Exhibit 99.1
Universal Reports Second Quarter 2026 Results
- Diluted GAAP earnings per common share (EPS) of $2.04; diluted adjusted* EPS of $1.84
- Annualized return on average common equity (“ROCE”) of 38.8%, annualized adjusted* ROCE of 33.2%
- Direct premiums written of $621.3 million, up 4.1% from the prior year quarter
- Book value per share of $22.89, up 39.7% year-over-year; adjusted book value per share* of $24.17, up 35.4% year-over-year
*Reconciliations of non-GAAP to GAAP financial measures are provided in the attached tables.
Fort Lauderdale, Fla., July 23, 2026 – Universal Insurance Holdings (NYSE: UVE) (“Universal” or the “Company”) reported second quarter 2026 results.
“In the quarter, we delivered a very strong 38.8% annualized return on common equity, driven by solid underwriting and revenue performance,” said Stephen J. Donaghy, Chief Executive Officer. “Notably, the net loss ratio improved by 7.5 points year-over-year, driven by favorable claims and litigation trends that we expect to benefit non-catastrophe margins throughout the year. Strong retention and new business generation resulted in 4.1% direct premiums written growth, including growth in Florida and across our multi-state footprint.”
“The favorable claims and litigation trends in our results are a direct product of Florida’s legislative reforms. Thanks to the efforts of the Governor, the Legislature, and the OIR, the Florida homeowners insurance market has stabilized and now operates much more like the rest of the country. Our litigation inventory is back down to levels that preceded Florida’s litigation crisis, and the impact of pre-reform claims practices is behind us. As a result, we believe our aggregate reserves provide a meaningful margin above expected ultimate losses. Combined with more favorable reinsurance rates and our ability to write rate-adequate premium through our robust organic new business pipeline, we believe we are well positioned to deliver sustained profitable growth.”
Summary Financial Results
| ($ in thousands, except per share data) | Three Months Ended June 30, 2026 | Three Months Ended June 30, 2025 | Three Months Ended June 30,Change | Six Months Ended June 30, 2026 | Six Months Ended June 30, 2025 | Six Months Ended June 30,Change |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| GAAP comparison | ||||||
| Total revenues | $427,033 | $400,141 | 6.7% | $820,598 | $795,008 | 3.2% |
| Operating income | $81,610 | $47,994 | 70.0% | $154,897 | $105,062 | 47.4% |
| Operating income margin | 19.1% | 12.0% | 7.1 | 18.9% | 13.2% | 5.7 |
| Net income available to common stockholders | $59,186 | $35,091 | 68.7% | $113,474 | $76,527 | 48.3% |
| Diluted earnings per common share | $2.04 | $1.21 | 68.6% | $3.93 | $2.64 | 48.9% |
| Annualized ROCE | 38.8% | 31.9% | 6.9 | 38.2% | 36.8% | 1.4 |
| Book value per share, end of period | $22.89 | $16.39 | 39.7% | $22.89 | $16.39 | 39.7% |
| Non-GAAP comparison¹ | ||||||
| Core revenue | $419,376 | $400,922 | 4.6% | $817,538 | $795,793 | 2.7% |
| Adjusted operating income | $73,953 | $48,775 | 51.6% | $151,837 | $105,847 | 43.4% |
| Adjusted operating income margin | 17.6% | 12.2% | 5.4 | 18.6% | 13.3% | 5.3 |
| Adjusted net income available to common stockholders | $53,413 | $35,680 | 49.7% | $111,167 | $77,119 | 44.1% |
| Adjusted diluted earnings per common share | $1.84 | $1.23 | 49.6% | $3.85 | $2.66 | 44.7% |
| Annualized adjusted ROCE | 33.2% | 29.4% | 3.8 | 35.6% | 33.0% | 2.6 |
| Adjusted book value per share, end of period | $24.17 | $17.85 | 35.4% | $24.17 | $17.85 | 35.4% |
| Underwriting Summary | ||||||
| Premiums: | ||||||
| Premiums in force | $2,204,705 | $2,114,219 | 4.3% | $2,204,705 | $2,114,219 | 4.3% |
| Policies in force | 934,371 | 872,343 | 7.1% | 934,371 | 872,343 | 7.1% |
| Direct premiums written | $621,314 | $596,720 | 4.1% | $1,127,861 | $1,063,798 | 6.0% |
| Direct premiums earned | $544,806 | $523,425 | 4.1% | $1,076,227 | $1,036,682 | 3.8% |
| Ceded premiums earned | $(167,533) | $(163,232) | 2.6% | $(342,052) | $(320,768) | 6.6% |
| Ceded premium ratio | 30.8% | 31.2% | (0.4) | 31.8% | 30.9% | 0.9 |
| Net premiums earned | $377,273 | $360,193 | 4.7% | $734,175 | $715,914 | 2.6% |
| Net ratios: | ||||||
| Loss ratio | 64.8% | 72.3% | (7.5) | 64.4% | 71.4% | (7.0) |
| Expense ratio | 26.8% | 25.5% | 1.3 | 26.3% | 25.0% | 1.3 |
| Combined ratio | 91.6% | 97.8% | (6.2) | 90.7% | 96.4% | (5.7) |
| ¹ Reconciliation of non-GAAP to GAAP financial measures are provided in the attached tables. Adjusted net income (loss) available to common stockholders, adjusted diluted earnings (loss) per common share and core revenue exclude net realized gains (losses) on investments and net change in unrealized gains (losses) on investments. Adjusted operating income (loss) excludes the items above and interest and amortization of debt issuance costs. Adjusted book value per share excludes accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), net of taxes. Adjusted ROCE is calculated by dividing annualized adjusted net income (loss) available to common stockholders by average adjusted book value per share, with the denominator further excluding current period after-tax net realized gains (losses) on investments and net change in unrealized gains (losses) on investments. |
Net Income and Adjusted Net Income
Net income available to common stockholders was $59.2 million, compared to net income of $35.1 million in the prior year quarter, and adjusted net income available to common stockholders was $53.4 million, compared to adjusted net income of $35.7 million in the prior year quarter. The higher adjusted net income available to common stockholders mostly stems from a lower net loss ratio and higher net premiums earned and net investment income.
Revenues
Revenue was $427.0 million, up 6.7% from the prior year quarter and core revenue was $419.4 million, up 4.6% from the prior year quarter. The increase in core revenue primarily stems from higher net premiums earned and net investment income.
Direct premiums written were $621.3 million, up 4.1% from the prior year quarter. The increase stems from 0.8% growth in Florida and 14.4% growth in other states. Overall growth mostly reflects higher policies in force across our multi-state footprint.
Direct premiums earned were $544.8 million, up 4.1% from the prior year quarter. The increase stems from direct premiums written growth over the past twelve months.
The ceded premium ratio was 30.8%, down from 31.2%, in the prior year quarter. The decrease primarily reflects Universal’s new reinsurance program, which incepted on June 1, 2026.
Net premiums earned were $377.3 million, up 4.7% from the prior year quarter. The increase is primarily attributable to higher direct premiums earned and a lower ceded premium ratio, as described above.
Net investment income was $20.2 million, up from $17.3 million in the prior year quarter. The increase stems from higher fixed income reinvestment yields and higher invested assets.
Commissions, policy fees and other revenue were $21.9 million, down 6.7% from the prior year quarter. The decrease primarily reflects commissions earned on reinstatements in the prior year quarter.
Margins
The operating income margin was 19.1%, compared to an operating income margin of 12.0% in the prior year quarter. The adjusted operating income margin was 17.6%, compared to an adjusted operating income margin of 12.2% in the prior year quarter. The higher adjusted operating income margin primarily stems from a lower net loss ratio.
The net loss ratio was 64.8%, down 7.5 points compared to the prior year quarter. The decrease reflects better current accident year results.
The net expense ratio was 26.8%, up 1.3 points from 25.5% in the prior year quarter. The increase was primarily driven by higher policy acquisition costs associated with growth outside Florida, partly offset by a lower ceded premium ratio.
The net combined ratio was 91.6%, down 6.2 points compared to the prior year quarter. The decrease reflects a lower net loss ratio, partly offset by a higher net expense ratio, as described above.
Capital Deployment
During the second quarter, the Company repurchased approximately 122 thousand shares at an aggregate cost of $4.5 million. The Company’s current share repurchase authorization program has approximately $8.6 million remaining.
On July 8, 2026, the Board of Directors declared a quarterly cash dividend of 16 cents per share of common stock, payable on August 7, 2026, to shareholders of record as of the close of business on July 31, 2026.
Conference Call and Webcast
- Friday, July 24, 2026 at 10:00 a.m. ET
- Investors and other interested parties may listen to the call by accessing the online, real-time webcast at universalinsuranceholdings.com/investors or by registering in advance via teleconference at https://register-conf.media-server.com/register/BIdc4bc2764e6b4f8884cc9b237d9a34ab. Once registration is completed, participants will be provided with a dial-in number containing a personalized conference code to access the call. An online replay of the call will be available at universalinsuranceholdings.com/investors soon after the investor call concludes.
About Universal
Universal Insurance Holdings, Inc. (NYSE: UVE) is a holding company providing property and casualty insurance and value-added insurance services. We develop, market, and write insurance products in the personal residential homeowners lines of business and perform substantially all other insurance-related services for our primary insurance entities, including risk management, claims management and distribution. We provide insurance products in the United States through both our appointed independent agents and our direct online distribution channels. Learn more at universalinsuranceholdings.com or get an insurance quote at Clovered.com.
Non-GAAP Financial Measures and Key Performance Indicators This press release contains non-GAAP financial measures within the meaning of Regulation G promulgated by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”), including core revenue, adjusted net income (loss) available to common stockholders and diluted adjusted earnings (loss) per common share, which exclude the impact of net realized gains (losses) on investments and net change in unrealized gains (losses) on investments. Adjusted operating income (loss) and adjusted operating income (loss) margin exclude the impact of net realized gains (losses) on investments and net change in unrealized gains (losses) on investments and interest and amortization of debt issuance costs. Adjusted common stockholders’ equity and adjusted book value per share exclude accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) (AOCI), net of taxes. Adjusted return on common equity excludes after-tax net realized gains (losses) on investments and net change in unrealized gains (losses) on investments from the numerator and AOCI, net of taxes, and current period after-tax net realized gains (losses) on investments and net change in unrealized gains (losses) on investments from the denominator. A “non-GAAP financial measure” is generally defined as a numerical measure of a company’s historical or future performance that excludes or includes amounts, or is subject to adjustments, so as to be different from the most directly comparable measure calculated and presented in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”). UVE management believes that these non-GAAP financial measures are meaningful, as they allow investors to evaluate underlying revenue and profitability trends and enhance comparability across periods. When considered together with the GAAP financial measures, management believes these metrics provide information that is useful to investors in understanding period-over-period operating results separate and apart from items that may, or could, have a disproportionately positive or negative impact on results in any particular period. UVE management also believes that these non-GAAP financial measures enhance the ability of investors to analyze UVE’s business trends and to understand UVE’s operational performance. UVE’s management utilizes these non-GAAP financial measures as guides in long-term planning. Non-GAAP financial measures should be considered in addition to, and not as a substitute for or superior to, financial measures presented in accordance with GAAP. For more information regarding our key performance indicators, please refer to the section titled “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations – Key Performance Indicators” in our forthcoming Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2026.
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
in thousands, except per share data
| Line item | June 30, 2026 | December 31, 2025 |
|---|---|---|
| (unaudited) | ||
| ASSETS: | ||
| Invested Assets | ||
| Fixed maturities, at fair value, net | $1,506,146 | $1,431,028 |
| Equity securities, at fair value | 111,829 | 85,420 |
| Other investments, at fair value | 11,155 | 10,693 |
| Investment real estate, net | 5,367 | 5,463 |
| Total invested assets | 1,634,497 | 1,532,604 |
| Cash and cash equivalents | 532,160 | 408,868 |
| Restricted cash and cash equivalents | 68,635 | 68,970 |
| Prepaid reinsurance premiums | 562,104 | 291,031 |
| Reinsurance recoverables | 176,889 | 232,918 |
| Premiums receivable, net | 85,537 | 75,721 |
| Property and equipment, net | 48,640 | 49,349 |
| Deferred policy acquisition costs | 135,222 | 128,564 |
| Income taxes recoverable | 16,407 | — |
| Deferred income tax asset, net | 14,238 | 27,658 |
| Goodwill | 2,319 | 2,319 |
| Other assets | 29,516 | 21,693 |
| TOTAL ASSETS | $3,306,164 | $2,839,695 |
| LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY | ||
| LIABILITIES: | ||
| Unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses | $633,613 | $680,712 |
| Unearned premiums | 1,143,593 | 1,091,959 |
| Advance premium | 84,860 | 61,847 |
| Income taxes payable | — | 28,554 |
| Reinsurance payable, net | 627,776 | 257,242 |
| Commission payable | 33,379 | 26,307 |
| Debt, net of issuance costs | 97,852 | 100,481 |
| Other liabilities and accrued expenses | 47,936 | 41,558 |
| Total liabilities | 2,669,009 | 2,288,660 |
| STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY: | ||
| Cumulative convertible preferred stock² | — | — |
| Common stock³ | 483 | 482 |
| Treasury shares, at cost - 20,558 and 20,226, respectively | (316,751) | (305,064) |
| Additional paid-in capital | 127,300 | 124,319 |
| Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), net of taxes | (35,520) | (26,151) |
| Retained earnings | 861,643 | 757,449 |
| Total stockholders' equity | 637,155 | 551,035 |
| TOTAL LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY | $3,306,164 | $2,839,695 |
| Notes: | ||
| ² Cumulative convertible preferred stock ($0.01 par value): Authorized - 1,000 shares; 10 issued and 10 outstanding; Minimum liquidation preference - $9.99 and $9.99 per share. | ||
| ³ Common stock ($0.01 par value): Authorized - 55,000 shares; 48,388 and 48,234 issued; 27,830 and 28,008 outstanding, respectively. |
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF INCOME (UNAUDITED)
in thousands
| Line item | Three Months EndedJune 30, 2026 | Three Months EndedJune 30, 2025 | Six Months EndedJune 30, 2026 | Six Months EndedJune 30, 2025 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| REVENUES | ||||
| Net premiums earned | $377,273 | $360,193 | $734,175 | $715,914 |
| Net investment income | 20,213 | 17,258 | 39,700 | 33,318 |
| Net realized gains (losses) on investments | 1,257 | 5,280 | 1,991 | 5,266 |
| Net change in unrealized gains (losses) on investments | 6,400 | (6,061) | 1,069 | (6,051) |
| Commission revenue | 13,780 | 15,854 | 28,511 | 32,129 |
| Policy fees | 6,039 | 5,603 | 11,021 | 10,096 |
| Other revenue | 2,071 | 2,014 | 4,131 | 4,336 |
| Total revenues | 427,033 | 400,141 | 820,598 | 795,008 |
| EXPENSES | ||||
| Losses and loss adjustment expenses | 244,562 | 260,305 | 472,658 | 510,860 |
| Policy acquisition costs | 68,067 | 61,878 | 132,540 | 122,452 |
| Other operating costs and expenses | 32,794 | 29,964 | 60,503 | 56,634 |
| Total operating costs and expenses | 345,423 | 352,147 | 665,701 | 689,946 |
| Interest and amortization of debt issuance costs | 1,995 | 1,608 | 3,590 | 3,220 |
| Income before income tax expense | 79,615 | 46,386 | 151,307 | 101,842 |
| Income tax expense | 20,427 | 11,293 | 37,828 | 25,310 |
| NET INCOME | $59,188 | $35,093 | $113,479 | $76,532 |
SHARE AND PER SHARE INFORMATION
in thousands, except per share data
| Line item | Three Months EndedJune 30, 2026 | Three Months EndedJune 30, 2025 | Six Months EndedJune 30, 2026 | Six Months EndedJune 30, 2025 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Weighted average common shares outstanding - basic | 27,618 | 27,972 | 27,588 | 28,066 |
| Weighted average common shares outstanding - diluted | 29,043 | 29,072 | 28,901 | 28,977 |
| Shares outstanding, end of period | 27,830 | 27,927 | 27,830 | 27,927 |
| Basic earnings per common share | $2.14 | $1.25 | $4.11 | $2.73 |
| Diluted earnings per common share | $2.04 | $1.21 | $3.93 | $2.64 |
| Cash dividend declared per common share | $0.16 | $0.16 | $0.32 | $0.32 |
| Book value per share, end of period | $22.89 | $16.39 | $22.89 | $16.39 |
| Annualized return on average common equity (ROCE) | 38.8% | 31.9% | 38.2% | 36.8% |
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION
in thousands, except for Policies In Force data
| Line item | Three Months EndedJune 30, 2026 | Three Months EndedJune 30, 2025 | Six Months EndedJune 30, 2026 | Six Months EndedJune 30, 2025 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Premiums | ||||
| Direct premiums written - Florida | $453,169 | $449,715 | $814,110 | $793,759 |
| Direct premiums written - Other States | 168,145 | 147,005 | 313,751 | 270,039 |
| Direct premiums written - Total | $621,314 | $596,720 | $1,127,861 | $1,063,798 |
| Direct premiums earned | $544,806 | $523,425 | $1,076,227 | $1,036,682 |
| Net premiums earned | $377,273 | $360,193 | $734,175 | $715,914 |
| Underwriting Ratios - Net | ||||
| Loss ratio | 64.8% | 72.3% | 64.4% | 71.4% |
| Expense ratio | 26.8% | 25.5% | 26.3% | 25.0% |
| Policy acquisition cost ratio | 18.1% | 17.2% | 18.1% | 17.1% |
| Other operating costs and expenses ratio | 8.7% | 8.3% | 8.2% | 7.9% |
| Combined ratio | 91.6% | 97.8% | 90.7% | 96.4% |
| Line item | As ofJune 30, 2026 | As ofJune 30, 2025 |
|---|---|---|
| Policies in force | ||
| Florida | 590,893 | 559,171 |
| Other States | 343,478 | 313,172 |
| Total | 934,371 | 872,343 |
| Premiums in force | ||
| Florida | $1,574,707 | $1,581,628 |
| Other States | 629,998 | 532,591 |
| Total | $2,204,705 | $2,114,219 |
| Total Insured Value | ||
| Florida | $195,906,480 | $184,748,208 |
| Other States | 220,117,758 | 191,679,346 |
| Total | $416,024,238 | $376,427,554 |
UNIVERSAL INSURANCE HOLDINGS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
RECONCILIATION OF NON-GAAP FINANCIAL MEASURES
(in thousands, except for per share data)
GAAP revenue to core revenue
| Line item | Three Months EndedJune 30, 2026 | Three Months EndedJune 30, 2025 | Six Months EndedJune 30, 2026 | Six Months EndedJune 30, 2025 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GAAP revenue | $427,033 | $400,141 | $820,598 | $795,008 |
| less: Net realized gains (losses) on investments | 1,257 | 5,280 | 1,991 | 5,266 |
| less: Net change in unrealized gains (losses) on investments | 6,400 | (6,061) | 1,069 | (6,051) |
| Core revenue | $419,376 | $400,922 | $817,538 | $795,793 |
GAAP operating income to adjusted operating income
| Line item | Three Months EndedJune 30, 2026 | Three Months EndedJune 30, 2025 | Six Months EndedJune 30, 2026 | Six Months EndedJune 30, 2025 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GAAP income before income tax expense | $79,615 | $46,386 | $151,307 | $101,842 |
| add: Interest and amortization of debt issuance costs | 1,995 | 1,608 | 3,590 | 3,220 |
| GAAP operating income | 81,610 | 47,994 | 154,897 | 105,062 |
| less: Net realized gains (losses) on investments | 1,257 | 5,280 | 1,991 | 5,266 |
| less: Net change in unrealized gains (losses) on investments | 6,400 | (6,061) | 1,069 | (6,051) |
| Adjusted operating income | $73,953 | $48,775 | $151,837 | $105,847 |
GAAP operating income margin to adjusted operating income margin
| Line item | Three Months EndedJune 30, 2026 | Three Months EndedJune 30, 2025 | Six Months EndedJune 30, 2026 | Six Months EndedJune 30, 2025 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GAAP operating income (a) | $81,610 | $47,994 | $154,897 | $105,062 |
| GAAP revenue (b) | 427,033 | 400,141 | 820,598 | 795,008 |
| GAAP operating income margin (a÷b) | 19.1% | 12.0% | 18.9% | 13.2% |
| Adjusted operating income (c) | 73,953 | 48,775 | 151,837 | 105,847 |
| Core revenue (d) | 419,376 | 400,922 | 817,538 | 795,793 |
| Adjusted operating income margin (c÷d) | 17.6% | 12.2% | 18.6% | 13.3% |
GAAP net income (NI) to adjusted NI available to common stockholders
| Line item | Three Months EndedJune 30, 2026 | Three Months EndedJune 30, 2025 | Six Months EndedJune 30, 2026 | Six Months EndedJune 30, 2025 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GAAP NI | $59,188 | $35,093 | $113,479 | $76,532 |
| less: Preferred dividends | 2 | 2 | 5 | 5 |
| GAAP NI available to common stockholders (e) | 59,186 | 35,091 | 113,474 | 76,527 |
| less: Net realized gains (losses) on investments | 1,257 | 5,280 | 1,991 | 5,266 |
| less: Net change in unrealized gains (losses) on investments | 6,400 | (6,061) | 1,069 | (6,051) |
| add: Income tax effect on above adjustments | 1,884 | (192) | 753 | (193) |
| Adjusted NI available to common stockholders (f) | $53,413 | $35,680 | $111,167 | $77,119 |
| Weighted average diluted common shares outstanding (g) | 29,043 | 29,072 | 28,901 | 28,977 |
| Diluted earnings per common share (e÷g) | $2.04 | $1.21 | $3.93 | $2.64 |
| Diluted adjusted earnings per common share (f÷g) | $1.84 | $1.23 | $3.85 | $2.66 |
| GAAP stockholders’ equity to adjusted common stockholders’ equity | GAAP stockholders’ equity to adjusted common stockholders’ equity · As ofJune 30, 2026 | GAAP stockholders’ equity to adjusted common stockholders’ equity · As ofJune 30, 2025 | December 31, 2025 |
|---|---|---|---|
| GAAP stockholders’ equity | $637,155 | $457,808 | $551,035 |
| less: Preferred equity | 100 | 100 | 100 |
| Common stockholders’ equity (h) | 637,055 | 457,708 | 550,935 |
| less: Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), net of taxes | (35,520) | (40,782) | (26,151) |
| Adjusted common stockholders’ equity (i) | $672,575 | $498,490 | $577,086 |
| Common shares outstanding (j) | 27,830 | 27,927 | 28,008 |
| Book value per common share (h÷j) | $22.89 | $16.39 | $19.67 |
| Adjusted book value per common share (i÷j) | $24.17 | $17.85 | $20.60 |
GAAP return on common equity (ROCE) to adjusted ROCE
| Line item | Three Months EndedJune 30, 2026 | Three Months EndedJune 30, 2025 | Six Months EndedJune 30, 2026 | Six Months EndedJune 30, 2025 | Year EndedDecember 31, 2025 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Actual or Annualized NI available to common stockholders (k) | $236,744 | $140,364 | $226,948 | $153,054 | $182,941 |
| Average common stockholders’ equity (l) | 610,850 | 439,998 | 593,995 | 415,429 | 462,043 |
| Actual or Annualized ROCE (k÷l) | 38.8% | 31.9% | 38.2% | 36.8% | 39.6% |
| Annualized adjusted NI available to common stockholders (m) | $213,652 | $142,720 | $222,334 | $154,238 | $179,532 |
| Adjusted average common stockholders’ equity⁴ (n) | 642,981 | 486,219 | 623,677 | 467,699 | 504,997 |
| Actual or Annualized Adjusted ROCE (m÷n) | 33.2% | 29.4% | 35.6% | 33.0% | 35.6% |
| ⁴ Adjusted average common stockholders’ equity excludes current period after-tax net realized gains (losses) on investments and net change in unrealized gains (losses) on investments. |