Shenandoah Telecom SHEN Form 10-Q filing Q2 FY2026

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PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Item 1. Financial Statements

Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets 3

Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations 4

Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Loss 5

Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Temporary Equity and Shareholders’ Equity 6

Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows 8

Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements 9

Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations 23

Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk 34

Item 4. Controls and Procedures 34

PART II. OTHER INFORMATION

ITEM 1. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS

We are currently involved in, and may in the future become involved in, legal proceedings, claims and investigations in the ordinary course of our business. Although the results of these legal proceedings, claims and investigations cannot be predicted with certainty, we do not believe that the final outcome of any matters that we are currently involved in are reasonably likely to have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations or cash flows. Regardless of final outcomes, however, any such proceedings, claims, and investigations may nonetheless impose a significant burden on management and employees and be costly to defend, with unfavorable preliminary or interim rulings.

ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS

We discuss in our Annual Report on Form 10-K various risks that may materially affect our business. We use this section to update this discussion to reflect material developments since our Form 10-K was filed. As of June 30, 2026, the Company has identified an additional risk factor, included below, due to ongoing global geopolitical conflicts and actions taken by governments globally in response to such conflicts including sanctions and trade restrictions.

Continued geopolitical instability or further governmental actions globally could result in additional increases in oil and fuel costs, which may adversely affect our operating expenses and financial results.

Ongoing geopolitical tensions and military conflicts in the Middle East, including the conflict involving Iran, may adversely affect our operations. Escalating conflict in or near major oil‑producing or shipping corridors could lead to higher fuel and energy prices, increasing our transportation and other operational costs. Any sustained increase in fuel prices could negatively impact our margins and may have an adverse effect on our business and results of operations.

ITEM 2.MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

The following management’s discussion and analysis includes “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933 and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (the “Exchange Act”). When used in this report, the words “anticipate,” “believe,” “estimate,” “expect,” “intend,” “may,” “will,” “should,” “could” or “plan” and similar expressions as they relate to Shenandoah Telecommunications Company or its management are intended to identify these forward-looking statements. All statements regarding Shenandoah Telecommunications Company’s expected future financial position, operating results and cash flows, business strategy, financing plans, forecasted trends relating to the markets in which Shenandoah Telecommunications Company operates and similar matters are forward-looking statements. We cannot assure you that the Company’s expectations expressed or implied in these forward-looking statements will turn out to be correct. The Company’s actual results could be materially different from its expectations because of various factors, including, but not limited to, those discussed under the caption “Risk Factors” in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for its fiscal year ended December 31, 2025 (“2025 Form 10-K”). The forward-looking statements included in this Form 10-Q are made only as of the date of the statement. We undertake no obligation to revise or update such statements to reflect current events or circumstances after the date hereof, or to reflect the occurrence of unanticipated events, except as required by law.

The following management’s discussion and analysis should be read in conjunction with the Company’s 2025 Form 10-K, including the consolidated financial statements and related notes included therein.

Overview

Shenandoah Telecommunications Company (“Shentel”, “we”, “our”, “us”, or the “Company”) is a provider of a comprehensive range of broadband communication services in eight contiguous states in the eastern United States.

Results of Operations

Three Months Ended June 30, 2026 Compared with the Three Months Ended June 30, 2025

The Company’s unaudited condensed consolidated results from operations are summarized as follows:

Residential & SMB - Incumbent Broadband Markets revenue

Revenue from residential and small and medium business (“SMB”) customers in Incumbent Broadband Markets is primarily earned through the Company’s provision of data, video and voice services over primarily HFC cable and to a lesser extent FTTH networks in incumbent markets.

Residential & SMB - Incumbent Broadband Markets revenue decreased by $2.6 million, or 6.0%. The decrease was primarily due to lower video and data revenue. Video revenue declined due to a 14.1% decrease in video RGUs as customers switched to streaming video services. Data revenue declined due to a 2.6% decline in data ARPU, driven in part by our rate card in markets where we face a fixed broadband competitor and in part due to our recently implemented rate card in lower demographic markets experiencing softer demand.

Residential & SMB - Glo Fiber Expansion Markets revenue

Revenue from residential and SMB customers in Glo Fiber Expansion Markets is primarily earned through the Company’s provision of data, video and voice services over FTTH networks in new greenfield expansion markets.

Residential & SMB - Glo Fiber Expansion Markets revenue increased by $6.5 million, or 32.8%. The increase was primarily due to a 32.1% increase in data RGUs driven by the Company’s increase in penetration rates and increase in passings.

Commercial Fiber revenue

Shentel’s Commercial Fiber revenue is primarily earned through the Company’s provision of high-speed Ethernet, dedicated internet access, wavelength services, dark fiber leasing and managed services over fiber optic networks to commercial customers.

Commercial Fiber revenue increased by $1.9 million, or 9.8%. The increase was due to a combination of recurring revenue in the enterprise and carrier verticals, a non-cash sales-type lease of customer equipment and a negative non-cash deferred revenue adjustment for one of our national wireless carrier customers in the second quarter of 2025.

RLEC & Other revenue

Shentel’s RLEC & Other revenue is primarily earned through the Company’s provision of voice and DSL telephone services over copper networks, primarily in Shenandoah County, Virginia and Ross County, Ohio. Shentel also earns governmental support revenue through the federal USF.

RLEC & Other revenue decreased by $0.9 million, or 14.7%. The decrease was primarily due to the decrease in DSL RGUs and to a lesser extent a decrease in government support revenue.

Cost of services, exclusive of depreciation and amortization

Cost of services primarily consist of costs to acquire and deliver video programming, internal labor to maintain our network and service our customers, third party network maintenance, and line expenses

Cost of services increased by $0.1 million, or 0.2%. The increase was primarily due to increased fleet maintenance and fuel expenses.

Selling, general and administrative

Selling, general and administrative expenses consist of employee compensation, advertising, software maintenance, stock-based compensation, and operating taxes.

Selling, general and administrative expense increased by $1.3 million, or 4.3%. The increase was primarily due to higher operating and property taxes, higher advertising to support RGU growth and higher software maintenance expenses.

Restructuring, integration and acquisition

Restructuring, integration and acquisition expense decreased by $0.1 million, or 35.0%, primarily due to fees incurred in the prior year to amend debt terms.

Depreciation and amortization

Depreciation and amortization decreased by $4.5 million, or 12.8%. The decrease was primarily due to a $4.2 million write-off in the prior year related to inventory assets that were no longer planned to be used.

Interest expense

Interest expense increased by $3.7 million, or 61.5%. The increase was primarily due to an increase in the Company’s outstanding debt as well as less capitalized interest due to less plant under construction than in prior year.

Other income, net

Other income, net decreased by $2.5 million, or 84.3%. The decrease was primarily due to a favorable settlement of the Horizon acquisition related escrow claim in the prior year that did not recur in 2026, as well as lower patronage income.

Income tax benefit

Income tax benefit decreased by $0.5 million, or 16.6%. The decrease was primarily due to lower pre-tax loss than in the prior year.

Six Months Ended June 30, 2026 Compared with the Six Months Ended June 30, 2025

The Company’s unaudited condensed consolidated results from operations are summarized as follows:

Residential & SMB - Incumbent Broadband Markets revenue

Residential & SMB - Incumbent Broadband Markets revenue decreased by $4.8 million, or 5.5%. The decrease was primarily due to lower video and data revenue. Video revenue declined due to a 14.3% decrease in video RGUs as customers switched to streaming video services. Data revenue declined due to a 2.1% decline in data ARPU, driven in part by our rate card in markets where we face a fixed broadband competitor and in part due to our recently implemented rate card in lower demographic markets experiencing softer demand.

Residential & SMB - Glo Fiber Expansion Markets revenue

Residential & SMB - Glo Fiber Expansion Markets revenue increased by $12.9 million, or 33.7%. The increase was primarily due to a 32.9% increase in data RGUs driven by the Company’s increase in penetration rates and increase in passings.

Commercial Fiber revenue

Commercial Fiber revenue increased by $2.8 million, or 7.2%. The increase was due to a combination of recurring revenue in the enterprise and carrier verticals, a non-cash sales-type lease of customer equipment and a negative non-cash deferred revenue adjustment for one of our national wireless carrier customers in the second quarter of 2025.

RLEC & Other revenue

RLEC & Other revenue decreased by $1.8 million, or 13.8%. The decrease was primarily due to a 29.6% decrease in DSL RGUs and to a lesser extent a decrease in government support revenue.

Cost of services, exclusive of depreciation and amortization

Cost of services decreased by $1.1 million, or 1.7%. The decrease was primarily due to indirect cost reimbursements on government grant projects.

Selling, general and administrative

Selling, general and administrative expense increased by $3.7 million, or 6.0%. The increase was primarily due to an increase in stock compensation, advertising costs and payroll costs driven by expansion of the Glo Fiber homes passed, as well as increased IT infrastructure maintenance expenses.

Restructuring, integration and acquisition

Restructuring, integration and acquisition expense increased by $1.9 million, or 259.5%, primarily related to severance costs incurred associated with the previously announced reduction in force in 2026.

Depreciation and amortization

Depreciation and amortization increased by $1.0 million, or 1.6%. The increase was primarily due to the Company’s expansion of its Glo Fiber network and $3.0 million in project cost write-offs for markets under construction but cancelled due to higher costs to build. The increase was partially offset by the $4.2 million write-off of inventory assets in the prior year.

Interest expense

Interest expense increased by $8.2 million, or 75.6%. The increase was primarily due to an increase in the Company’s outstanding debt and debt issuance costs, and less capitalized interest due to less plant under construction than in the prior year.

Other income, net

Other income, net decreased by $3.2 million, or 86.2%. The decrease was primarily due to a favorable settlement of the Horizon acquisition related escrow claim in the prior year as well as lower patronage income in the current year.

Income tax benefit

Income tax benefit increased by $2.5 million, or 59.6%. The increase was primarily due to higher pre-tax loss than in the prior year.

Additional Information

Shentel provides broadband internet, video and voice services to residential and commercial customers in portions of Virginia, West Virginia, Maryland, Pennsylvania, Kentucky, Delaware, Ohio and Indiana, via fiber optic and hybrid fiber coaxial cable networks. We also lease dark fiber and provide Ethernet, Dedicated Internet Access and Wavelength fiber optic services to enterprise and wholesale customers throughout the entirety of our service area. Shentel’s Broadband business also provides voice and DSL telephone services as a Rural Local Exchange Carrier (“RLEC”) to customers in Shenandoah County and portions of adjacent counties in Virginia, and in Ross County and portions of adjacent counties in Ohio. These integrated networks are connected by over 19,800 route miles of fiber.

The following table indicates selected operating statistics.

(1) Homes and businesses are considered passed (“passings”) if we can connect them to our network without further extending the distribution system. Passings is an estimate based upon the best available information. Passings will vary among video, broadband data and voice services.

(2) Penetration is calculated by dividing the number of users by the number of passings or available homes, as appropriate.

(3) ARPU calculation = (Residential & SMB Revenue) / average RGUs / 3 months.

(4) Total fiber miles are measured by taking the number of fiber strands in a cable and multiplying that number by the route distance. For example, a 10 mile route with 144 fiber strands would equal 1,440 fiber miles.

Financial Condition, Liquidity and Capital Resources

Sources and Uses of Cash:

Shentel’s principal sources of liquidity are our cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash, cash generated from operations, government grants and borrowing capacity available under the Company’s VFN and RCF.

In 2021, Congress passed the American Rescue Plan Act and the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act to subsidize the deployment of high-speed broadband internet access in unserved areas. We have been awarded approximately $151.2 million in grants to serve unserved homes in the states of Virginia, Ohio, Maryland and West Virginia and to upgrade the capacity of the Ohio middle mile network. The grants will be paid to the Company as certain milestones are completed. As of June 30, 2026, the Company had received a total of $123.9 million in cash receipts and had $27.4 million in remaining reimbursements available under these grant programs. The Company expects to fulfill the majority of its obligations under these programs by the end of 2026.

As of June 30, 2026, the Company’s total available liquidity was $158.9 million, consisting of (i) unrestricted cash and cash equivalents totaling $23.9 million; (ii) restricted cash as required by the ABS Indenture totaling $30.9 million (iii) $74.8 million of availability under Shentel Broadband’s RCF; (iv) $1.9 million under Shentel Issuer’s VFN; and (v) an aggregate of $27.4 million remaining reimbursements available under government grants, which reimbursements are subject to fulfilling the terms of the underlying agreements. In addition, the Company has $105.1 million of VFN commitments that are not available to draw as of June 30, 2026. The available capacity of the VFN will increase based on the secured fiber network revenue growth from the ABS Entities multiplied by (i) a margin as defined in the ABS Indenture and (ii) a 6.25x multiple.

Net cash provided by operating activities from operations was approximately $48.8 million during the six months ended June 30, 2026, representing an increase of $5.1 million compared with the prior year period, primarily driven by timing of changes in working capital.

Net cash used in investing activities from operations was approximately $124.8 million during the six months ended June 30, 2026, representing a decrease of $27.1 million compared with the prior year period. The $23.2 million decrease in capital expenditures was primarily driven by lower capital expenditures on government grant construction projects in Incumbent Broadband Markets, offset by a $3.3 million increase in cash receipts from government grant programs.

Net cash provided by financing activities from operations was approximately $82.6 million during the six months ended June 30, 2026, representing a decrease of $10.6 million compared with the prior year period. This decrease was primarily driven by an increase in payments made on the various debt facilities, and partially offset by increases in debt borrowings and payments on financing arrangements.

Indebtedness:

As of June 30, 2026, the Company’s net indebtedness was approximately $715.0 million, including $728.4 million in outstanding ABS Notes, the VFN, and the RCF, net of unamortized loan fees of $13.4 million. The borrowed Class A-2 Notes and the Class B Notes incur interest at 5.64% and 6.03%, respectively. The borrowed VFN and RCF bear interest at a variable rate determined by one-month term SOFR, plus a margin based on net leverage. The weighted-average interest rate was 5.73% for the ABS Notes, VFN, and RCF at June 30, 2026.

Shentel’s ABS Notes, which include Class A-2 Notes and Class B Notes, have outstanding balances of $489.1 million and $78.3 million, respectively. Shentel Issuer’s VFN has an outstanding balance of $68.0 million. Shentel’s RCF has an outstanding balance of $93.0 million. The ABS Notes have a contractually stated anticipated repayment date (“ARD”) of December 2030 with the exception of the VFN. The initial anticipated repayment date for the VFN is December 2029 which may be extended, at the option of Shentel, to December 2030, subject to the satisfaction of certain conditions. Shentel has not made any borrowings under its LFN as of June 30, 2026. Amounts borrowed under the LFN do not have an anticipated repayment date. The legal final maturity date of each class of the ABS Notes is in December 2055. If Shentel has not repaid or refinanced any Series 2025-1 Notes prior to the relevant ARD, additional interest will accrue on outstanding principal. Shentel Broadband’s RCF matures on December 5, 2030. No principal payments on Shentel Broadband’s RCF are required prior to the final maturity date.

Shentel and its non-ABS Entities have no recourse of the loans of the ABS Entities. Likewise, the ABS Entities have no recourse of the loans of Shentel Broadband.

Refer to Note 8, Debt, in the Company’s unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements within this Form 10-Q and Note 10, Debt, in the Company’s consolidated financial statements in the Company’s 2025 Form 10-K for more information about the outstanding debt.

As of June 30, 2026, the Company was in compliance with the financial covenants related to our outstanding debt.

We expect our cash on hand, restricted cash, cash flows from operations, availability of funds from our RCF and VFN agreements and government grants will be sufficient to meet our anticipated liquidity needs for business operations for the next twelve months. There can be no assurance that we will continue to generate cash flows at or above current levels.

During the six months ended June 30, 2026, our capital expenditures of $146.2 million exceeded our net cash provided by operating activities by $97.4 million, and we expect our capital expenditures to exceed the cash flows provided from operations through 2026, as we expand our Glo Fiber broadband network.

The actual amount and timing of our future capital requirements may differ materially from our estimates depending on the demand for our products and services, new market developments and expansion opportunities.

Our cash flows from operations could be adversely affected by events outside our control, including, without limitation, changes in overall economic conditions, including rising inflation, regulatory requirements, changes in technologies, changes in competition, demand for our products and services, availability of labor resources and capital, natural disasters, pandemics and other adverse public health developments, and other conditions. Our ability to attract and maintain a sufficient customer base is critical to our ability to maintain a positive cash flow from operations. The foregoing events individually or collectively could affect our results.

During 2025, Shentel formed Shentel Guarantor LLC, Shentel Issuer LLC, Shentel Asset Entity I LLC and Shentel Asset Entity II LLC (collectively, the “ABS Entities”), each a bankruptcy-remote subsidiary of the Company. The ABS Entities were formed as part of a securitization transaction, pursuant to which certain of the Company’s fiber network assets and related customer contracts primarily in Virginia, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Indiana, Maryland and West Virginia were contributed to Shentel Asset Entity I LLC and Shentel Asset Entity II LLC (collectively, the “ABS Asset Entities”). As of June 30, 2026, all of the Company’s commercial fiber network assets and approximately 312,000 Glo Fiber passings were contributed to the ABS Asset Entities. The cash flow from these contributed assets are used to service the obligations under Shentel’s ABS Notes.

Supplemental Financing Reporting Requirements:

Our RCF requires consolidated financial statements of restricted subsidiaries under the RCF (the “Non-ABS Entities” or the “Restricted Subsidiaries”) and unrestricted subsidiaries (the “ABS Entities” or the “Unrestricted Subsidiaries”). Below are the unaudited condensed consolidating balance sheets as of June 30, 2026 and December 31, 2025, and the unaudited condensed consolidating statements of operations for the three and six months ended June 30, 2026.

UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS

Horizon Acquisition - Representation and Warranty Insurance Claim:

On April 1, 2024, Shentel completed the acquisition of Horizon Acquisition Parent LLC, a Delaware limited liability company (“Horizon”), pursuant to the terms of an Agreement and Plan of Merger, dated October 24, 2023 (the “Merger Agreement”), by and among Shentel, Horizon, the sellers set forth on the signature pages thereto, and the other parties thereto. Horizon made customary representations and warranties in the Merger Agreement relating to periods prior to, and as of, the closing of the acquisition. Shentel purchased representation and warranty insurance (“RWI”), with a policy limit of $40.0 million to cover potential losses resulting from a breach of these representations and warranties. In June 2026, the Company submitted claims to the RWI carrier seeking coverage for losses arising out of the alleged breaches of representations and warranties in the Merger Agreement. Although we believe that the breaches and our claims are meritorious, no assurance can be given as to whether we will recover all, or any part, of the incurred loss. No gains or receivables have been recognized related to this RWI claim as of and for the period ended June 30, 2026.

Critical Accounting Policies

There have been no material changes to the critical accounting policies previously disclosed in Part II, Item 8 of our 2025 Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2025.

ITEM 3.QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK

As of June 30, 2026, the Company has an outstanding debt balance of $728.4 million, which includes ABS Notes, VFN, and the RCF. Shentel’s ABS Notes, which include Class A-2 Notes and Class B Notes, have outstanding balances of $489.1 million and $78.3 million, respectively. The borrowed Class A-2 Notes and the Class B Notes incur interest at the fixed rate 5.64% and 6.03%, respectively; therefore, the Class A-2 and the Class B Notes are not subject to fluctuations in market interest rates. The borrowed RCF bears interest at a variable rate determined by one-month term SOFR, plus a margin based on net leverage. The borrowed VFN bears interest at a variable rate determined by a one-month term SOFR, plus a fixed margin.

As of June 30, 2026, the Company had $68.0 million and $93.0 million of gross variable rate debt outstanding under the VFN and RCF, respectively. The interest rate was 5.40% and 6.15% for the VFN and RCF, respectively, at June 30, 2026. An increase in market interest rates of 1.00% would add approximately $1.6 million to annual interest expense.

ITEM 4.CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

Our Chief Executive Officer, Chief Financial Officer, and Principal Accounting Officer (the certifying officers) have conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”)) as of June 30, 2026. Our certifying officers concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of June 30, 2026.

Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting

There have been no changes in our internal control over financial reporting during the fiscal quarter ended June 30, 2026 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

PART II

ITEM 1. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS

We are currently involved in, and may in the future become involved in, legal proceedings, claims and investigations in the ordinary course of our business. Although the results of these legal proceedings, claims and investigations cannot be predicted with certainty, we do not believe that the final outcome of any matters that we are currently involved in are reasonably likely to have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations or cash flows. Regardless of final outcomes, however, any such proceedings, claims, and investigations may nonetheless impose a significant burden on management and employees and be costly to defend, with unfavorable preliminary or interim rulings.

ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS

We discuss in our Annual Report on Form 10-K various risks that may materially affect our business. We use this section to update this discussion to reflect material developments since our Form 10-K was filed. As of June 30, 2026, the Company has identified an additional risk factor, included below, due to ongoing global geopolitical conflicts and actions taken by governments globally in response to such conflicts including sanctions and trade restrictions.

Continued geopolitical instability or further governmental actions globally could result in additional increases in oil and fuel costs, which may adversely affect our operating expenses and financial results.

Ongoing geopolitical tensions and military conflicts in the Middle East, including the conflict involving Iran, may adversely affect our operations. Escalating conflict in or near major oil‑producing or shipping corridors could lead to higher fuel and energy prices, increasing our transportation and other operational costs. Any sustained increase in fuel prices could negatively impact our margins and may have an adverse effect on our business and results of operations.

ITEM 2.UNREGISTERED SALES OF EQUITY SECURITIES AND USE OF PROCEEDS

Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities

None.

Use of Proceeds from Registered Securities

None.

Purchases of Equity Securities by the Issuer or Affiliated Purchasers

In conjunction with the vesting of stock awards or exercise of stock options, the grantees may surrender awards necessary to cover the statutory tax withholding requirements and any amounts required to cover stock option strike prices associated with the transaction. The following table provides information about shares surrendered during the quarter ended June 30, 2026, to settle employee tax withholding obligations related to the vesting of stock awards.

ITEM 5. OTHER INFORMATION

During the three months ended June 30, 2026, none of our officers or directors adopted or terminated any “Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement” or any “non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement” as each term is defined in Item 408 of Regulation S-K.

Item 6. Exhibits 36

Signatures 37

SHENANDOAH TELECOMMUNICATIONS COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES

UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

See accompanying notes to unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

See accompanying notes to unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

See accompanying notes to unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

See accompanying notes to unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

The following table provides the composition of the company’s cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash balances as of June 30, 2026 and December 31, 2025 as shown above:

See accompanying notes to unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

SHENANDOAH TELECOMMUNICATIONS COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Note 1. Basis of Presentation and Other Information

Shenandoah Telecommunications Company and its subsidiaries (collectively, “Shentel”, “we”, “our”, “us”, or the “Company”) provide broadband data, video and voice services to residential and commercial customers in portions of Virginia, West Virginia, Maryland, Pennsylvania, Kentucky, Delaware, Ohio and Indiana, via fiber optic and hybrid fiber coaxial (“HFC”) cable networks. We also lease dark fiber and provide Ethernet and Wavelength fiber optic services to enterprise and wholesale customers throughout the entirety of our service area. Shentel’s Broadband business also provides voice and digital subscriber line (“DSL”) services as a Rural Local Exchange Carrier (“RLEC”) to customers in Shenandoah County and portions of adjacent counties in Virginia, and in Ross County and portions of adjacent counties in Ohio. These integrated networks are connected by a fiber network.

The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with the instructions to Form 10-Q and Rule 10-01 of Regulation S-X for interim financial information. All normal recurring adjustments considered necessary for a fair presentation have been included. Certain disclosures normally included in annual consolidated financial statements prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States (“U.S. GAAP”) have been omitted. These unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the audited consolidated financial statements and notes contained in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2025.

The preparation of the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses and related disclosures. On an on-going basis we evaluate estimates and assumptions, including, but not limited to, revenue recognition, stock-based compensation, estimated useful lives of assets, impairment of goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets, realizability of intangible assets subject to amortization and the computation of income taxes. Future events and their effects cannot be predicted with certainty; accordingly, the Company’s accounting estimates require the exercise of judgment. The accounting estimates used in the preparation of the financial statements will change as new events occur, as additional information is obtained, and as the Company’s operating environment changes. Management evaluates and updates assumptions and estimates on an ongoing basis. Actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions.

New Accounting Standards

In October 2023, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2023-06, “Disclosure Improvements: Codification Amendments in Response to the Securities and Exchange Commission’s (“SEC”) Disclosure Update and Simplification Initiative,” (“ASU 2023-06”), which aligns the disclosure and presentation requirements of a variety of the FASB’s Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) Topics with the requirements described in the SEC’s Disclosure Update and Simplification Initiative. ASU 2023-06 will become effective for each amendment on the effective date of the SEC’s corresponding disclosure rule changes; however, if by June 30, 2027, the SEC has not removed the applicable requirement from Regulation S-X or Regulation S-K, the pending content of the related amendment will be removed from the Codification and will not become effective for any entity. ASU 2023-06 is not expected to have a material effect on the Company's current financial position, results of operations or financial statement disclosures.

In November 2024, FASB issued ASU 2024-03 “Income Statement—Reporting Comprehensive Income—Expense Disaggregation Disclosures (Subtopic 220-40)” (“ASU 2024-03”). This accounting update requires disclosure of disaggregated expense in prescribed categories underlying any relevant income statement expense caption. The updated disclosure requirements are to be adopted for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2026, and interim reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2027. The Company is currently assessing the impact of adopting ASU 2024-03 on the consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

In December 2025, the FASB issued ASU 2025-10, “Government Grants (Topic 832): Accounting for Government Grants Received by Business Entities” (“ASU 2025-10”). This accounting update establishes guidance for the recognition, measurement, presentation and disclosure of government grants. The updated requirements are effective for public business entities for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2028, and interim periods therein, with early adoption permitted. The Company is currently assessing the impact of adopting ASU 2025-10 on its consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

In April 2026, the FASB issued ASU 2026-01, “Equity (Topic 505): Initial Measurement of Paid-in-Kind Dividends on Equity-Classified Preferred Stock” (“ASU 2026-01”). This accounting update clarifies the initial measurement of paid‑in‑kind dividends on equity‑classified preferred stock. The updated requirements are effective for public business entities or annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2026, and interim reporting periods within those annual reporting periods. Early adoption is permitted in an interim or annual reporting period in which financial statements have not yet been issued or made available for issuance. The Company is currently assessing the impact of adopting ASU 2026-01 on its consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

There have been no additional material developments related to recently issued accounting standards beyond those noted above, including the expected dates of adoption and estimated effects on the Company’s unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements and note disclosures from those disclosed in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for its fiscal year ended December 31, 2025, that would be expected to impact the Company.

Note 2. Revenue from Contracts with Customers

The Company’s revenues by activity type were as follows:

1.Revenue from residential and small and medium business (“SMB”) customers in Incumbent Broadband Markets is primarily earned through the Company’s provision of data, video and voice services over primarily HFC cable and to a lesser extent fiber to the home (“FTTH”) networks in incumbent markets.

2.Revenue from residential and SMB customers in Glo Fiber Expansion Markets is primarily earned through the Company’s provision of data, video and voice services over FTTH networks in new greenfield expansion markets.

Shentel had $20.7 million and $19.5 million of gross trade receivables from customers as of June 30, 2026 and December 31, 2025, respectively.

Contract Assets and Liabilities

The following table presents the Company’s contract asset and contract liability balances and their respective locations in the unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheets:

The Company’s contract assets primarily include commissions incurred to acquire contracts with customers. The Company incurs commission expenses related to in-house and third-party vendors which are capitalized and amortized over the expected customer benefit period, which is approximately six years. The company incurred $1.1 million and $1.0 million in amortization of capitalized commission expenses during the three months ended June 30, 2026 and 2025, respectively. The company incurred $2.1 million and $1.9 million in amortization of capitalized commission expenses during the six months ended June 30, 2026 and 2025, respectively. This expense is recorded in selling, general and administrative expenses in the Company’s unaudited condensed consolidated statements of operations.

The Company’s contract liabilities include services that are billed in advance and recorded as deferred revenue, as well as installation fees that are charged upfront without transfer of commensurate goods or services to the customer. Shentel expects its current contract liability balances to be recognized as revenues during the twelve-month period following the respective balance sheet date. The majority of Shentel’s non-current contract liability balance is expected to be recognized as revenues within approximately 5 years. Revenues recognized related to contract liabilities existing at January 1, 2026 and 2025 were $1.1 million and $0.8 million for the three months ended June 30, 2026 and 2025, respectively, and $11.8 million and $10.7 million during the six months ended June 30, 2026 and 2025, respectively.

Note 3. Investments

Investments consisted of the following:

SERP investments at fair value: The fair value of the supplemental executive retirement plan (“SERP”) investments is based on unadjusted quoted prices in active markets and are classified as Level 1 of the fair value hierarchy.

Cost method investments: Shentel’s primary cost method investment in CoBank’s Class A common stock, derived from the CoBank patronage program, represented substantially all of the Company’s cost method investments with a balance of $12.2 million and $12.6 million as of June 30, 2026 and December 31, 2025, respectively. As further described in Note 8, Debt, on December 5, 2025, Shentel completed a refinancing of the Company’s debt arrangements which resulted in the repayment of the outstanding long-term debt obligations under the Previous Credit Agreement. CoBank patronage income will no longer be earned beginning in 2026.

Note 4. Property, Plant and Equipment

Property, plant and equipment consisted of the following:

Property, plant and equipment, net increased primarily due to capital expenditures to support the Company’s Glo Fiber market expansion. The Company’s accounts payable as of June 30, 2026 and December 31, 2025 included amounts associated with capital expenditures of approximately $51.9 million and $55.6 million, respectively. Depreciation and amortization expense was $30.0 million and $34.6 million during the three months ended June 30, 2026 and 2025, respectively, and $61.7 million and $63.6 million during the six months ended June 30, 2026 and 2025, respectively. The Company wrote off $0.2 million and $3.0 million plant under construction inventory assets during the three and six months ended June 30, 2026, respectively. The Company wrote-off $4.2 million plant under construction inventory assets during the three and six months ended June 30, 2025. The write-off primarily related to permitting and engineering costs for markets abandoned due to changing market returns. The amounts are presented in depreciation and amortization in the Company’s unaudited condensed consolidated statements of operations.

Note 5. Goodwill and Intangible Assets

Goodwill and intangible assets consisted of the following:

Amortization expense was $0.4 million and $0.5 million during the three months ended June 30, 2026 and 2025, respectively, and $0.8 million and $0.9 million during the six months ended June 30, 2026 and 2025, respectively.

As of October 1, 2025, management concluded that the estimated fair value of the broadband reporting unit exceeded the carrying value by 8%. During the three and six months ended June 30, 2026, the Company performed goodwill impairment monitoring procedures and identified no indicators of impairment or triggering events. The Company will continue to monitor its reporting unit for any triggers that could impact recoverability of goodwill.

Note 6. Other Assets and Accrued Liabilities

Prepaid expenses and other, classified as current assets, included the following:

Deferred charges and other assets, classified as long-term assets, included the following:

Accrued liabilities and other, classified as current liabilities, included the following:

Other liabilities, classified as long-term liabilities, included the following:

Reduction in Force

On February 23, 2026, the Company announced a reduction in force of approximately 10% of its employees to prepare and align the business with the wind-down of the Glo Fiber construction phase that is expected to be substantially complete by end of 2026. During the three and six months ended June 30, 2026, Shentel recorded $0.1 million and $2.2 million, respectively, in expense primarily related to severance costs and retention bonuses, included in restructuring, integration and acquisition expense in the condensed consolidated statements of operations. The Company did not make any payments in Q1. For the six months ended June 30, 2026, the Company made severance payments of $0.4 million.

Note 7. Leases

The Company leases various broadband network sites, fiber optic cable routes, warehouses, retail stores and office facilities for use in our business.

The components of lease costs were as follows:

(1) Operating lease expense is presented in cost of services or selling, general and administrative expense based on the use of the relevant facility.

The following table summarizes the expected maturity of lease liabilities as of June 30, 2026:

Other information related to operating and finance leases was as follows:

The Company also has other operating lease arrangements which generate revenue from leasing the excess fiber capacity of its fiber network assets. Contract terms for these arrangements can range from 1 to 40 years and are billed monthly. Lease revenue from these arrangements was $1.8 million and $3.5 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2026, respectively, and $1.7 million and $3.4 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025, respectively. These amounts are presented in service revenue and other in the Company’s unaudited condensed consolidated statements of operations. Contractual minimum rental receipts expected under the lease agreements in place as of June 30, 2026 is as follows:

Note 8. Debt

Shentel’s outstanding long-term debt obligations as of June 30, 2026 and December 31, 2025 are as follows:

(1) The VFN bears interest at one-month term SOFR plus a fixed margin. This interest rate was 5.40% at June 30, 2026.

(2) The RCF bears interest at one-month term SOFR plus a margin. The margin is variable and determined by the Company’s net leverage ratio. This interest rate was 6.15% at June 30, 2026 and 6.19% at December 31, 2025.

Refinancing Activities

Shentel Broadband, an indirect wholly owned subsidiary of Shentel, previously had a credit agreement which contained (i) a $150 million revolving credit facility (the “Revolver”) and $525 million in delayed draw amortizing term loans (the “Term Loans” and collectively with Revolver, the “Previous Credit Agreement”). On December 5, 2025, Shentel, through formation of Shentel Guarantor LLC, Shentel Issuer LLC (“Shentel Issuer”), Shentel Asset Entity I LLC and Shentel Asset Entity II LLC (collectively, the “ABS Entities"”), completed a refinancing of the Previous Credit Agreement with an Asset Backed Securitization (“ABS”) financing, secured by most of our fiber businesses, which resulted in the issuance of the Class A-2 Notes, Class B notes, the VFN, and a Liquidity Funding Note (“LFN”) (collectively, the “ABS Notes”). Concurrently, Shentel Broadband entered into a new RCF and the Company used the proceeds from the issuance of the ABS Notes and RCF to repay the outstanding long-term debt obligation under the Previous Credit Agreement.

The ABS Notes include $489.1 million and $78.3 million in borrowed Class A-2 Notes and Class B Notes, respectively. In connection with the same ABS Indenture, Shentel Issuer issued the VFN which has a borrowing capacity of $175.0 million, of which Shentel has borrowed $68.0 million for the six month period ended June 30, 2026. As of June 30, 2026, the available capacity of the VFN was $1.9 million. The available capacity of the VFN will increase based on the secured fiber network revenue growth from Shentel Asset Entity I LLC and Shentel Asset Entity II LLC (each a bankruptcy-remote subsidiary of the Company), multiplied by (i) a margin as defined in the agreements governing the VFN (the “ABS Indenture”) and (ii) 6.25x multiple.

Also, in connection with the same ABS Indenture, Shentel Issuer issued the LFN which has an undrawn borrowing commitment of $25.0 million. Shentel Issuer may draw on the LFN solely for the purpose of funding amounts due and payable for certain Priority of Payments as defined in the ABS Indenture and when restricted cash funds required by ABS Indenture are insufficient.

The RCF, as amended March 20, 2026, has a borrowing capacity of $175.0 million, of which Shentel has borrowed $93.0 million as of June 30, 2026.

Fair Values

The carrying amounts of the Company’s long-term debt under the Previous Credit Agreements, which had floating interest rates, approximated their fair values. Similarly, the carrying amount of the Company’s VFN and RCF, each of which has a floating interest rate, approximates its fair value. The estimated fair values of Shentel’s Class A-2 Notes and Class B Notes were based on Level 2 inputs that use interest rates available to us for debt with similar terms and remaining maturities. The fair values of Shentel’s the Class A-2 Notes and Class B Notes were as follows:

Commitment Fees

Shentel is charged commitment fees on unutilized portions of its debt. The Company recorded $0.2 million and $0.5 million related to these fees for the three and six months ended June 30, 2026, respectively, and $0.2 million and $0.4 million related to these fees for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025, respectively, which are included in interest expense in the unaudited condensed consolidated statements of operations.

Interest Expense

Shentel pays interest on a monthly basis. Interest expense recorded in Shentel’s unaudited condensed consolidated statements of operations consisted of the following:

Maturity Dates and Other Information

Shentel Broadband’s debt includes various covenants, including total net leverage ratio and debt service coverage ratio financial covenants.

The ABS Notes have a contractually stated anticipated repayment date (“ARD”) of December 2030 with the exception of the VFN described below. The legal final maturity date of each class of the ABS Notes is in December 2055. If Shentel has not repaid or refinanced any of the ABS Notes prior to the relevant ARD, the ABS Indenture requires mandatory prepayment of Note principle on each payment date on a pro-rata basis based on the alphanumerical designation of each class of Notes and additional interest (2.0% per annum on Class A-2 Notes, 2.4% per annum on Class B Notes, and 5.0% per annum on VFN) will be charged until the Notes are refinanced or fully redeemed. Amortization on Shentel Issuer’s ABS Notes could be required prior to the ARD if Shentel Issuer’s debt service coverage ratio is below certain thresholds in the ABS Indenture.

Shentel Issuer has not made any borrowings under its LFN as of June 30, 2026. Amounts borrowed under the LFN do not have an anticipated repayment date and have a final maturity date of December 2055.

Shentel Issuer’s VFN matures on December 5, 2029 which may be extended, at the option of Shentel, to December 5, 2030, subject to the satisfaction of certain conditions. No principal payments on Shentel’s VFN are required prior to the final maturity date.

Shentel Broadband’s RCF matures on December 5, 2030. No principal payments on Shentel Broadband’s RCF are required prior to the final maturity date.

Shentel has executed letter of credit arrangements totaling $7.2 million that reduce the available balance of the RCF. The letter of credit arrangements were executed primarily pursuant to the requirements of the National Telecommunications and Information government grant program, discussed further in Note 12, Government Grants. These amounts are not considered borrowed, as no cash has been disbursed to Shentel or other parties.

The ABS Notes and the VFN are guaranteed by Shentel Asset Entity I LLC, Shentel Asset Entity II LLC and the ABS Issuer’s parent, Shentel Guarantor LLC (each, a “Notes Guarantor” and together with Shentel Issuer LLC, the “ABS Entities”), and such guarantees and the ABS Notes are secured by security interests in the equity interests the ABS Issuer and substantially all of the assets of the ABS Issuer and the other ABS Entities. The ABS Entities are not in any way liable for the obligations of Shentel Broadband or its non-ABS Entities. Likewise, Shentel and its non-ABS Entities have no recourse to the loans of the ABS Entities.

The RCF is fully secured by a pledge and unconditional guarantee from substantially all of Shentel Broadband’s subsidiaries, excluding the ABS Entities. This provides the lenders a security interest in substantially all of the assets of the Company, excluding assets held by the ABS Entities.

Variable Interest Entities

Under the ASC 810, Consolidation (“ASC 810”), the ABS Entities are considered, as a whole, a variable interest entity (“VIE”) and are consolidated in Shentel’s consolidated financial statements because the Company is the primary beneficiary with both the power to direct the activities of the entity that most significantly impact the entity’s performance and the obligation to absorb losses or the right to receive benefits of the entity. Therefore, the assets and liabilities owned by the ABS Entities and related to Shentel’s VIE arrangements are used to service the obligations under Shentel's ABS Notes and may not be freely transferred to the Non-ABS Entities. Additionally, certain cash and cash equivalent amounts may be restricted from general use by Shentel based on covenants related to the ABS Notes.

The assets and liabilities related to Shentel’s VIE arrangements included in the Company’s unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheets were as follows:

Note 9. Income Taxes

The Company files U.S. federal income tax returns and various state income tax returns. The Company is currently involved in one state and no federal income tax audits as of June 30, 2026. The Company’s income tax returns are generally open to examination from 2022 forward. The net operating losses acquired from Horizon are open to examination from 2013 forward.

The effective tax rates for the three and six months ended June 30, 2026 and 2025, differ from the statutory U.S. federal income tax rate of 21% primarily due to the state income taxes, excess tax benefits and other discrete items.

The Company made $0.9 million in payments and received no refunds for income taxes during the six months ended June 30, 2026. The Company made $2.3 million in payments and received $0.2 million in refunds for income taxes for the six months ended June 30, 2025.

Note 10. Redeemable Noncontrolling Interest

On October 24, 2023, Shentel Broadband Holding Inc. (“Shentel Broadband”), a wholly-owned subsidiary of Shentel, entered into an investment agreement (the “Investment Agreement”) with ECP Fiber Holdings, LP, a Delaware limited partnership (“ECP Investor”), and, solely for the limited purposes set forth therein, Hill City Holdings, LP, a Delaware limited partnership affiliated with ECP Investor. Subject to the terms and conditions set forth in the Investment Agreement, on April 1, 2024, Shentel Broadband issued to ECP Investor 81,000 shares of Shentel Broadband’s 7% Series A Participating Exchangeable Perpetual Preferred Stock, par value $0.01 per share (the “Series A Preferred Stock”), at a purchase price of $1,000 per share in exchange for $81 million in cash. As of June 30, 2026, 100,000 shares of the Series A Preferred Stock were authorized for issuance and 81,000 shares of the Series A Preferred Stock were outstanding.

The Series A Preferred Stock is exchangeable at the option of the Investor in certain circumstances for shares of Common Stock at an exchange price of $24.50 per share, which may be adjusted pursuant to the terms of the Investment Agreement. As of June 30, 2026, the Series A Preferred Stock was exchangeable for 3,808,506 shares of Common Stock.

Dividends on the Series A Preferred Stock accrue at 7% per annum compounded and payable quarterly in arrears, and, at Shentel’s option, may be paid in cash or in kind (such dividends paid in kind, “PIK Dividends”). The Company has historically elected to issue PIK Dividends which increase the liquidation preference of the Series A Preferred Stock. As of June 30, 2026, the Series A Preferred Stock had a liquidation preference of $93.3 million.

Note 11. Stock Compensation and Earnings (Loss) per Share

Activity related to the Company’s equity compensation, which includes the Company’s restricted stock units (“RSUs”) and performance stock units (“PSUs”), was as follows:

The total fair value of RSUs vested was $6.8 million during the six months ended June 30, 2026.

Activity related to the Company’s Relative Total Shareholder Return RSUs (“RTSRs”) was as follows:

Stock-based compensation expense was as follows:

As of June 30, 2026, there was $10.3 million of total unrecognized compensation cost related to non-vested RSUs and RTSRs which is expected to be recognized over weighted average period of 2.5 years.

The following table indicates the computation of basic and diluted earnings (loss) per share:

The Company applies the two-class method when computing net loss per share attributable to common shareholders as the Company has issued preferred stock that meets the definition of a participating security. The Company considers Series A Preferred Stock to be a participating security as the holders are entitled to receive cumulative dividends.

The Company determines the dilutive impact of the Series A Preferred Stock (on an as-converted basis) and the equity awards by applying the if-converted method and the treasury stock method, respectively. The following table presents potentially dilutive instruments:

Potentially dilutive instruments were excluded from the calculation of diluted weighted average shares outstanding due to the fact that they were anti-dilutive as a result of the Company’s income loss for the periods.

Note 12. Government Grants

The Company was awarded $151.2 million in grants to build broadband services to unserved residencies in Virginia, Maryland, West Virginia and Ohio and upgrade the middle mile network in Ohio. The Company has substantially completed its grant obligations in Virginia as of June 2026 and expects to substantially complete the remaining obligations by year-end 2026.

The purpose of the grant programs described above was to subsidize the expansion of the Company’s broadband network; therefore, most amounts recognized under these programs have been recorded as a reduction to the related property, plant and equipment, and cash receipts are presented as cash flows from investing activities in the Company’s unaudited condensed consolidated statements of cash flows. One government grant allows reimbursements for direct capital expenditures and indirect operating expenses. The portion of government grant reimbursements related to indirect expenses are recorded as reductions of the related cost of service expense or selling, general and administrative expense in the Company’s unaudited condensed consolidated statements of operations and are presented as cash flows from operating activities in the Company’s unaudited condensed consolidated statements of cash flows.

The Company recognizes grant receivables at the time it becomes probable that the Company will be eligible to receive the grant, which is estimated to correspond with the date when specified build-out milestones are achieved. As a result of these programs, the Company received $22.3 million and $17.3 million in cash receipts during the six months ended June 30, 2026 and 2025, respectively, and had approximately $0.7 million and $10.5 million in accounts receivable as of June 30, 2026 and December 31, 2025, respectively.

Note 13. Commitments and Contingencies

We are committed to make payments to satisfy our lease liabilities. The scheduled payments under those obligations are summarized in Note 7, Leases. We also have outstanding unconditional purchase commitments to procure marketing services and IT software licenses through 2031.

From time to time the Company is involved in various litigation matters arising out of the normal course of business. The Company consults with legal counsel on those issues related to litigation and seeks input from other experts and advisors with respect to such matters. Estimating the probable losses or a range of probable losses resulting from litigation, government actions and other legal proceedings is inherently difficult and requires an extensive degree of judgment, particularly where the matters involve indeterminate claims for monetary damages, may involve discretionary amounts, present novel legal theories, are in the early stages of the proceedings, or are subject to appeal. Whether any losses, damages or remedies ultimately resulting from such matters could reasonably have a material effect on the Company’s business, financial condition, results of operations, or cash flows will depend on a number of variables, including, for example, the timing and amount of such losses or damages (if any) and the structure and type of any such remedies. The Company’s management does not believe that the final outcome of any matters that we are currently involved in are reasonably likely to have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations or cash flows.

Note 14. Segment Information

The Company operates as one segment. The accounting policies of the Company’s segment are the same as those described in the summary of significant accounting policies as described in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2025.

The Company’s Chief Operating Decision Maker (“CODM”) assesses company performance at a consolidated level and decides how to allocate resources based on Earnings before Interest, Taxes, Depreciation and Amortization, as adjusted for certain non-recurring items, (“Adjusted EBITDA”) from operations of the Broadband business.

The measure of segment assets is reported on the balance sheet as total consolidated assets.

The CODM uses (loss) income from operations and Adjusted EBITDA to evaluate income generated from segment assets (return on assets) in deciding whether to reinvest profits into the operations of the Company or for other purposes, such as for acquisitions or to pay dividends.

Adjusted EBITDA is used to monitor budget versus actual results. The CODM also uses Adjusted EBITDA to analyze the Company’s growth by monitoring current results versus prior year results. The analyses are used in assessing performance of the Company and in establishing management’s compensation.

Adjusted EBITDA is a non-GAAP financial measure. The Company defines Adjusted EBITDA as income or loss from operations calculated in accordance with GAAP, adjusted for the impact of depreciation and amortization, impairment expense, other income (expense) net, interest income, interest expense, income tax expense (benefit), stock compensation expense, transaction costs related to acquisition and disposition events (including professional advisory fees, integration costs, and related compensatory matters), restructuring expense, tax on equity award vesting and exercise events, and other non-comparable items. The Company believes that the exclusion of the expense and income items eliminated in calculating Adjusted EBITDA provides management and investors a useful measure for period-to-period comparisons of the Company’s core operating results by excluding items that are not comparable across reporting periods or that do not otherwise relate to the Company’s ongoing operations. Accordingly, the Company believes that Adjusted EBITDA provides useful information to investors and others in understanding and evaluating the Company’s operating results.

The following table summarizes the Company’s revenue, loss from operations, Adjusted EBITDA and significant expenses:

1 Other primarily includes patronage income, interest income, and benefit plan gains.