Citizens Financial Group CFG Form 10-Q filing Q3 FY2025

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GLOSSARY OF ACRONYMS AND TERMS

The following is a list of common acronyms and terms used regularly in our financial reporting:

2024 Form 10-K Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024

AACL Adjusted Allowance for Credit Losses

ACL Allowance for Credit Losses: Allowance for Loan and Lease Losses plus Allowance for Unfunded Lending Commitments

AFS Available for Sale

ALM Asset and Liability Management

AOCI Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)

ASU Accounting Standards Update

ATM Automated Teller Machine

Board or Board of Directors The Board of Directors of Citizens Financial Group, Inc.

bps Basis Points

CBNA Citizens Bank, National Association

CCB Capital Conservation Buffer

CECL Current Expected Credit Losses

CET1 Common Equity Tier 1

CET1 capital ratio Common Equity Tier 1 capital divided by total risk-weighted assets as defined under the U.S. Basel III Standardized approach

Citizens, CFG, the Company, we, us, or our Citizens Financial Group, Inc. and its Consolidated Subsidiaries

CLTV Combined Loan-to-Value

CODM Chief Operating Decision Maker

CRE Commercial Real Estate

Efficiency Ratio Noninterest expense divided by total revenue, inclusive of net interest income and noninterest income

EPS Earnings Per Share

EVE Economic Value of Equity

Exchange Act The Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended

Fannie Mae (FNMA) Federal National Mortgage Association

FDIC Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation

FDM Financially Distressed Modification

FHA Federal Housing Administration

FHLB Federal Home Loan Bank

FICO Fair Isaac Corporation (credit rating)

FRB or Federal Reserve Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System and, as applicable, Federal Reserve Bank(s)

Freddie Mac (FHLMC) Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation

FTE Fully Taxable Equivalent

GAAP Accounting Principles Generally Accepted in the United States of America

GDP Gross Domestic Product

Ginnie Mae (GNMA) Government National Mortgage Association

GSE Government Sponsored Entity

HTM Held To Maturity

LHFS Loans Held for Sale

LIHTC Low Income Housing Tax Credit

M&A Merger and Acquisition

MD&A Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

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Modified AACL transition The Day-1 CECL adoption entry booked to ACL plus 25% of subsequent CECL ACL reserve build

Modified CECL transition The Day-1 CECL adoption entry booked to retained earnings plus 25% of subsequent CECL ACL reserve build

MSR Mortgage Servicing Right

NM Not meaningful

NMTC New Markets Tax Credit

OCC Office of the Comptroller of the Currency

OCI Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)

Parent Company Citizens Financial Group, Inc. (the Parent Company of Citizens Bank, National Association and other subsidiaries)

PCD Purchased Credit Deteriorated

ROTCE Return on Average Tangible Common Equity

RPA Risk Participation Agreement

RWA Risk-Weighted Assets

SBA United States Small Business Administration

SCB Stress Capital Buffer

SEC United States Securities and Exchange Commission

SOFR Secured Overnight Financing Rate

SPE Special Purpose Entity

TBA To-Be-Announced Mortgage Security

Tier 1 capital ratio Tier 1 capital, which includes Common Equity Tier 1 capital plus non-cumulative perpetual preferred equity that qualifies as additional Tier 1 capital, divided by total risk-weighted assets as defined under the U.S. Basel III Standardized approach

Tier 1 leverage ratio Tier 1 capital, which includes Common Equity Tier 1 capital plus non-cumulative perpetual preferred equity that qualifies as additional Tier 1 capital, divided by quarterly adjusted average assets as defined under the U.S. Basel III Standardized approach

Total capital ratio Total capital, which includes Common Equity Tier 1 capital, Tier 1 capital, and allowance for credit losses and qualifying subordinated debt that qualifies as Tier 2 capital, divided by total risk-weighted assets as defined under the U.S. Basel III Standardized approach

USDA United States Department of Agriculture

VA United States Department of Veterans Affairs

VaR Value at Risk

VIE Variable Interest Entity

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PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION

ITEM 1. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED)

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(1) Includes amounts in consolidated VIEs. See Note 6 for additional information.

(2) Includes only collateral pledged by the Company where counterparties have the right to sell or pledge the collateral.

(3) Excludes MSRs, which are reported in Other assets.

The accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements are an integral part of these statements.

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The accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements are an integral part of these statements.

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The accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements are an integral part of these statements.

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The accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements are an integral part of these statements.

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The accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements are an integral part of these statements.

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(1) Cash and cash equivalents include Cash and due from banks and Interest-bearing cash and due from banks as reflected on the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

The accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements are an integral part of these statements.

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED)

NOTE 1 - SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

Basis of Presentation

The accompanying unaudited interim Consolidated Financial Statements and Notes have been prepared in accordance with the instructions for Form 10-Q and, therefore, certain information and footnote disclosures required for annual financial statements prepared in accordance with GAAP are omitted. In the opinion of management, the Consolidated Financial Statements include all adjustments, consisting of normal recurring adjustments, necessary to fairly present the Company’s interim period results. These unaudited interim financial statements and notes should be read in conjunction with the audited Consolidated Financial Statements and Notes included in the Company’s 2024 Form 10-K. The results of operations for interim periods are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for the full year.

The unaudited interim Consolidated Financial Statements include the accounts of the Parent Company and its consolidated subsidiaries, including VIEs in which the Company is a primary beneficiary. Investments in VIEs in which the Company does not have the ability to exercise significant influence are not consolidated. All intercompany transactions and balances have been eliminated in consolidation.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the financial statements and accompanying notes. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Material estimates that are particularly susceptible to significant change include the determination of the ACL, fair value measurements, and the evaluation and measurement of goodwill impairment.

Significant Accounting Policies

For further information regarding the Company’s significant accounting policies, see Note 1 in the Company’s 2024 Form 10-K.

NOTE 2 - SECURITIES

The following table presents the major components of securities at amortized cost and fair value:

(1) Excludes portfolio level basis adjustments of $37 million and $(75) million, respectively, for securities designated in active fair value hedge relationships under the portfolio layer method at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024.

(2) Included in Other assets in the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

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Accrued interest receivable on debt securities totaled $135 million and $125 million as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively, and is included in Other assets in the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

The following table presents the amortized cost and fair value of debt securities by contractual maturity as of September 30, 2025. Expected maturities may differ from contractual maturities because issuers may have the right to call or prepay obligations with or without incurring penalties.

Taxable interest income from investment securities as presented in the Consolidated Statements of Operations was $433 million and $423 million for the three months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively, and $1.3 billion and $1.2 billion for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively.

The following table presents realized gains and losses on the sale of securities:

At September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, debt securities with a carrying value of $3.6 billion and $4.0 billion, respectively, were pledged to secure public deposits, trust funds, FHLB borrowing capacity, repurchase agreements, and derivative contracts, and for other purposes as required or permitted by law.

Retained interests from the sale and securitization of originated mortgage loans totaled $87 million during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025. Retained interests from the sale and securitization of originated mortgage loans totaled $48 million and $181 million, respectively, during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024. The debt securities received from the issuers, FNMA and FHLMC, include a substantive guarantee and are classified as Debt securities available for sale in the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

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Impairment

The Company evaluated its existing HTM portfolio as of September 30, 2025 and concluded that 96% of HTM securities met the zero expected credit loss criteria and, therefore, no ACL was recognized. Lifetime expected credit losses on the remainder of the HTM portfolio were determined to be insignificant based on the modeling of the Company’s credit loss position in the securities. The Company monitors the credit exposure through the use of credit quality indicators. For these securities, the Company uses external credit ratings or an internally derived credit rating when an external rating is not available. All securities were determined to be investment grade at September 30, 2025.

The following tables present AFS debt securities with fair values below their respective carrying values, disclosed by the length of time the individual securities have been in a continuous unrealized loss position:

The Company does not currently have the intent to sell these AFS debt securities, and it is not more likely than not that the Company will be required to sell them prior to recovery of their amortized cost bases. The Company determined that credit losses are not expected to be incurred on the AFS debt securities identified with unrealized losses as of September 30, 2025. The unrealized losses on these AFS debt securities reflect non-credit-related factors driven by changes in interest rates. Therefore, the Company determined that these AFS debt securities are not impaired.

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NOTE 3 - LOANS AND LEASES

Loans held for investment are reported at the amount of their outstanding principal, net of charge-offs, unearned income, deferred loan origination fees and costs, and unamortized premiums or discounts on purchased loans.

The following table presents loans and leases, excluding LHFS:

Accrued interest receivable on loans and leases held for investment totaled $857 million and $816 million as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively, and is included in Other assets in the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

Loans pledged as collateral for FHLB borrowing capacity, primarily residential mortgages and home equity products, totaled $40.6 billion and $37.5 billion at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively. Loans pledged as collateral to support the contingent ability to borrow at the FRB discount window, if necessary, were primarily comprised of education, commercial and industrial, and commercial real estate loans, and totaled $20.0 billion and $22.9 billion at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively.

Interest income on direct financing and sales-type leases for the three months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024 was $11 million and is reported within Interest and fees on loans and leases in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. For the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, this interest income was $33 million and $31 million, respectively.

The following table presents the composition of LHFS:

(1) Residential mortgage LHFS at fair value are originated for sale.

(2) Other retail LHFS consist of education loans.

(3) Commercial LHFS at fair value consist of loans managed by the Company’s commercial secondary loan desk. Other commercial LHFS primarily consist of loans associated with the Company’s syndication business.

NOTE 4 - CREDIT QUALITY AND THE ALLOWANCE FOR CREDIT LOSSES

Allowance for Credit Losses

The Company’s estimate of expected credit losses in its loan and lease portfolios is recorded in the ACL and considers extensive historical loss experience, including the impact of loss mitigation and restructuring programs that the Company offers to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty, as well as projected loss severity as a result of loan default.

For a detailed discussion of the ACL reserve methodology and estimation techniques as of December 31, 2024, see Note 6 in the Company’s 2024 Form 10-K. There were no significant changes to the ACL reserve methodology during the nine months ended September 30, 2025.

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The following table presents a summary of changes in the ACL for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025:

During the nine months ended September 30, 2025, net charge-offs of $529 million and a provision for expected credit losses of $471 million resulted in a decrease of $58 million to the ACL.

During the first quarter of 2025, the Company entered into an agreement to sell $1.9 billion of Non-Core education loans and subsequently reclassified these loans to LHFS. Upon reclassification to LHFS, a $25 million charge-off was recognized. This transaction will settle ratably each quarter throughout 2025, of which approximately $1.4 billion has settled to date, with the remaining $500 million scheduled to settle during the fourth quarter of 2025.

As of September 30, 2025, the Company’s ACL economic forecast over a two-year reasonable and supportable period reflects the economy going into a shallow two quarter contraction inclusive of uncertainties related to the implementation of tariffs and protectionist trade policies, inflationary pressures, and geopolitical tensions. This forecast is generally applied to the retail and commercial and industrial portfolios and projects peak unemployment of approximately 5.2% and a start-to-trough real GDP decline of approximately 0.5%, compared to peak unemployment of approximately 5.1% and a start-to-trough real GDP decline of approximately 0.4% at December 31, 2024. More severe economic scenarios are applied within the CRE portfolio, such as general office, with peak unemployment of approximately 9.4% and a start-to-trough real GDP decline of approximately 4.4%, compared to peak unemployment of approximately 9.3% and a start-to-trough real GDP decline of approximately 4.4% at December 31, 2024.

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The following table presents a summary of changes in the ACL for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024:

Credit Quality Indicators

The Company presents loan and lease portfolio segments and classes by credit quality indicator and vintage year and defines the vintage date for the purpose of this disclosure as the date of the most recent credit decision. Renewals are categorized as new credit decisions and reflect the renewal date as the vintage date, except for renewals of loans modified for borrowers experiencing financial difficulty, or FDMs, which are presented in the original vintage.

The Company utilizes internal risk ratings to monitor credit quality for commercial loans and leases. For more information on these ratings see Note 6 in the Company’s 2024 Form 10-K.

The following table presents the amortized cost basis of commercial loans and leases by vintage date and internal risk rating as of September 30, 2025:

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The following table presents the amortized cost basis of commercial loans and leases by vintage date and internal risk rating as of December 31, 2024:

For retail loans, the Company utilizes FICO credit scores and the loan’s payment and delinquency status to monitor credit quality. Management believes FICO scores are the strongest indicator of credit losses over the contractual life of the loan and assist management in predicting the borrower’s future payment performance. Scores are based on current and historical national industry-wide consumer level credit performance data.

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The following table presents the amortized cost basis of retail loans by vintage date and current FICO score as of September 30, 2025:

(1) Represents loans for which an updated FICO score was unavailable (e.g., due to recent profile changes).

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The following table presents the amortized cost basis of retail loans by vintage date and current FICO score as of December 31, 2024:

(1) Represents loans for which an updated FICO score was unavailable (e.g., due to recent profile changes).

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The following tables present gross charge-offs by vintage date for the Company’s loan and lease portfolios:

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Nonaccrual and Past Due Assets

The following tables present an aging analysis of accruing and nonaccrual loans and leases:

(1) Guaranteed residential mortgages represent loans fully or partially guaranteed by the FHA, VA, and USDA, and are included in the amounts presented for Residential mortgages.

At September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the Company had collateral-dependent residential mortgage and home equity loans totaling $427 million and $372 million, respectively, and collateral-dependent commercial loans totaling $250 million and $607 million, respectively.

The amortized cost basis of mortgage loans collateralized by residential real estate for which formal foreclosure proceedings were in-process was $299 million and $295 million as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively.

Loan Modifications to Borrowers Experiencing Financial Difficulty

The Company offers loan modifications, characterized as FDMs, to retail and commercial borrowers experiencing financial difficulty as a result of its loss mitigation activities that may result in a payment delay, interest rate reduction, term extension, principal forgiveness, or combination thereof. Payment delays consist of modifications that result in a delay of contractual amounts due greater than three months over a rolling 12-month period. Term extensions consist of modifications that result in an extension of the contractual maturity date greater than three months or a significant deferral of principal payments relative to the total outstanding principal balance of the loan.

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Commercial loan modifications are offered on a case-by-case basis and generally include a payment delay, term extension, and/or interest rate reduction. The Company does not typically offer principal forgiveness for commercial loans. Retail loan modifications are offered through structured loan modification programs, which are summarized below:

• Forbearance programs provide borrowers experiencing some form of hardship a period of time during which their contractual payment obligations are suspended, resulting in a payment delay and/or term extension;
• Other repayment plans are offered due to hardship and include an interest rate reduction and/or term extension designed to enable the borrower to return the loan to current status in an expeditious manner;
• Settlement agreements may be executed with borrowers experiencing a long-term hardship or who are delinquent, resulting in principal forgiveness. Upon fulfillment of the terms of the settlement agreement, the unpaid principal amount is forgiven resulting in a charge-off of the outstanding principal balance; and
• Certain reorganization bankruptcy judgments may result in any one of the four modification types or some combination thereof.

The following tables present the period-end amortized cost of loans to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty that were modified during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, disaggregated by class of financing receivable and modification type. The modification type reflects the cumulative effect of all FDMs received during the indicated period.

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(1) Represents the total amortized cost as of period-end divided by the period-end amortized cost of the corresponding loan class. Accrued interest receivable is excluded from amortized cost and is immaterial.

The following tables present the financial effect of loans to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty that were modified during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, disaggregated by class of financing receivable:

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(1) Weighted based on period-end amortized cost.

(2) Amounts are recorded as charge-offs.

The following tables present an aging analysis of the period-end amortized cost of loans to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty that were modified during the twelve month period ending September 30, 2025 and 2024, disaggregated by class of financing receivable. A loan in a forbearance or repayment plan is reported as past due according to its contractual terms until contractually modified. Subsequent to modification, it is reported as past due based on its restructured terms.

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The following tables present the period-end amortized cost of loans to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty that defaulted during the period presented and were modified within the previous 12 months preceding the default, disaggregated by class of financing receivable and modification type. The modification type reflects the cumulative effect of all FDMs at the time of default. A loan is considered to be in default if, subsequent to modification, it becomes 90 or more days past due or is placed on nonaccrual status.

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Unfunded commitments related to loans modified during the nine months ended September 30, 2025 were $342 million at September 30, 2025. Unfunded commitments related to loans modified during the year ended December 31, 2024 were $206 million at December 31, 2024.

NOTE 5 - MORTGAGE BANKING AND OTHER SERVICED LOANS

Mortgage Banking

The Company sells residential mortgages in the secondary market and does not retain a beneficial interest in these sales but may retain the servicing rights for the loans sold. The Company may exercise its option to repurchase eligible government guaranteed residential mortgages or may be obligated to subsequently repurchase a loan if the purchaser discovers a representation or warranty violation, such as noncompliance with eligibility or servicing requirements or customer fraud that should have been identified in a loan file review.

The following table summarizes activity related to residential mortgage loans sold with servicing rights retained:

(1) Reported in Mortgage banking fees in the Consolidated Statements of Operations.

The unpaid principal balance of residential mortgage loans related to our MSRs was $95.2 billion and $95.6 billion at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively. The Company manages the risk associated with changes in the fair value of the MSRs with an active economic hedging strategy, which includes the purchase of freestanding derivatives.

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The following table summarizes changes in MSRs recorded using the fair value method:

(1) For the nine months ended September 30, 2025, represents the sale of the excess servicing yield on MSRs related to certain FNMA mortgages with a total unpaid principal balance of $10.5 billion at the time of sale.

(2) Represents changes in value of the MSRs due to i) the passage of time including the impact from both regularly scheduled loan principal payments and partial

paydowns, and ii) loans that paid off during the period.

(3) Represents changes in fair value primarily driven by market conditions. These changes are recorded in Mortgage banking fees in the Consolidated Statements of Operations.

The fair value of MSRs is estimated by using the present value of estimated future net servicing cash flows, taking into consideration actual and expected mortgage loan prepayment rates, discount rates, contractual servicing fee income, servicing costs, default rates, ancillary income, and other economic factors determined based on current market interest rates. The valuation does not attempt to forecast or predict the future direction of interest rates.

The sensitivity analysis below presents the impact of an immediate 10% and 20% adverse change in key economic assumptions to the current fair value of MSRs. These sensitivities are hypothetical, with the effect of a variation in a particular assumption on the fair value of the MSRs calculated independently without changing any other assumption. Changes in one factor may result in changes in another (e.g., changes in interest rates that drive changes in prepayment rates could result in changes in discount rates) and may amplify or counteract the sensitivities. The primary risk inherent in the Company’s MSRs is an increase in prepayments of the underlying mortgage loans serviced, which is largely dependent upon movements in market interest rates.

The Company has mortgage banking derivatives that include commitments to originate mortgages held for sale, certain loan sale agreements, and other financial instruments that meet the definition of a derivative. Refer to Note 8 for additional information.

Other Serviced Loans

The Company engages in other servicing relationships from time to time. The following table presents the unpaid principal balance of other serviced loans:

(1) Represents the government guaranteed portion of SBA loans sold to outside investors.

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NOTE 6 - VARIABLE INTEREST ENTITIES

The Company, in the normal course of business, engages in a variety of activities with entities that are considered VIEs, as defined by GAAP, with its variable interest arising from contractual, ownership, or other monetary interests in the entity. A VIE typically does not have sufficient equity at risk to finance its activities without additional subordinated financial support from other parties.

For more details regarding the Company’s involvement with VIEs see Note 11 in the Company’s 2024 Form 10-K.

Consolidated VIEs

The Company has consolidated VIEs related to secured borrowings collateralized by auto loans. The following table summarizes the carrying amount of assets and liabilities for the Company’s consolidated VIEs:

Secured Borrowings

The Company utilizes a portion of its auto loan portfolio to support certain secured borrowing arrangements, which provide a source of funding for the Company and involves the transfer of auto loans to bankruptcy remote SPEs. These SPEs then issue asset-backed notes to third parties collateralized by the transferred loans.

The assets of a particular VIE are the primary source of funds to settle its obligations. Creditors of these VIEs do not have recourse to the general credit of the Company. The performance of the loans transferred is the most significant driver impacting the economic performance of the VIEs.

Unconsolidated VIEs

The Company is involved with various VIEs that are not consolidated including lending to SPEs, investments in asset-backed securities, and investments in entities that sponsor affordable housing, renewable energy, and economic development projects. The Company’s maximum exposure to loss resulting from its involvement with these entities is limited to the balance sheet carrying amount of its investments, unfunded commitments, and the outstanding principal balance of loans to SPEs.

The following table provides a summary of the assets and liabilities included in the Consolidated Balance Sheets related to unconsolidated VIEs that the Company holds an interest in, but is not the primary beneficiary of:

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Lending to Special Purpose Entities

The Company provides lending facilities to third-party sponsored SPEs within its Capital Markets business. The SPEs are primarily funded through these lending facilities or a syndication in which the Company participates. The principal risk of these lending facilities is the credit risk related to the underlying assets in the SPE, in which the Company generally holds a priority position. As of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the lending facilities had undrawn commitments to extend credit of $3.2 billion and $2.8 billion, respectively. For more information on commitments to extend credit see Note 11.

Low Income Housing Tax Credit Partnerships

The Company makes certain equity investments in various limited partnerships that sponsor affordable housing projects utilizing federal tax incentives pursuant to Section 42 of the Internal Revenue Code. The objective of these investments is to generate a satisfactory return on capital, encourage the development and investment in projects that serve affordable housing product offerings, and further the goals of the Community Reinvestment Act. The principal activities of the limited partnerships include the identification, development, and operation of multifamily housing properties leased to qualifying residential tenants. Funding for these investments is generally provided through a combination of debt and equity.

Asset-backed securities

The Company’s investments in asset-backed securities are collateralized by education loans sold to a third-party sponsored VIE. The Company acts as the primary servicer for the sold loans and receives a servicing fee. A third-party servicer is responsible for all loans that become significantly delinquent.

Renewable Energy Entities

The Company’s investments in certain renewable energy entities provide benefits from government incentives and other tax attributes (e.g., tax depreciation).

Contingent commitments related to the Company’s renewable energy investments were $43 million at September 30, 2025, and are expected to be paid in varying amounts through 2027. These payments are contingent upon the level of electricity production attained by the renewable energy entity relative to its targeted threshold, changes in the production tax credit rates set by the Internal Revenue Service, and the achievement of commercial operation for a certain renewable energy project under its power purchase agreement.

New Markets Tax Credit Program

The Company participates in the NMTC program which provides a tax incentive for private sector investment into economic development projects and businesses located in low-income communities.

The following table summarizes the impact to the Consolidated Statements of Operations relative to the Company’s tax credit programs for which it has elected to apply the proportional amortization method of accounting:

(1) Includes the impact of tax credit investments when the election to apply the proportional amortization method was in effect during the periods presented. For 2025 and 2024, this includes LIHTC, renewable energy, and NMTC investments.

The Company did not recognize impairment losses resulting from the forfeiture or ineligibility of income tax credits or other circumstances during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024.

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NOTE 7 - BORROWED FUNDS

Short-term borrowed funds

Borrowings with original maturities of one year or less are classified as short-term and were comprised of the following:

(dollars in millions) September 30, 2025 December 31, 2024

Other short-term borrowed funds(1) $214 $—

Total short-term borrowed funds $214 $—

(1) Consists primarily of short positions held by the Company’s commercial broker dealer. See Note 8 for additional information regarding forward purchase contracts entered into to economically hedge these short positions.

Long-term borrowed funds

The following table presents a summary of the Company’s long-term borrowed funds:

(1) Notes were redeemed on January 27, 2025.

(2) Rate disclosed reflects the weighted average rate as of September 30, 2025.

(3) Collateralized by loans. See Note 6 for additional information.

At September 30, 2025, the Company’s long-term borrowed funds include principal balances of $10.5 billion, unamortized debt issuance costs and discounts of $75 million, and hedging basis adjustments of ($1) million. At December 31, 2024, the Company’s long-term borrowed funds include principal balances of $12.5 billion, unamortized debt issuance costs and discounts of $85 million, and hedging basis adjustments of ($8) million. See Note 8 for further information about the Company’s hedging of certain long-term borrowed funds.

Advances, lines of credit, and letters of credit from the FHLB are collateralized primarily by residential mortgages and home equity products sufficient to satisfy the collateral maintenance level established by the FHLB. The utilized FHLB borrowing capacity, primarily for advances and letters of credit, was $4.9 billion and $4.6 billion at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively. The Company’s available FHLB borrowing capacity was $24.3 billion and $21.1 billion at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively. The Company can also borrow from the FRB discount window to meet short-term liquidity requirements. Collateral, including certain loans, is pledged to support this borrowing capacity. At September 30, 2025, the Company’s unused secured borrowing capacity was approximately $78.0 billion, which includes unencumbered securities, FHLB borrowing capacity, and FRB discount window capacity.

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NOTE 8 - DERIVATIVES

In the normal course of business, the Company enters into derivative transactions to meet the financing and hedging needs of its customers and reduce its own exposure to fluctuations in interest rates and foreign currency exchange rates. These transactions include interest rate swap contracts, interest rate options, foreign exchange contracts, residential loan commitment rate locks, interest rate future contracts, swaptions, certain commodities, forward commitments to sell TBAs, forward purchase and sale contracts, and purchase options. The Company does not use derivatives for speculative purposes. Information regarding the valuation methodology and inputs used to estimate the fair value of the Company’s derivative instruments is described in Note 20 in the Company’s 2024 Form 10-K.

The following table presents derivative instruments included in the Consolidated Balance Sheets:

(1) Amounts represent the impact of enforceable master netting agreements that allow the Company to net settle positive and negative positions, as well as collateral paid and received.

The Company’s derivative transactions are internally divided into three sub-groups: institutional, customer facilitation, and residential loan. Certain derivative transactions within these sub-groups are designated as fair value or cash flow hedges, as described below:

Derivatives Designated As Hedging Instruments

The Company’s institutional derivatives qualify for hedge accounting treatment. The net interest accruals on interest rate swaps designated in a fair value or cash flow hedge relationship are treated as an adjustment to interest income or interest expense of the hedged item. All hedging relationships are formally documented at inception, as well as risk management objectives and strategies for undertaking various accounting hedges. In addition, the effectiveness of hedge relationships is monitored during the duration of the hedge period. The methods utilized to assess hedge effectiveness vary based on the hedge relationship, with each relationship monitored to ensure that management’s initial intent continues to be satisfied. Hedge accounting treatment is discontinued when the derivative is terminated or when it is determined that a derivative is not expected to be, or has ceased to be, an effective hedge. Changes in the fair value of a derivative are reflected in earnings after termination of the hedge relationship.

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Fair Value Hedges

In a fair value hedge, changes in the fair value of both the derivative instrument and the hedged asset or liability attributable to the risk being hedged are recognized in the same income statement line item in the Consolidated Statements of Operations when the changes in fair value occur. At September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the Company has designated $4.7 billion of interest rate swaps as fair value hedges of its fixed-rate prepayable AFS securities using the portfolio layer method. This approach allows the Company to designate as the hedged item a stated amount of the assets that are not expected to be affected by prepayments, defaults, and other factors affecting the timing and amount of cash flows. At September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the Company has also designated $3.6 billion and $3.1 billion, respectively, of interest rate swaps as fair value hedges to manage interest rate risk within its nonprepayable fixed-rate AFS securities portfolio.

The following table presents the effect of fair value hedges on the Consolidated Statements of Operations and the respective line items affected for each hedged item:

The following table reflects amounts recorded in the Consolidated Balance Sheets related to cumulative basis adjustments for fair value hedges:

(1) Includes the amortized cost basis of closed portfolios used to designate hedging relationships under the portfolio layer method. The hedged item is a layer of the closed portfolio which is expected to be remaining at the end of the hedging relationship. As of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the amortized cost basis of the closed portfolios used in these hedging relationships was $6.0 billion and $6.4 billion, respectively, including associated cumulative basis adjustments of $37 million and $(75) million, respectively. The amount of the designated hedging instruments was $4.7 billion at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024.

(2) Carrying amount represents amortized cost.

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Cash Flow Hedges

In a cash flow hedge the entire change in the fair value of the interest rate swap included in the assessment of hedge effectiveness is initially recorded in OCI and is subsequently reclassified from AOCI into earnings in the period during which the hedged item affects earnings.

The Company enters into interest rate swap agreements designed primarily to hedge a portion of its floating-rate assets and liabilities. All of these swaps are deemed highly effective cash flow hedges. From time to time, the Company may also enter into certain interest rate option agreements that utilize interest rate floors and/or caps. Option premiums paid and received are excluded from the assessment of hedge effectiveness and are amortized over the life of the instruments.

During the first quarter of 2025, the Company entered into a cash flow hedge with a notional amount of $1.5 billion to manage the variability in cash flows related to the sale of Non-Core education loans, which will settle ratably each quarter throughout 2025. During the third quarter of 2025, the Company terminated $466 million of this cash flow hedge in conjunction with the quarterly settlement of the education loan sale.

The following table presents the pre-tax net gains (losses) recorded in the Consolidated Statements of Operations and in the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income related to derivative instruments designated as cash flow hedges:

Using the September 30, 2025 interest rate curve, the Company estimates that $396 million in pre-tax net losses related to cash flow hedge strategies will be reclassified from AOCI to earnings over the next 12 months. These losses could differ from amounts recognized due to changes in interest rates, hedge de-designations, or the addition of other hedges after September 30, 2025.

Derivatives Not Designated As Hedging Instruments

The Company offers derivatives to customers in connection with their risk management needs consisting primarily of interest rate, foreign exchange, and commodity contracts. Market risk exposure from customer transactions is primarily managed by entering into a variety of hedging transactions with third-party dealers. Gains and losses on customer-related derivatives are reported in Foreign exchange and derivatives products in the Consolidated Statements of Operations.

During the second quarter of 2025, the Company entered into at-the-market equity offering programs to facilitate capital market activities for customers. These programs involve the concurrent short sale of an equity security and the execution of a forward purchase contract for the same equity security. The forward purchase contract economically hedges the Company’s short sale position and will be closed against such position when a program concludes. Changes in fair value related to the forward purchase contracts are reported in Capital markets fees in the Consolidated Statements of Operations.

Residential mortgage loans that will be sold in the secondary market and the related loan commitments, which are considered derivatives, are accounted for at fair value. Forward contracts to sell mortgage-backed securities are utilized to hedge the fair value of the loans and related commitments. Gains and losses on the loans and related commitments, and the derivatives used to economically hedge them, are reported in Mortgage banking fees in the Consolidated Statements of Operations.

Residential MSRs are accounted for at fair value. Derivatives utilized to hedge the fair value of residential MSRs include interest rate futures, swaps, options, and forward contracts to purchase mortgage-backed securities. Gains and losses on residential MSRs and the related derivatives are reported in Mortgage banking fees in the Consolidated Statements of Operations.

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The following table presents the effect of economic hedges on noninterest income:

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NOTE 9 - ACCUMULATED OTHER COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS)

The following table summarizes the components of the Company’s OCI:

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The following table summarizes the activity in each component of AOCI, net of income taxes:

NOTE 10 - STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY

Preferred Stock

The following table summarizes the Company’s preferred stock:

(1) Equivalent to $25 per depositary share.

(2) Represented by 18,000,000 depositary shares each representing a 1/40th interest in the Series E Preferred Stock.

(3) Represented by 16,000,000 depositary shares each representing a 1/40th interest in the Series H Preferred Stock.

(4) Represented by 16,000,000 depositary shares each representing a 1/40th interest in the Series I Preferred Stock.

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On July 31, 2025, the Company issued $400 million, or 400,000 shares, of 6.500% fixed-rate reset non-cumulative perpetual Series I Preferred Stock, par value of $25 per share with a liquidation preference of $1,000 per share (the “Series I Preferred Stock”). As a result of this issuance, the Company received net proceeds of $393 million after underwriting fees and other expenses. The Series I Preferred Stock has no stated maturity and will not be subject to any sinking fund or other obligation of the Company. The Series I Preferred Stock is redeemable at the Company’s option, in whole or in part, on any dividend payment date on or after October 6, 2030 or, in whole but not in part, at any time within the 90 days following a regulatory capital treatment event at a redemption price equal to $1,000 per share, plus any declared and unpaid dividends. The Company may not redeem shares of the Series I Preferred Stock without the prior approval of the FRB or other appropriate federal banking agency as required under applicable capital rules. Except in limited circumstances or otherwise required by law, holders of the Series I Preferred Stock do not have any voting rights.

In September 2025, the Company provided notice of its intent to redeem all outstanding shares of the 5.650% fixed-rate reset non-cumulative perpetual Series F Preferred Stock on October 6, 2025. Upon providing notice, the Series F Preferred Stock was reclassified from Preferred stock to Other liabilities in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. On October 6, 2025, the Company redeemed all outstanding shares of the Series F Preferred Stock at a redemption price of $1,000 per share.

For further detail regarding the terms and conditions of the Company’s preferred stock, see Note 17 in the Company’s 2024 Form 10-K.

Dividends

The following tables summarize the Company’s common and preferred stock dividend activity:

Treasury Stock

During the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, the Company repurchased $475 million, or 11,129,200 shares, and $825 million, or 23,006,560 shares, respectively, of its outstanding common stock, which are held in treasury stock.

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NOTE 11 - COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES

A summary of outstanding off-balance sheet arrangements is presented below. For more information on these arrangements, see Note 19 in the Company’s 2024 Form 10-K.

Commitments to Extend Credit

Commitments to extend credit are agreements to lend to customers in accordance with conditions contractually agreed upon in advance. These commitments generally have fixed expiration dates or termination clauses and may require payment of a fee. Since many of these commitments are expected to expire without being drawn upon, the contract amounts are not necessarily indicative of future cash requirements.

Letters of Credit

Letters of credit in the table above reflect commercial, standby financial, and standby performance letters of credit. Financial and performance standby letters of credit are issued by the Company for the benefit of its customers. They are used as conditional guarantees of payment to a third party in the event the customer either fails to make specific payments (financial) or fails to complete a specific project (performance). The Company’s exposure to credit loss in the event of counterparty nonperformance in connection with the above instruments is represented by the contractual amount of those instruments. Letters of credit are generally secured, with collateral including, but not limited to, cash, accounts receivable, inventory, or investment securities. Credit risk associated with letters of credit is considered in determining the appropriate amount of the allowance for unfunded commitments. Standby and commercial letters of credit are issued for terms of up to two years and one year, respectively.

Loans Sold with Recourse

The Company is an originator and servicer of residential mortgages and routinely sells such mortgage loans in the secondary market and to GSEs. In the context of such sales, the Company makes certain representations and warranties regarding the characteristics of the underlying loans and, as a result, may be contractually required to repurchase such loans or indemnify certain parties against losses for certain breaches of those representations and warranties. The Company also sells the government guaranteed portion of certain SBA loans to outside investors, for which it retains the servicing rights.

Risk Participation Agreements

RPAs are guarantees issued by the Company to other parties for a fee, whereby the Company agrees to participate in the credit risk of a derivative customer of the other party. The current amount of credit exposure is spread out over multiple counterparties. At September 30, 2025, the remaining terms on these RPAs ranged from less than one year to ten years.

Contingencies

The Company operates in a legal and regulatory environment that exposes it to potentially significant risks. A certain amount of litigation ordinarily results from the nature of the Company’s banking and other businesses. The Company is a party to legal proceedings, including class actions. The Company is also the subject of investigations, reviews, subpoenas, and regulatory matters arising out of its normal business operations which, in some instances, relate to concerns about fair lending, unfair and/or deceptive practices, and mortgage-related issues. In addition, the Company engages in discussions with relevant governmental and regulatory authorities on a regular and ongoing basis regarding various issues, and any issues discussed or identified may result in investigatory or other action being taken. Litigation and regulatory matters may result in settlements, damages, fines, penalties, public or private censure, increased costs, required remediation, restrictions on business activities, or other impacts on the Company.

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In these disputes and proceedings, the Company contests liability and the amount of damages as appropriate. Given their complex nature, and based on the Company's experience, it may be years before some of these matters are resolved. Moreover, before liability can be reasonably estimated for a claim, numerous legal and factual issues may need to be examined, including through potentially lengthy discovery and determination of important factual matters, and by addressing novel or unsettled legal issues relevant to the proceedings in question. The Company cannot predict with certainty if, how, or when such claims will be resolved or what the eventual settlement, fine, penalty, or other relief, if any, may be, particularly for claims that are at an early stage in their development or where claimants seek substantial or indeterminate damages. The Company recognizes a provision for a claim when, in the opinion of management after seeking legal advice, it is probable that a liability exists and the amount of loss can be reasonably estimated. In many proceedings, however, it is not possible to determine whether any loss is probable or to estimate the amount of any loss.

Based on information currently available, the advice of legal counsel and other advisers, and established reserves, management believes that the aggregate liabilities, if any, potentially arising from these proceedings will not have a materially adverse effect on the Company’s unaudited interim Consolidated Financial Statements.

NOTE 12 - FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS

The Company measures or monitors many of its assets and liabilities on a fair value basis. Fair value is used on a recurring basis for assets and liabilities for which fair value is the required or elected measurement basis of accounting. Fair value is also used on a nonrecurring basis to evaluate assets for impairment or for disclosure purposes. Nonrecurring fair value adjustments typically involve the application of lower of cost or market accounting or write-downs of individual assets. Fair value measurement guidance is also applied to disclosures in this Note related to assets and liabilities that are not required to be reported at fair value in the financial statements.

For more information on the measurement of fair value for the Company’s assets and liabilities, including the election of the fair value option and valuation techniques utilized to measure fair value on a recurring and nonrecurring basis, see Note 20 in the Company’s 2024 Form 10-K.

Fair Value Option

The Company has elected to account for residential mortgage LHFS and certain commercial LHFS at fair value. The following table presents the difference between the aggregate fair value and the aggregate unpaid principal balance of LHFS measured at fair value:

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Recurring Fair Value Measurements

The Company utilizes a variety of valuation techniques to measure its assets and liabilities at fair value on a recurring basis. The following table presents assets and liabilities measured at fair value, including gross derivative assets and liabilities, on a recurring basis at September 30, 2025:

(1) Excludes investments of $62 million included in Other assets in the Consolidated Balance Sheets that are measured at fair value using the net asset value per share (or its equivalent) practical expedient. These investments include capital contributions to private investment funds and have unfunded capital commitments of $17 million at September 30, 2025, which may be called at any time during prescribed time periods. The credit exposure is generally limited to the carrying amount of investments made and unfunded capital commitments.

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The following table presents assets and liabilities measured at fair value, including gross derivative assets and liabilities, on a recurring basis at December 31, 2024:

(1) Excludes investments of $58 million included in Other assets in the Consolidated Balance Sheets that are measured at fair value using the net asset value per share (or its equivalent) practical expedient. These investments include capital contributions to private investment funds and have unfunded capital commitments of $24 million at December 31, 2024, which may be called at any time during prescribed time periods. The credit exposure is generally limited to the carrying amount of investments made and unfunded capital commitments.

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The following tables present a roll forward of assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis and classified as Level 3:

(1) For MSRs, represents the sale of the excess servicing yield on MSRs.

(2) For MSRs, represents changes in value of the MSRs due to i) the passage of time including the impact from both regularly scheduled loan principal payments and partial paydowns, and ii) loans that paid off during the period. For other derivative contracts, represents the closeout of interest rate lock commitments and other cash payments.

(3) Represents changes in fair value primarily driven by market conditions. These changes are recorded in Mortgage banking fees and Other income in the Consolidated Statements of Operations.

The following table presents quantitative information about significant unobservable inputs utilized to measure the fair value of Level 3 assets and liabilities:

(1) Disclosures related to the fair value measurement of financial instruments deemed immaterial are not included.

Nonrecurring Fair Value Measurements

Fair value is also used on a nonrecurring basis to evaluate certain assets for impairment or for disclosure purposes. The following table presents losses on assets measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis and recorded in earnings:

The following table presents assets measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis:

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Fair Value of Financial Instruments

The following tables present the estimated fair value for financial instruments not recorded at fair value in the Consolidated Financial Statements. The carrying amounts are recorded in the Consolidated Balance Sheets under the indicated captions.

(1) Excludes cash-related financial instruments not recorded at fair value in the Consolidated Balance Sheets with a carrying value and estimated fair value of $12.3 billion and $11.2 billion at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively.

NOTE 13 - NONINTEREST INCOME

A portion of the Company’s noninterest income relates to certain fee-based revenue earned from contracts with customers based on the amount of consideration expected to be received upon the transfer of control of a good or service. For a description of the components of revenue from contracts with customers and how each component is recognized for the principal products and services of the Company’s business segments, see Note 21 in the Company’s 2024 Form 10-K.

The following tables present noninterest income segregated by revenue from contracts with customers and revenue from other sources, disaggregated by business segment. Revenue from other sources primarily includes income from letter of credit and loan fees, foreign exchange and derivative products, and mortgage banking fees.

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(1) Includes bank-owned life insurance income of $30 million and $26 million for the three months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively, and $85 million and $80 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively.

For the three months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, the Company recognized trailing commissions of $4 million related to previous investment sales. For the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, the Company recognized $12 million and $11 million, respectively.

NOTE 14 - OTHER OPERATING EXPENSE

The following table presents the details of Other operating expense:

(1) Includes an industry-wide FDIC special assessment of $40 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2024.

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NOTE 15 - EARNINGS PER SHARE

Basic EPS is the amount of earnings, adjusted for preferred stock dividends and the impact of issuance costs associated with preferred stock redemptions, available to each share of common stock outstanding during the reporting period. Diluted EPS is the amount of earnings available to each share of common stock outstanding during the reporting period adjusted to include the effect of potentially dilutive common shares, which include incremental shares issued for share-based payment awards. Potentially dilutive common shares are excluded from the computation of diluted EPS in periods in which the effect would be antidilutive.

The following table presents the calculation of basic and diluted EPS:

(1) Excluded from the computation of diluted EPS were weighted-average antidilutive shares totaling 3,454 and 141,698 for the three months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively, and 16,910 and 409,167 for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively.

NOTE 16 - BUSINESS SEGMENTS

The Company is managed by its CODM, the Chief Executive Officer, on a segment basis. The Company’s three reportable business segments are Consumer Banking, Commercial Banking, and Non-Core. The business segments are determined based on the products and services provided, or the type of customer served. Each business segment has a segment head that reports directly to the Chief Executive Officer, who has final authority over resource allocation decisions and performance assessment. The business segments reflect this management structure and the manner in which financial information is currently evaluated by the Chief Executive Officer.

The CODM utilizes segment pretax profit or loss as the primary measure to allocate resources to the Company’s business segments during the annual budgeting and forecasting process. This measure is also used to assess the performance of each segment, with a focus on monitoring net interest income, noninterest income, and noninterest expense. To ensure effective oversight, the CODM participates in monthly business review meetings, where budget- and forecast-to-actual variances for pretax profit or loss and its components are analyzed. These evaluations inform the CODM’s decisions regarding the allocation of capital and resources across the business segments, ensuring alignment with the Company’s strategic objectives.

Developing and applying methodologies used to allocate items among the business segments is a dynamic process. Accordingly, financial results may be revised periodically as management systems are enhanced, methods of evaluating performance or product lines are updated, or organizational structure changes occur.

For more information on the Company’s business segments, as well as Other non-segment operations, see Note 26 in the Company’s 2024 Form 10-K.

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The following tables present certain financial data of the Company’s business segments:

(1) Represents operating expenses incurred by the business segments and primarily includes salaries and employee benefits, equipment and software, outside services, and occupancy.

(2) Includes depreciation and amortization of $30 million, $5 million, and $77 million, respectively, for the Consumer Banking, Commercial Banking and Other business segments.

(3) Represents allocated corporate overhead from support functions such as information technology, finance, risk, and human resources.

(1) Represents operating expenses incurred by the business segments and primarily includes salaries and employee benefits, equipment and software, outside services, and occupancy.

(2) Includes depreciation and amortization of $29 million, $6 million, and $79 million, respectively, for the Consumer Banking, Commercial Banking and Other business segments.

(3) Represents allocated corporate overhead from support functions such as information technology, finance, risk, and human resources.

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(1) Represents operating expenses incurred by the business segments and primarily includes salaries and employee benefits, equipment and software, outside services, and occupancy.

(2) Includes depreciation and amortization of $92 million, $15 million, and $230 million, respectively, for the Consumer Banking, Commercial Banking and Other business segments.

(3) Represents allocated corporate overhead from support functions such as information technology, finance, risk, and human resources.

(1) Represents operating expenses incurred by the business segments and primarily includes salaries and employee benefits, equipment and software, outside services, and occupancy.

(2) Includes depreciation and amortization of $84 million, $21 million, and $233 million, respectively, for the Consumer Banking, Commercial Banking and Other business segments.

(3) Represents allocated corporate overhead from support functions such as information technology, finance, risk, and human resources.