conditions in the U.S. and global capital markets can significantly and adversely affect interest rates and capital market conditions which could result in increased financing costs.
• Actions taken by ratings agencies, including changes in the Company’s debt ratings, could impact the Company’s future borrowing costs, access to capital markets and new store operating lease costs.

Key Regulatory Trends and Uncertainties

• The Company is exposed to funding and regulation of, and changes in government policy with respect to and/or funding or regulation of, the various Medicare programs in which the Company participates, including changes in the amounts payable to us under those programs and/or new reforms or surcharges on existing programs, including changes to applicable risk adjustment mechanisms.
• Legislation and/or regulations seeking to regulate PBM activities in a comprehensive manner have been proposed or enacted in a majority of states and on the federal level. This legislative and regulatory activity could adversely affect the Company’s ability to conduct business on commercially reasonable terms and the Company’s ability to standardize its PBM products and services across state lines.

For additional information regarding these and other trends and uncertainties, see Item 1A, “Risk Factors” and Part I, Item 1 “Business - Government Regulation” included in the 2024 Form 10-K.

Segment Analysis

The following discussion of segment operating results is presented based on the Company’s reportable segments in accordance with the accounting guidance for segment reporting and is consistent with the segment disclosure in Note 12 ‘‘Segment Reporting’’ to the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

The Company has four reportable segments: Health Care Benefits, Health Services, Pharmacy & Consumer Wellness and Corporate/Other. The Company’s segments maintain separate financial information, and the Chief Operating Decision Maker (the “CODM”) evaluates the segments’ operating results on a regular basis in deciding how to allocate resources among the segments and in assessing segment performance. The Company’s CODM is the Chief Executive Officer. The CODM evaluates the performance of the Company’s segments based on adjusted operating income (loss). Adjusted operating income is defined as operating income (loss) as measured by accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”) excluding the impact of amortization of intangible assets, net realized capital gains or losses and other items, if any, that neither relate to the ordinary course of the Company’s business nor reflect the Company’s underlying business performance. See the reconciliations of operating income (loss) (GAAP measure) to adjusted operating income (loss) below for further context regarding the items excluded from operating income (loss) in determining adjusted operating income. The CODM uses adjusted operating income as its principal measure of segment performance as it enhances the CODM’s ability to compare past financial performance with current performance and analyze underlying business performance and trends. Non-GAAP financial measures the Company discloses, such as consolidated adjusted operating income, should not be considered a substitute for, or superior to, financial measures determined or calculated in accordance with GAAP.

The following are reconciliations of financial measures of the Company’s segments to the consolidated totals:

(1) Total revenues of the Health Services segment include approximately $2.4 billion and $2.7 billion of retail co-payments for the three months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively, and $8.8 billion and $8.9 billion of retail co-payments for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively.

(2) Intersegment revenue eliminations relate to intersegment revenue generating activities that occur between the Health Care Benefits segment, the Health Services segment, and/or the Pharmacy & Consumer Wellness segment.

The following are reconciliations of consolidated operating income (loss) (GAAP measure) to consolidated adjusted operating income, as well as reconciliations of segment GAAP operating income (loss) to segment adjusted operating income (loss):

(1) The Company’s acquisition activities have resulted in the recognition of intangible assets as required under the acquisition method of accounting which consist primarily of trademarks, customer contracts/relationships, covenants not to compete, technology, provider networks and value of business acquired. Definite-lived intangible assets are amortized over their estimated useful lives and are tested for impairment when events indicate that the carrying value may not be recoverable. The amortization of intangible assets is reflected in operating expenses within each segment. Although intangible assets contribute to the Company’s revenue generation, the amortization of intangible assets does not directly relate to the underwriting of the Company’s insurance products, the services performed for the Company’s customers or the sale of the Company’s products or services. Additionally, intangible asset amortization expense typically fluctuates based on the size and timing of the Company’s acquisition activity. Accordingly, the Company believes excluding the amortization of intangible assets enhances the Company’s and investors’ ability to compare the Company’s past financial performance with its current performance and to analyze underlying business performance and trends. Intangible asset amortization excluded from the related non-GAAP financial measure represents the entire amount recorded within the Company’s GAAP financial statements, and the revenue generated by the associated intangible assets has not been excluded from the related non-GAAP financial measure. Intangible asset amortization is excluded from the related non-GAAP financial measure because the amortization, unlike the related revenue, is not affected by operations of any particular period unless an intangible asset becomes impaired or the estimated useful life of an intangible asset is revised.

(2) The Company’s net realized capital gains and losses arise from various types of transactions, primarily in the course of managing a portfolio of assets that support the payment of insurance liabilities. Net realized capital gains and losses are reflected in net investment income (loss) within each segment. These capital gains and losses are the result of investment decisions, market conditions and other economic developments that are unrelated to the performance of the Company’s business, and the amount and timing of these capital gains and losses do not directly relate to the underwriting of the Company’s insurance products, the services performed for the Company’s customers or the sale of the Company’s products or services. Accordingly, the Company believes excluding net realized capital gains and losses enhances the Company’s and investors’ ability to compare the Company’s past financial performance with its current performance and to analyze underlying business performance and trends.

(3) During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, the acquisition-related integration costs relate to the acquisitions of Signify Health and Oak Street Health. The acquisition-related integration costs are reflected in operating expenses within the Corporate/Other segment.

(4) During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025, the goodwill impairment charge relates to the Health Care Delivery reporting unit within the Health Services segment.

(5) During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025, the Health Care Delivery clinic closure charge primarily relates to the write down of long-lived assets in connection with the planned closure of certain existing Oak Street Health clinics in 2026, as well as associated severance and employee-related costs expected to be incurred. The Health Care Delivery clinic closure charge is reflected in operating expenses within the Health Services segment.

(6) During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and the nine months ended September 30, 2024, the opioid litigation charges relate to changes in the Company’s accrual related to ongoing opioid litigation matters.

(7) During the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, the office real estate optimization charges primarily relate to the abandonment of leased real estate and the related right-of-use assets and property and equipment in connection with the Company’s evaluation of corporate office real estate space in response to its ongoing flexible work arrangement. The office real estate optimization charges are reflected in operating expenses within each segment.

(8) During the nine months ended September 30, 2025, the Company recorded legacy litigation charges related to two court decisions associated with its past business practices.

In April 2025, a jury found Omnicare and CVS Health Corporation liable in connection with alleged violations of the federal False Claims Act related to dispensing practices by Omnicare from 2010, prior to its acquisition by the Company in 2015, through 2018. Damages were found only with respect to Omnicare. Accordingly, the Company recorded a litigation charge of $387 million during the first quarter of 2025. During the second quarter of 2025, the Company recorded a charge of $542 million, reflecting penalties assessed under the False Claims Act. These litigation charges are reflected in operating expenses within the Pharmacy & Consumer Wellness segment.

In June 2025, a court found certain subsidiaries of CVS Health Corporation liable for damages in connection with a complaint filed in February 2014, in which the government declined to intervene, related to PBM direct and indirect remuneration reporting practices for two clients from 2010 through 2016, which the Company has since modified. In connection with this court decision, the Company recorded a litigation charge of $291 million during the second quarter of 2025. This litigation charge is reflected in operating expenses within the Health Services segment.

(9) During the nine months ended September 30, 2025, the loss on the wind down and sale of Accountable Care assets represents the pre-tax loss on the divestiture of the Company’s Medicare Shared Savings Program (“MSSP”) operations, which the Company sold in March 2025, as well as costs incurred in connection with the process of winding down the Company’s Accountable Care Organization Realizing Equity, Access and Community Health (“ACO REACH”) operations. The loss on Accountable Care assets is reflected in operating expenses within the Health Services segment.

(10) During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, the restructuring charges are primarily comprised of a store impairment charge, corporate workforce optimization costs, including severance and employee-related costs, and other asset impairment and related charges associated with the discontinuation of certain non-core assets. During the third quarter of 2024, the Company finalized an enterprise-wide restructuring plan intended to streamline and simplify the organization, improve efficiency and reduce costs. In connection with this restructuring plan, the Company completed a strategic review of its retail business and determined that it planned to close additional retail stores in 2025, and, accordingly, it recorded a store

impairment charge to write down the associated lease right-of-use assets and property and equipment. In addition, during the third quarter of 2024, the Company also conducted a review of its various strategic assets and determined that it would discontinue the use of certain non-core assets, at which time impairment losses were recorded to write down the carrying value of these assets to the Company’s best estimate of their fair value. The restructuring charges associated with the store impairments are reflected within the Pharmacy & Consumer Wellness segment, other asset impairments and related charges are reflected within the Corporate/Other and Pharmacy & Consumer Wellness segments and corporate workforce optimization costs are reflected within the Corporate/Other segment.

Health Care Benefits Segment

The following table summarizes the Health Care Benefits segment’s performance for the respective periods:

(1) See “Segment Analysis” above in this report for a reconciliation of Health Care Benefits segment operating income (GAAP measure) to adjusted operating income, which represents the Company’s principal measure of segment performance.

Commentary - Three Months Ended September 30, 2025 vs. 2024

Revenues

• Total revenues increased $3.0 billion, or 9.1%, in the three months ended September 30, 2025 compared to the prior year primarily driven by increases in the Government business, largely due to the impact of the Inflation Reduction Act (“IRA”) on the Medicare Part D program.

Medical Benefit Ratio (“MBR”)

• Medical benefit ratio is calculated by dividing the Health Care Benefits segment’s health care costs by premium revenues and represents the percentage of premium revenues spent on medical benefits for the segment’s Insured members. Management uses MBR to assess the underlying business performance and underwriting of its insurance products, understand variances between actual results and expected results and identify trends in period-over-period results. MBR provides management and investors with information useful in assessing the operating results of the Health Care Benefits segment’s Insured products.
• The MBR decreased to 92.8% in the three months ended September 30, 2025 compared to 95.2% in the prior year driven by the favorable year-over-year impact of premium deficiency reserves recorded as health care costs, higher favorable prior period development and improved underlying performance in the Government business. These decreases were partially offset by changes in the seasonality of the Medicare Part D program due to the impact of the IRA and the impact of higher acuity in the individual exchange product line.

Premium Deficiency Reserves

• During the three months ended September 30, 2025, the favorable impact of premium deficiency reserves included the absence of approximately $1.1 billion of premium deficiency reserves recorded during the third quarter of 2024, as well as the utilization of $174 million of premium deficiency reserves recorded during the first half of 2025.

Operating expenses

• Operating expenses in the Health Care Benefits segment include selling, general and administrative expenses and depreciation and amortization expenses.
• Operating expenses decreased $161 million in the three months ended September 30, 2025 compared to the prior year primarily driven by the absence of the accelerated recognition of unamortized costs in connection with the premium deficiency reserves recorded in the third quarter of 2024.

Adjusted operating income (loss)

• During the three months ended September 30, 2025, the Health Care Benefits segment had adjusted operating income of $314 million compared to an adjusted operating loss of $924 million in the prior year. The change was primarily driven by the favorable year-over-year impact of premium deficiency reserves, higher favorable prior period development and improved underlying performance in the Government business. These increases were partially offset by changes in the seasonality of the Medicare Part D program due to the impact of the IRA and the impact of higher acuity in the individual exchange product line.

Commentary - Nine Months Ended September 30, 2025 vs. 2024

Revenues

• Total revenues increased $9.4 billion, or 9.6%, in the nine months ended September 30, 2025 compared to the prior year primarily driven by increases in the Government business, largely due to the impact of the Inflation Reduction Act on the Medicare Part D program.

Medical Benefit Ratio

• The MBR decreased to 90.0% in the nine months ended September 30, 2025 compared to 91.7% in the prior year driven by improved underlying performance in the Government business and higher favorable prior period development.

Operating expenses

• Operating expenses remained relatively consistent in the nine months ended September 30, 2025 compared to the prior year.

Adjusted operating income

• Adjusted operating income increased $2.9 billion, or 384.6%, in the nine months ended September 30, 2025 compared to the prior year primarily driven by improved underlying performance in the Government business, higher favorable prior period development, as well as lower premium deficiency reserves recorded in the nine months ended September 30, 2025 compared to the prior year.

The following table summarizes the Health Care Benefits segment’s medical membership for the respective periods:

Medical Membership

• Medical membership represents the number of members covered by the Health Care Benefits segment’s Insured and ASC medical products and related services at a specified point in time. Management uses this metric to understand variances

between actual medical membership and expected amounts as well as trends in period-over-period results. This metric provides management and investors with information useful in understanding the impact of medical membership on the Health Care Benefits segment’s total revenues and operating results.

• Medical membership as of September 30, 2025 of 26.7 million remained consistent compared with June 30, 2025.
• Medical membership as of September 30, 2025 of 26.7 million decreased 445,000 members compared with September 30, 2024, reflecting declines in the individual exchange product line, partially offset by an increase in Commercial ASC membership.

Medicare Update

On April 7, 2025, CMS issued its final notice detailing final 2026 Medicare Advantage payment rates. Final 2026 Medicare Advantage rates resulted in an expected average increase in revenue for the Medicare Advantage industry of 5.06%, excluding the CMS estimate of Medicare Advantage risk score trend.

The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act and the Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act of 2010 (collectively, the “ACA”) ties a portion of each Medicare Advantage plan’s reimbursement to the plan’s “star ratings.” Plans must have a star rating of four or higher (out of five) to qualify for bonus payments. CMS released the Company’s 2026 star ratings in October 2025. The Company’s 2026 star ratings will be used to determine which of the Company’s Medicare Advantage plans have ratings of four stars or higher and qualify for bonus payments in 2027. Based on the Company’s membership as of September 2025, more than 81% of the Company’s Medicare Advantage members were in plans with 2026 star ratings of at least 4.0 stars, compared to 88% of the Company’s Medicare Advantage members being in plans with 2025 star ratings of at least 4.0 stars based on the Company’s membership as of September 2024.

Health Services Segment

The following table summarizes the Health Services segment’s performance for the respective periods:

(1) See “Segment Analysis” above in this report for a reconciliation of Health Services segment operating income (loss) (GAAP measure) to adjusted operating income, which represents the Company’s principal measure of segment performance.

(2) Pharmacy network revenues relate to claims filled at retail and specialty retail pharmacies, including pharmacies owned by the Company, as well as activity associated with Maintenance Choice, which permits eligible client plan members to fill their maintenance prescriptions through mail order delivery or at a CVS pharmacy retail store for the same price as mail order.

(3) Mail & specialty revenues relate to specialty mail claims inclusive of Specialty Connect® claims picked up at a retail pharmacy, as well as mail order and specialty claims fulfilled by the Pharmacy & Consumer Wellness segment.

(4) Includes an adjustment to convert 90-day prescriptions to the equivalent of three 30-day prescriptions. This adjustment reflects the fact that these prescriptions include approximately three times the amount of product days supplied compared to a normal prescription.

Commentary - Three Months Ended September 30, 2025 vs. 2024

Revenues

• Total revenues increased $5.1 billion, or 11.6%, in the three months ended September 30, 2025 compared to the prior year primarily driven by pharmacy drug mix and brand inflation, partially offset by continued pharmacy client price improvements.

Operating expenses

• Operating expenses in the Health Services segment include selling, general and administrative expenses; and depreciation and amortization expense.
• Operating expenses increased $162 million, or 21.4%, in the three months ended September 30, 2025 compared to the prior year. The increase was primarily driven by an $83 million Health Care Delivery clinic closure charge recorded in the three months ended September 30, 2025, primarily related to the write down of long-lived assets in connection with the planned

closure of certain existing Oak Street Health clinics in 2026, as well as associated severance and employee-related costs expected to be incurred.

Goodwill impairment

• During the three months ended September 30, 2025, the Company recorded a $5.7 billion goodwill impairment charge related to the Health Care Delivery reporting unit within the Health Services segment. See Note 4 ‘‘Goodwill & Other Intangibles’’ to the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements for further information.

Adjusted operating income

• Adjusted operating income decreased $154 million, or 7.0%, in the three months ended September 30, 2025 compared to the prior year primarily driven by continued pharmacy client price improvements, partially offset by improved purchasing economics.
• As you review the Health Services segment’s performance in this area, you should consider the following important information about the business:
• The Company’s efforts to (i) retain existing clients, (ii) obtain new business and (iii) maintain or improve the rebates, fees and/or discounts the Company receives from manufacturers, wholesalers and retail pharmacies continue to have an impact on adjusted operating income. In particular, the Company continues to share with clients a larger portion of rebates, fees and/or discounts received from pharmaceutical manufacturers. In addition, marketplace dynamics and regulatory changes have limited the Company’s ability to offer plan sponsors pricing that includes retail network “differential” or “spread,” and the Company expects these trends to continue. The “differential” or “spread” is any difference between the drug price charged to plan sponsors, including Medicare Part D plan sponsors, by a PBM and the price paid for the drug by the PBM to the dispensing provider.

Pharmacy claims processed

• Pharmacy claims processed represents the number of prescription claims processed through the Company’s pharmacy benefits manager and dispensed by either its retail network pharmacies or the Company’s mail and specialty pharmacies. Management uses this metric to understand variances between actual claims processed and expected amounts as well as trends in period-over-period results. This metric provides management and investors with information useful in understanding the impact of pharmacy claim volume on segment total revenues and operating results.
• Pharmacy claims processed decreased 1.8% on a 30-day equivalent basis in the three months ended September 30, 2025 compared to the prior year.

Commentary - Nine Months Ended September 30, 2025 vs. 2024

Revenues

• Total revenues increased $12.6 billion, or 10.0%, in the nine months ended September 30, 2025 compared to the prior year primarily driven by pharmacy drug mix and brand inflation, partially offset by continued pharmacy client price improvements.

Operating expenses

• Operating expenses increased $717 million, or 29.3%, in the nine months ended September 30, 2025 compared to the prior year. The increase was primarily due to a $291 million litigation charge, $288 million in pre-tax losses on Accountable Care assets and the $83 million Health Care Delivery clinic closure charge described above, all recorded during the nine months ended September 30, 2025.

Goodwill impairment

• During the nine months ended September 30, 2025, the Company recorded a $5.7 billion goodwill impairment charge related to the Health Care Delivery reporting unit within the Health Services segment.

Adjusted operating income

• Adjusted operating income decreased $254 million, or 4.6%, in the nine months ended September 30, 2025 compared to the prior year primarily driven by continued pharmacy client price improvements and the impact of a higher medical benefit ratio in the Company’s health care delivery business, partially offset by improved purchasing economics and pharmacy drug mix.

Pharmacy claims processed

• The Company’s pharmacy claims processed decreased 0.7% on a 30-day equivalent basis in the nine months ended September 30, 2025 compared to the prior year.

Pharmacy & Consumer Wellness Segment

The following table summarizes the Pharmacy & Consumer Wellness segment’s performance for the respective periods:

(1) See “Segment Analysis” above in this report for a reconciliation of Pharmacy & Consumer Wellness segment operating income (GAAP measure) to adjusted operating income, which represents the Company’s principal measure of segment performance.

(2) Includes an adjustment to convert 90-day prescriptions to the equivalent of three 30-day prescriptions. This adjustment reflects the fact that these prescriptions include approximately three times the amount of product days supplied compared to a normal prescription.

(3) Same store sales and prescription volume represent the change in revenues and prescriptions filled in the Company’s retail pharmacy stores that have been operating for greater than one year and digital sales initiated online or through mobile applications and fulfilled through the Company’s distribution centers, expressed as a percentage that indicates the increase or decrease relative to the comparable prior period. Same store metrics exclude revenues and prescriptions from infusion services operations and long-term care pharmacies. Management uses these metrics to evaluate the performance of existing stores on a comparable basis and to inform future decisions regarding existing stores and new locations. Same-store metrics provide management and investors with information useful in understanding the portion of current revenues and prescriptions resulting from organic growth in existing locations versus the portion resulting from opening new stores.

Commentary - Three Months Ended September 30, 2025 vs. 2024

Revenues

• Total revenues increased $3.8 billion, or 11.7%, in the three months ended September 30, 2025 compared to the prior year primarily driven by pharmacy drug mix and increased prescription volume, including incremental volume resulting from the Company’s Rite Aid prescription file acquisitions, partially offset by continued pharmacy reimbursement pressure.
• Pharmacy same store sales increased 16.8% in the three months ended September 30, 2025 compared to the prior year. The increase was primarily driven by pharmacy drug mix, including branded GLP-1 drugs, and the 8.9% increase in pharmacy

same store prescription volume on a 30-day equivalent basis. These increases were partially offset by continued pharmacy reimbursement pressure.

• Front store same store sales increased 1.5% in the three months ended September 30, 2025 compared to the prior year.

Operating expenses

• Operating expenses in the Pharmacy & Consumer Wellness segment include payroll, employee benefits and occupancy costs associated with the segment’s stores and pharmacy fulfillment operations; selling expenses; advertising expenses; depreciation and amortization expense and certain administrative expenses.
• Operating expenses increased $293 million, or 6.0%, in the three months ended September 30, 2025 primarily due to increased investments in the segment’s colleagues and capabilities compared to the prior year.

Restructuring charges

• During the three months ended September 30, 2024, the Company recorded $747 million of restructuring charges related to the write-down of lease right-of-use assets and property and equipment in connection with the Company’s restructuring program.

Adjusted operating income

• Adjusted operating income decreased $118 million, or 7.4%, in the three months ended September 30, 2025 compared to the prior year primarily driven by continued pharmacy reimbursement pressure and increased investments in the segment’s colleagues and capabilities, partially offset by increased prescription volume.
• As you review the Pharmacy & Consumer Wellness segment’s performance in this area, you should consider the following important information about the business:
• The segment’s adjusted operating income has been adversely affected by the efforts of managed care organizations, PBMs and governmental and other third-party payors to reduce their prescription drug costs, including the use of restrictive networks, as well as changes in the mix of business within the pharmacy portion of the Pharmacy & Consumer Wellness segment. If the pharmacy reimbursement pressure accelerates, the segment may not be able to grow revenues, and its adjusted operating income could be adversely affected.

Prescriptions filled

• Prescriptions filled represents the number of prescriptions dispensed through the Pharmacy & Consumer Wellness segment’s retail pharmacies and infusion services operations, as well as through the Omnicare long-term care pharmacies prior to their deconsolidation in September 2025. Management uses this metric to understand variances between actual prescriptions dispensed and expected amounts as well as trends in period-over-period results. This metric provides management and investors with information useful in understanding the impact of prescription volume on segment total revenues and operating results.
• Prescriptions filled increased 6.9% on a 30-day equivalent basis in the three months ended September 30, 2025 compared to the prior year primarily driven by increased utilization and incremental volume resulting from the Company’s Rite Aid prescription file acquisitions.

Commentary - Nine Months Ended September 30, 2025 vs. 2024

Revenues

• Total revenues increased $10.7 billion, or 11.8%, in the nine months ended September 30, 2025 compared to the prior year primarily driven by pharmacy drug mix and increased prescription volume, including incremental volume resulting from the Company’s Rite Aid prescription file acquisitions, partially offset by continued pharmacy reimbursement pressure.
• Pharmacy same store sales increased 17.5% in the nine months ended September 30, 2025 compared to the prior year. The increase was primarily driven by pharmacy drug mix, including branded GLP-1 drugs, and the 7.3% increase in pharmacy same store prescription volume on a 30-day equivalent basis. These increases were partially offset by continued pharmacy reimbursement pressure.
• Front store same store sales increased 1.5% in the nine months ended September 30, 2025 compared to the prior year.

Operating expenses

• Operating expenses increased $1.2 billion, or 7.9%, in the nine months ended September 30, 2025 compared to the prior year. The increase in operating expenses was primarily due to $929 million in litigation charges recorded during the nine months ended September 30, 2025 related to the Omnicare long-term care business and increased investments in the segment’s colleagues and capabilities compared to the prior year.

Restructuring charges

• During the nine months ended September 30, 2024, the Company recorded $747 million of restructuring charges related to the write-down of lease right-of-use assets and property and equipment in connection with the Company’s restructuring program.

Adjusted operating income

• Adjusted operating income increased $113 million, or 2.8%, in the nine months ended September 30, 2025 compared to the prior year primarily driven by increased prescription volume, partially offset by continued pharmacy reimbursement pressure and increased investments in the segment’s colleagues and capabilities.

Prescriptions filled

• Prescriptions filled increased 5.2% on a 30-day equivalent basis in the nine months ended September 30, 2025 compared to the prior year primarily driven by increased utilization and incremental volume resulting from the Company’s Rite Aid prescription file acquisitions.

Corporate/Other Segment

The following table summarizes the Corporate/Other segment’s performance for the respective periods:

(1) See “Segment Analysis” above in this report for a reconciliation of Corporate/Other segment operating loss (GAAP measure) to adjusted operating loss, which represents the Company’s principal measure of segment performance.

Commentary - Three Months Ended September 30, 2025 vs. 2024

Revenues

• Revenues primarily relate to products for which the Company no longer solicits or accepts new customers, such as large case pensions and long-term care insurance products.
• Total revenues remained relatively consistent in the three months ended September 30, 2025 compared to the prior year.

Adjusted operating loss

• Adjusted operating loss increased $54 million, or 16.4%, in the three months ended September 30, 2025 compared to the prior year primarily driven by increased investments in colleagues and capabilities.

Commentary - Nine Months Ended September 30, 2025 vs. 2024

Revenues

• Total revenues remained relatively consistent in the nine months ended September 30, 2025 compared to the prior year.

Adjusted operating loss

• Adjusted operating loss increased $130 million, or 13.1%, in the nine months ended September 30, 2025 compared to the prior year primarily driven by increased investments in colleagues and capabilities.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Cash Flows

The Company maintains a level of liquidity sufficient to allow it to meet its cash needs in the short-term. Over the long term, the Company manages its cash and capital structure to maximize shareholder return, maintain its financial condition and maintain flexibility for future strategic initiatives. The Company continuously assesses its regulatory capital requirements, working capital needs, debt and leverage levels, debt maturity schedule, capital expenditure requirements, dividend payouts, potential share repurchases and future investments or acquisitions. The Company believes its operating cash flows, commercial paper program, credit facilities, as well as any potential future borrowings, will be sufficient to fund these future payments and long-term initiatives. As of September 30, 2025, the Company had approximately $9.1 billion in cash and cash equivalents, approximately $2.3 billion of which was held by the parent company or nonrestricted subsidiaries.

The net change in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash during the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024 was as follows:

Commentary

• Net cash provided by operating activities remained consistent at $7.2 billion in the nine months ended September 30, 2025 compared to the prior year.
• Net cash used in investing activities decreased by $3.2 billion in the nine months ended September 30, 2025 compared to the prior year primarily due to lower net purchases of investments in the nine months ended September 30, 2025 compared to the prior year, partially offset by cash paid to acquire the prescription files of certain Rite Aid pharmacies in the nine months ended September 30, 2025.
• Net cash used in financing activities increased by $1.3 billion in the nine months ended September 30, 2025 compared to the prior year primarily due to higher repayments of long-term debt and commercial paper, as well as lower proceeds from the issuance of long-term senior notes in the nine months ended September 30, 2025, partially offset by higher share repurchases in the prior year.

Short-term Borrowings

Commercial Paper and Back-up Credit Facilities

The Company had $1.2 billion of commercial paper outstanding at a weighted average interest rate of 4.64% as of September 30, 2025. In connection with its commercial paper program, the Company maintains a $2.5 billion, five-year unsecured back-up revolving credit facility, which expires on May 16, 2028, a $2.5 billion, five-year unsecured back-up revolving credit facility, which expires on May 16, 2029, and a $2.5 billion, five-year unsecured back-up revolving credit facility, which expires on May 16, 2030. The credit facilities allow for borrowings at various rates that are dependent, in part, on the Company’s public debt ratings and require the Company to pay a weighted average quarterly facility fee of approximately 0.03%, regardless of usage. As of September 30, 2025, there were no borrowings outstanding under any of the Company’s back-up credit facilities.

Federal Home Loan Bank of Boston

A subsidiary of the Company is a member of the Federal Home Loan Bank of Boston (the “FHLBB”). As a member, the subsidiary has the ability to obtain cash advances, subject to certain minimum collateral requirements. The maximum borrowing capacity available from the FHLBB as of September 30, 2025 was approximately $1.3 billion. As of September 30, 2025, there were no outstanding advances from the FHLBB.

Long-term Borrowings

2025 Notes

On August 15, 2025, the Company issued $750 million aggregate principal amount of 5.0% senior notes due September 2032, $1.5 billion aggregate principal amount of 5.45% senior notes due September 2035, $1.25 billion aggregate principal amount of 6.2% senior notes due September 2055 and $500 million aggregate principal amount of 6.25% senior notes due September 2065 for total proceeds of approximately $4.0 billion, net of discounts and underwriting fees. The net proceeds of these offerings were used to repay existing indebtedness, including borrowings under the Company’s commercial paper program, as well as for general corporate purposes.

Debt Covenants

The Company’s back-up revolving credit facilities, term loan agreement and unsecured senior notes contain customary restrictive financial and operating covenants. These covenants do not include an acceleration of the Company’s debt maturities in the event of a downgrade in the Company’s credit ratings. The Company does not believe the restrictions contained in these covenants materially affect its financial or operating flexibility. As of September 30, 2025, the Company was in compliance with all of its debt covenants.

Debt Ratings

As of September 30, 2025, the Company’s long-term debt was rated “BBB” by Fitch Ratings, Inc. (“Fitch”), “Baa3” by Moody’s Investor Service, Inc. (“Moody’s”) and “BBB” by Standard & Poor’s Financial Services LLC (“S&P”), and its commercial paper program was rated “F2” by Fitch, “P-3” by Moody’s and “A-2” by S&P. The outlook on the Company’s long-term debt is “Negative” by both Fitch and S&P and “Stable” by Moody’s. In assessing the Company’s credit strength, the Company believes that Fitch, Moody’s and S&P considered, among other things, the Company’s capital structure and financial policies, as well as its consolidated balance sheet, its historical acquisition activity and other financial information, including the Company’s expectations for full year earnings and cash flows. Although the Company currently believes its long-term debt ratings will remain investment grade, it cannot predict the future actions of Moody’s, S&P and/or Fitch. The Company’s debt ratings have a direct impact on its future borrowing costs, access to capital markets and new store operating lease costs.

Share Repurchase Programs

The following share repurchase programs have been authorized by CVS Health Corporation’s Board of Directors (the “Board”):

Each of the share Repurchase Programs was effective immediately and permit the Company to effect repurchases from time to time through a combination of open market repurchases, privately negotiated transactions, accelerated share repurchase (“ASR”) transactions, and/or other derivative transactions. Both the 2022 and 2021 Repurchase Programs can be modified or terminated by the Board at any time.

During the nine months ended September 30, 2025, the Company did not repurchase any shares of its common stock. During the nine months ended September 30, 2024, the Company repurchased an aggregate of 39.7 million shares of common stock for approximately $3.0 billion pursuant to the 2021 Repurchase Program. This activity includes the share repurchases under the ASR transaction described below.

Pursuant to the authorization under the 2021 Repurchase Program, the Company entered into a $3.0 billion fixed dollar ASR with Morgan Stanley & Co. LLC. Upon payment of the $3.0 billion purchase price on January 4, 2024, the Company received a number of shares of CVS Health Corporation’s common stock equal to 85% of the $3.0 billion notional amount of the ASR or approximately 31.4 million shares, which were placed into treasury stock in January 2024. The ASR was accounted for as an initial treasury stock transaction for $2.6 billion and a forward contract for $0.4 billion. The forward contract was classified as an equity instrument and was recorded within capital surplus. In March 2024, the Company received approximately 8.3 million shares of CVS Health Corporation’s common stock, representing the remaining 15% of the $3.0 billion notional amount of the ASR, thereby concluding the ASR. These shares were placed into treasury and the forward contract was reclassified from capital surplus to treasury stock in March 2024.

At the time they were received, the initial and final receipt of shares resulted in an immediate reduction of the outstanding shares used to calculate the weighted average common shares outstanding for basic and diluted earnings per share.

Critical Accounting Policies

The Company prepares the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles, which require management to make certain estimates and apply judgment. Estimates and judgments are based on historical experience, current trends and other factors that management believes to be important at the time the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements are prepared. On a regular basis, the Company reviews its accounting policies and how they are applied and disclosed in the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements. While the Company believes the historical experience, current trends and other factors considered by management support the preparation of the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles, actual results could differ from estimates, and such differences could be material.

Recoverability of Goodwill

During the fourth quarter of 2024, the Company performed its required annual impairment test of goodwill. The results of the impairment tests indicated that there was no impairment of goodwill as of the 2024 testing date. The fair values of the reporting units with goodwill exceeded their carrying values by significant margins, with the exception of the Government reporting unit and the Health Care Delivery reporting unit which exceeded their carrying values by approximately 4% and 8%, respectively.

During 2025, the Health Care Delivery reporting unit continued to experience challenges, including the impact of persistent elevated utilization levels. In order to best respond to these challenges, the Company made a number of changes to its Health Care Delivery management team during 2025. During the third quarter of 2025, this new management team finalized certain strategic changes, including the determination that it would reduce the number of new primary care clinics it would open in 2026 and annually thereafter. The Company also determined that it would close certain existing Oak Street Health clinics in 2026. The strategy changes were presented to CVS Health Corporation’s Board of Directors in September 2025.

These changes are expected to impact management’s ability to grow the business at the rate that was originally estimated when the Company acquired the associated care delivery assets in 2023 and when the prior year annual goodwill impairment test was performed. Accordingly, the Health Care Delivery management team updated its financial projections to reflect these changes for 2026 and beyond. Based on these updated projections, management determined that there were indicators that the Health Care Delivery reporting unit’s goodwill may be impaired and, accordingly, an interim goodwill impairment test was performed during the third quarter of 2025.

The results of the impairment test showed that the fair value of the Health Care Delivery reporting unit was lower than its carrying value, resulting in a $5.7 billion goodwill impairment charge. The fair value of the Health Care Delivery reporting unit was determined using a combination of a discounted cash flow method and a market multiple method. In addition to the lower financial projections, lower market multiples of the peer group companies contributed to the amount of the goodwill impairment charge. As of September 30, 2025, the remaining goodwill balance in the Health Care Delivery reporting unit after recording the goodwill impairment was approximately $4.2 billion.

The fair value of the Company’s reporting units is estimated using a combination of a discounted cash flow method and a market multiple method. The determination of the fair value of the reporting units requires the Company to make significant assumptions and estimates. These assumptions and estimates primarily include the selection of appropriate peer group companies; control premiums and valuation multiples appropriate for acquisitions in the industries in which the Company competes; discount rates; terminal growth rates; and forecasts of revenue, operating income, depreciation and amortization, income taxes, capital expenditures and future working capital requirements. When determining these assumptions and preparing these estimates, the Company considers each reporting unit’s historical results and current operating trends; consolidated revenues, profitability and cash flow results and forecasts; and industry trends. The Company’s estimates can be affected by a number of factors, including general economic and regulatory conditions; the risk-free interest rate environment; the Company’s market capitalization; efforts of customers and payers to reduce costs, including their prescription drug costs, and/or increase member co-payments; the continued efforts of competitors to gain market share, consumer spending patterns and the Company’s ability to achieve its revenue growth projections and execute on its cost reduction initiatives.

Although the Company believes the financial projections used to determine the fair value of the Health Care Delivery reporting unit were reasonable and achievable, continued utilization pressure and further reductions to the number of existing primary

care centers or new primary care center openings may affect the Company’s ability to increase operating results in the Health Care Delivery reporting unit at the rate estimated when such goodwill impairment test was performed. Some of the key assumptions included in the Company’s financial projections to determine the estimated fair value of its Health Care Delivery reporting unit include future revenue growth rates, including the impact of annual new primary care center openings, and operating income. The estimated fair value of the Health Care Delivery reporting unit is also dependent on multiples of market participants in the care delivery industry, as well as the risk-free interest rate environment which impacts the discount rate used in the discounted cash flow method. If the Company does not achieve its forecasts, given that the fair value and the carrying value of the Health Care Delivery reporting unit were the same as of September 30, 2025, it is reasonably possible in the near term that the goodwill of the Health Care Delivery reporting unit could be deemed to be impaired again by a material amount.

For a full description of the Company’s other critical accounting policies, see “Critical Accounting Policies” in Item 7 “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” of the 2024 Form 10-K.

Form 10-Q Table of Contents

Form 10-Q Table of Contents