AvalonBay Communities AVB Form 10-Q filing Q1 FY2026

PART I - FINANCIAL INFORMATION

ITEM 1. CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS AS OFMARCH 31, 2026(UNAUDITED) AND DECEMBER 31, 2025 1

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OFOPERATIONS(UNAUDITED) FOR THE THREEMONTHS ENDEDMARCH31, 2026AND 2025 2

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (UNAUDITED) FOR THE THREE MONTHS ENDED MARCH 31, 2026 AND 2025 3

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF EQUITY (UNAUDITED) FOR THETHREEMONTHS ENDEDMARCH 31, 2026AND 2025 4

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS (UNAUDITED) FOR THETHREEMONTHS ENDEDMARCH31, 2026AND 2025 5

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED) 7

ITEM 2. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS 24

ITEM 3. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK 43

ITEM 4. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES 43

PART II - OTHER INFORMATION

ITEM 1. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS 43

ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS 43

ITEM 2. UNREGISTERED SALES OF EQUITY SECURITIES AND USE OF PROCEEDS 44

ITEM 3. DEFAULTS UPON SENIOR SECURITIES 44

ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES 44

ITEM 5. OTHER INFORMATION 44

ITEM 6. EXHIBITS 45

SIGNATURES 46

See accompanying notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

See accompanying notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

See accompanying notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

See accompanying notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

See accompanying notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS (continued)

The following table provides a reconciliation of cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash reported with the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (dollars in thousands):

Supplemental disclosures of non-cash investing and financing activities:

During the three months ended March 31, 2026:

• As described in Note 4, "Equity," the Company issued 233,363 shares of common stock as part of the Company's stock-based compensation plans, of which 123,221 shares related to the conversion of performance awards to shares of common stock, and the remaining 110,142 shares valued at $19,790,000 were issued in connection with new stock grants; 1,790 shares valued at $324,000 were issued through the Company's dividend reinvestment plan; 74,065 shares valued at $13,124,000 were withheld to satisfy employees' tax withholding and other liabilities; and 402 restricted shares with an aggregate value of $79,000 were forfeited.
• Common stock and DownREIT Unit dividends declared but not paid totaled $250,593,000.
• The Company recorded (i) a decrease to prepaid expenses and other assets of $6,576,000 and a corresponding adjustment to accumulated other comprehensive income; and (ii) reclassified $563,000 of cash flow hedge gains from other comprehensive income to interest expense, net, to record the impact of the Company's derivative and hedging activity.

During the three months ended March 31, 2025:

• The Company issued 181,588 shares of common stock as part of the Company's stock-based compensation plans, of which 103,332 shares related to the conversion of performance awards to shares of common stock, and the remaining 78,256 shares valued at $17,346,000 were issued in connection with new stock grants; 811 shares valued at $176,000 were issued through the Company's dividend reinvestment plan; and 72,196 shares valued at $16,229,000 were withheld to satisfy employees' tax withholding and other liabilities.
• Common stock dividends declared but not paid totaled $249,599,000.
• The Company recorded (i) a decrease to prepaid expenses and other assets of $3,597,000 and a corresponding adjustment to accumulated other comprehensive income; and (ii) reclassified $273,000 of cash flow hedge gains from other comprehensive income to interest expense, net, to record the impact of the Company's derivative and hedging activity.

AVALONBAY COMMUNITIES, INC.

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(unaudited)

1. Organization, Basis of Presentation and Significant Accounting Policies

Organization and Basis of Presentation

AvalonBay Communities, Inc. (the "Company," which term, unless the context otherwise requires, refers to AvalonBay Communities, Inc. together with its subsidiaries) is a Maryland corporation that has elected to be treated as a real estate investment trust ("REIT") for federal income tax purposes under the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the "Code"). The Company develops, redevelops, acquires, owns and operates multifamily communities in Boston, Massachusetts, the New York/New Jersey metro area, the Mid-Atlantic, Seattle, Washington, and Northern and Southern California, as well as in the Company's expansion regions of Raleigh-Durham and Charlotte, North Carolina, Southeast Florida, Dallas and Austin, Texas, and Denver, Colorado.

As of March 31, 2026, the Company owned or held a direct or indirect ownership interest in 319 apartment communities containing 98,271 apartment homes in 11 states and the District of Columbia, of which 25 communities were under construction. The Company also owned or held a direct or indirect ownership interest in land or rights to land on which the Company expects to develop an additional 30 communities that, if developed as expected, will contain an estimated 9,866 apartment homes.

The interim unaudited financial statements have been prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles ("GAAP") for interim financial information and in conjunction with the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC"). Certain information and footnote disclosures normally included in financial statements required by GAAP have been condensed or omitted pursuant to such rules and regulations. These unaudited financial statements should be read in conjunction with the financial statements and notes included in the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2025 (the "Form 10-K"). The results of operations for the three months ended March 31, 2026 are not necessarily indicative of the operating results for the full year. Management believes the disclosures are adequate to ensure the information presented is not misleading. In the opinion of management, all adjustments and eliminations, consisting only of normal, recurring adjustments necessary for a fair presentation of the financial statements for the interim periods, have been included.

Capitalized terms used without definition have meanings provided elsewhere in this Form 10-Q.

Principles of Consolidation

The accompanying Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements include the accounts of the Company and its wholly-owned subsidiaries, certain joint venture partnerships, subsidiary partnerships structured as DownREITs, and any variable interest entities that qualify for consolidation. All significant intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.

Noncontrolling Interests

The Company classifies the carrying value of the DownREIT Units as noncontrolling interests, as the units may be redeemed by unitholders on or after April 30, 2026 for cash or common stock at the Company's election. Net income and comprehensive income is allocated to the DownREIT Units pro-rata based on the weighted average proportion of DownREIT Units to the weighted average combined total of outstanding common stock, participating securities, and DownREIT Units for the period.

Cash, Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash

Cash and cash equivalents includes all cash and liquid investments with an original maturity of three months or less from the date acquired. Restricted cash includes principal reserve funds that are restricted for the repayment of specified secured financing, amounts the Company has designated for planned 1031 exchange activity and resident security deposits. The majority of the Company's cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash are held at major commercial banks.

Earnings per Common Share

Basic earnings per common share is computed by dividing net income attributable to common stockholders by the weighted average number of shares outstanding during the period. All outstanding unvested restricted share awards contain rights to non-forfeitable dividends and participate in undistributed earnings with common stockholders and, accordingly, are considered participating securities that are included in the two-class method of computing basic earnings per common share. Both the unvested restricted shares and other potentially dilutive common shares, and the related impact to earnings, are considered when calculating earnings per common share on a diluted basis. Diluted earnings per common share was computed using the treasury stock method for performance awards, options, participating securities and forward contracts, and using the if-converted method for DownREIT Units. The Company's earnings per common share are determined as follows (dollars in thousands, except per share data):

Certain options to purchase shares of common stock in the amounts of 294,892, forward contracts to sell shares of common stock in the amounts of 3,680,000, and unvested performance awards in the amounts of 96,575 as of March 31, 2026 were not included in the computation of diluted earnings per common share because they were anti-dilutive for the period. Certain options to purchase shares of common stock in the amounts of 19,266, forward contracts to sell shares of common stock in the amounts of 3,921,738, and unvested performance awards in the amount of 43,105 as of March 31, 2025 were not included in the computation of diluted earnings per common share because they were anti-dilutive for the period.

Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities

The Company enters into interest rate swap and interest rate cap agreements (collectively, "Hedging Derivatives") for interest rate risk management purposes and in conjunction with certain variable rate secured debt to satisfy lender requirements. The Company does not enter into Hedging Derivatives for trading or other speculative purposes. The Company assesses the effectiveness of qualifying hedges, both at inception and on an ongoing basis. The fair values of Hedging Derivatives that are in an asset position are recorded in prepaid expenses and other assets and the fair values of Hedging Derivatives that are in a liability position are included in accrued expenses and other liabilities on the accompanying Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets. Fair value changes for derivatives that are not in qualifying hedge relationships are reported as a component of interest expense, net on the accompanying Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations. For the Hedging Derivatives that qualify as effective cash flow hedges, the Company records the cumulative changes in the Hedging Derivatives' fair value in accumulated other comprehensive income on the accompanying Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive

Income. Amounts recorded in accumulated other comprehensive income will be reclassified into earnings in the periods in which earnings are affected by the hedged cash flow. The effective portion of the change in fair value of the Hedging Derivatives that qualify as effective fair value hedges is reported as an adjustment to the carrying amount of the corresponding hedged item. Receipts or payments associated with the gains and losses on the Company’s cash flow hedges of future fixed rate debt issuances are presented as a component of cash flows from financing activities in the period the hedges are terminated and the receipt or payments for the Company’s cash flow hedges of interest on variable rate debt are presented as a component of cash flows from operating activities. Payments for derivatives that are not designated in hedging relationships are presented as a component of cash flows from operating activities. See Note 11, “Fair Value,” for further discussion of derivative financial instruments.

Acquisitions of Investments in Real Estate

The Company accounts for real estate acquisitions as either an asset acquisition or a business combination. Under either model, the Company identifies and determines the fair value of any assets acquired, liabilities assumed and any noncontrolling interest in the acquiree. Typical assets acquired and liabilities assumed include land, building, furniture, fixtures and equipment, debt and identified intangible assets and liabilities, consisting of the value of above or below market leases and in-place leases. The Company utilizes various sources to determine fair value, including its own analysis of recently acquired and existing comparable properties in its portfolio and other market data. Consideration for acquisitions is typically in the form of cash unless otherwise disclosed. For a business combination, the Company records the assets acquired and liabilities assumed based on the fair value of each respective item. For an asset acquisition, the purchase price is allocated based on the relative fair value of the net assets. The Company expenses all applicable acquisition costs for a business combination and capitalizes all applicable acquisition costs for an asset acquisition. The Company expects that acquisitions of individual operating communities will generally be asset acquisitions.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make certain estimates and assumptions. These estimates and assumptions affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the dates of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting periods. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

Reclassifications

Certain reclassifications have been made to amounts in prior years' financial statements and notes to the financial statements to conform to current year presentations as a result of changes in held for sale classification, disposition activity and segment classification.

Leases

The Company is party to leases as both a lessor and a lessee, primarily as follows:

• lessor of residential and commercial space within its apartment communities; and
• lessee under (i) ground leases for land underlying current operating or development communities and certain commercial and parking facilities and (ii) office leases for its corporate headquarters and regional offices.

Lessee Considerations

The Company assesses whether a contract is or contains a lease based on whether the contract conveys the right to control the use of an identified asset, including specified portions of larger assets, for a period of time in exchange for consideration.

The Company’s leases include both fixed and variable lease payments that are based on an index or rate such as the consumer price index (CPI) or percentage rents based on total sales. Variable lease payments are generally not included in the lease liability, but recognized as variable lease expense in the period in which they are incurred.

For leases that have options to extend the term or terminate the lease early, the Company only factored the impact of such options into the lease term if the option was considered reasonably certain to be exercised. The Company determines the discount rate associated with its ground and office leases on a lease-by-lease basis using the Company’s actual borrowing rates as well as indicative market pricing for longer term rates and taking into consideration the remaining term of the lease agreements. For leases that are 12 months or less, the Company elected the practical expedient to not recognize the lease asset and liability.

Lessor Considerations

The Company's residential and commercial leases at its apartment communities are operating leases. For leases that include rent concessions and/or fixed and determinable rent increases, rental income is recognized on a straight-line basis over the noncancellable term of the lease, which, for residential leases, is generally one year. Some of the Company’s commercial leases have renewal options which the Company will only include in the lease term if, at the commencement of the lease, it is reasonably certain that the lessee will exercise this option.

For the Company’s leases, which are comprised of a lease component and common area maintenance as a non-lease component, the Company determined that (i) the leases are operating leases, (ii) the lease component is the predominant component and (iii) all components of its operating leases share the same timing and pattern of transfer.

Revenue and Gain Recognition

The Company recognizes revenue for the transfer of goods and services to customers for consideration that the Company expects to receive. The majority of the Company’s revenue is derived from residential and commercial rental and other lease income, which are accounted for as discussed above, under "Leases." The Company's revenue streams that are not accounted for as residential and commercial rental and other lease income include (i) management, development and other fees, (ii) non-lease related revenue and (iii) gains or losses on the sale of real estate.

The following table details the Company’s revenue disaggregated by reportable operating segment, further discussed in Note 8, “Segment Reporting,” for the three months ended March 31, 2026 and 2025. Segment information for total revenue excludes real estate assets that were sold from January 1, 2025 through March 31, 2026, or otherwise qualify as held for sale as of March 31, 2026, as described in Note 6, "Real Estate Disposition Activities" (dollars in thousands):

(1) Represents third-party property management, developer fees and miscellaneous income and other ancillary items which are not allocated to a reportable segment.

(2) Amounts include revenue streams related to leasing activities that are not considered components of a lease, and revenue streams not related to leasing activities including, but not limited to, application fees, renters insurance fees and vendor revenue sharing.

(3) Represents residential and commercial rental and other lease income, as discussed above, under "Leases."

Due to the nature and timing of the Company’s identified revenue streams, there were no material amounts of outstanding or unsatisfied performance obligations as of March 31, 2026.

Uncollectible Lease Revenue Reserves

The Company recorded an aggregate offset to income for uncollectible lease revenue, net of amounts received from government rent relief programs, for its residential and commercial portfolios of $10,643,000 and $12,074,000 for the three months ended March 31, 2026 and 2025, respectively.

Recently Issued and Adopted Accounting Standards

In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU 2024-03, Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses, which requires the disaggregation for certain expenses presented on the face of an entity’s income statement in the entity's disclosures. Additionally, it requires the disclosure of selling expenses and descriptions of amounts not separately disaggregated. The new standard will be effective for annual reporting periods beginning January 1, 2027, and interim reporting periods beginning January 1, 2028. The Company is assessing the standard and does not expect it to have a material effect on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

In September 2025, the FASB issued ASU 2025-06, Targeted Improvements to the Accounting for Internal-Use Software, which updates the accounting for software implementation and development, specifically with respect to cost capitalization. The amendments replace the former model which considered prescriptive and sequential software development stages with an approach that is focused on management authorization and probability that the project will be completed and used for its intended purpose. The new standard will be effective for annual reporting periods beginning January 1, 2027, and interim reporting periods within those annual periods. The Company is assessing the standard and does not expect it to have a material effect on the Company's financial position or results of operations.

2. Interest Capitalized

The Company capitalizes interest during the development and redevelopment of real estate assets. Capitalized interest associated with the Company's development and redevelopment activities totaled $14,557,000 and $10,479,000 for the three months ended March 31, 2026 and 2025, respectively.

3. Debt

The Company's debt, which consists of unsecured notes, the variable rate term loan (the "Term Loan"), mortgage notes payable, the Credit Facility and Commercial Paper, each as defined below, as of March 31, 2026 and December 31, 2025 is summarized below. The following amounts and discussion do not include the mortgage notes related to the communities classified as held for sale, if any, as of March 31, 2026 and December 31, 2025, as shown in the accompanying Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets (dollars in thousands) (see Note 6, "Real Estate Disposition Activities"). The weighted average interest rates in the following table for secured and unsecured debt include financing costs, including debt issuance costs as well as credit enhancement and trustees' fees, the impact of interest rate hedges and mark-to-market adjustments.

(1) Includes the $550,000 Term Loan that has been swapped to an effective fixed rate of 4.44% using interest rate hedges.

(2) Excludes deferred financing costs associated with the Credit Facility and Commercial Paper, which are included in Prepaid expenses and other assets on the accompanying Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets.

The Company has a $2,500,000,000 revolving variable rate unsecured credit facility with a syndicate of banks (the "Credit Facility") which matures in April 2030. The interest rate that would be applicable to borrowings under the Credit Facility was 4.39% at March 31, 2026 and was composed of (i) the Secured Overnight Financing Rate ("SOFR"), applicable to the period of borrowing for a particular draw of funds from the Credit Facility (e.g., one month to maturity, three months to maturity, etc.), plus (ii) the current borrowing spread to SOFR of 0.705% per annum, assuming a daily SOFR borrowing rate. The borrowing spread to SOFR can vary from SOFR plus 0.65% to SOFR plus 1.40% based upon the rating of the Company's unsecured senior notes. There is also an annual facility commitment fee of 0.12% of the borrowing capacity under the Credit Facility, which can vary from 0.10% to 0.30% based upon the rating of the Company's unsecured senior notes. The Credit Facility contains a sustainability-linked pricing component which provides for interest rate margin and commitment fee reductions or increases related to certain environmental sustainability targets, specifically greenhouse gas emission reductions, with the adjustment determined annually. The annual determination under the sustainability-linked pricing component occurred in July 2025, maintaining reductions of approximately 0.02% to the interest rate margin and 0.005% to the commitment fee due to the Company's achievement of sustainability targets.

The Company has an unsecured commercial paper note program (the “Commercial Paper Program”) with a maximum amount of commercial paper notes that can be outstanding at any one time not to exceed $1,000,000,000. Under the terms of the Commercial Paper Program, the Company may issue unsecured commercial paper notes with maturities of less than one year. The Commercial Paper Program is backstopped by the Company's commitment to maintain available borrowing capacity under its Credit Facility in an amount equal to actual borrowings under the Commercial Paper Program.

The availability under the Company's Credit Facility as of March 31, 2026 and December 31, 2025 was as follows (dollars in thousands):

(1) In addition, the Company had $49,584 and $52,584 outstanding in additional letters of credit unrelated to the Credit Facility as of March 31, 2026 and December 31, 2025, respectively.

In the aggregate, secured notes payable mature at various dates from March 2027 through July 2066, and are secured by certain apartment communities with a net carrying value of $1,198,667,000, excluding communities classified as held for sale, if any, as of March 31, 2026.

Scheduled payments and maturities of secured notes payable and unsecured debt outstanding at March 31, 2026 were as follows (dollars in thousands):

The Company was in compliance at March 31, 2026 with customary covenants under the Credit Facility, the Term Loan and the indentures under which the unsecured notes were issued.

4. Equity

As of March 31, 2026 and December 31, 2025, the Company's charter had authorized for issuance a total of 280,000,000 shares of common stock and 50,000,000 shares of preferred stock.

During the three months ended March 31, 2026, the Company:

i.issued 1,790 shares of common stock through the Company's dividend reinvestment plan;

ii.issued 233,363 shares of common stock in connection with restricted stock grants and the conversion of performance awards to shares of common stock;

iii.withheld 74,065 shares of common stock to satisfy employees' tax withholding and other liabilities;

iv.canceled 402 shares of restricted common stock upon forfeiture; and

v.repurchased 1,130,336 shares of common stock through the 2025 Stock Repurchase Program and 2026 Stock Repurchase Program, discussed below.

Deferred compensation granted under the Company's Second Amended and Restated 2009 Equity Incentive Plan (the "Plan") does not impact the Company's Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements until recognized as compensation cost.

The Company has a continuous equity program (the "CEP") under which the Company may sell (and/or enter into forward sale agreements for the sale of) up to $1,000,000,000 of its common stock from time to time. During the three months ended March 31, 2026 and 2025, the Company had no sales under the CEP. As of March 31, 2026, the Company had $623,997,000 remaining authorized for issuance under the program.

In addition to the CEP, during the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company completed an underwritten public offering pursuant to which it entered into forward contracts to sell 3,680,000 shares of common stock at a discount to the closing price of $226.52 per share for approximate net proceeds of $808,606,000 based on the initial forward price. Settlement of the forward contracts is expected to occur on one or more dates not later than December 31, 2026. The final proceeds will be determined on the date(s) of settlement and are subject to certain customary adjustments for dividends and a daily interest factor.

In February 2026, the Company terminated its then-existing stock repurchase program (the "2025 Stock Repurchase Program") and adopted a new stock repurchase program under which the Company may acquire shares of its common stock in open market or negotiated transactions up to an aggregate purchase price of $1,000,000,000 (the "2026 Stock Repurchase Program"). Purchases of common stock under the 2026 Stock Repurchase Program may occur from time to time at the Company’s discretion. The timing and actual number of shares repurchased will depend on a variety of factors including price, corporate and regulatory requirements, market conditions and other corporate liquidity requirements and priorities. The 2026 Stock Repurchase Program does not have an expiration date and may be suspended or terminated at any time without prior notice. During the three months ended March 31, 2026, the Company repurchased 1,130,336 shares of common stock at an average price of $175.59 per share, including fees, for a total of $198,480,000 under the 2025 Stock Repurchase Program and the 2026 Stock Repurchase Program. As of March 31, 2026, the Company had $914,354,000 remaining capacity under the 2026 Stock Repurchase Program.

5. Investments

Structured Investment Program

The Company operates a Structured Investment Program (the "SIP"), an investment platform through which the Company provides mezzanine loans or preferred equity to third-party multifamily developers. During the three months ended March 31, 2026, the Company received full repayment of $17,580,000 which includes principal and interest for one mezzanine loan. As of March 31, 2026, the Company had eight commitments to fund up to $226,785,000 in the aggregate with a weighted average rate of return of 11.8% and a weighted average final maturity date of October 2028. As of March 31, 2026, the Company had funded $209,827,000 of these commitments and recognized interest income, exclusive of expected credit losses, of $7,216,000 and $6,130,000 for the three months ended March 31, 2026 and 2025, respectively, from the SIP. Interest income and any change in the expected credit loss are included as a component of Structured Investment Program interest income on the accompanying Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations.

The Company evaluates each SIP commitment to determine the classification as a loan or an investment in a real estate development project. As of March 31, 2026, all of the SIP commitments are classified as loans. The Company includes amounts outstanding under the SIP as a component of prepaid expenses and other assets on the accompanying Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets. The Company evaluates the credit risk for each commitment on an ongoing basis, estimating the reserve for credit losses using relevant available information from internal and external sources. Market-based historical credit loss data provides the basis for the estimation of expected credit losses, with adjustments, if necessary, for differences in current commitment-specific risk characteristics, such as the amount of equity capital provided by a borrower, amount of senior debt secured by the project, nature of the real estate being developed or other factors.

Unconsolidated Investments

As of March 31, 2026, the Company had investments in four unconsolidated entities with real estate holdings, with ownership interests ranging from 20.0% to 28.6%, coupled with other unconsolidated investments including third-party property technology and sustainability focused companies and investment management funds.

The Arts District joint venture, in which the Company holds a 25% ownership interest, owns one apartment community that is subject to a mortgage loan with an outstanding balance of $162,911,000 as of March 31, 2026. The Company has provided the lender a partial payment guarantee for 25% of the loan's maximum borrowing capacity. Any amounts payable under the 25% loan guarantee by the Company are obligations of the joint venture partners in proportion to their ownership interest, and in the event the Company is obligated to perform under its loan guarantee, its joint venture partner is obligated to reimburse the Company for 75% of amounts paid.

The Company accounts for its unconsolidated investments under the equity method of accounting, net asset value or the measurement alternative with the carrying amount of the investment adjusted to fair value when there is an observable transaction for the same or similar investment of the same issuer indicating a change in fair value. The significant accounting policies of the unconsolidated investments are consistent with those of the Company in all material respects. Certain of these investments are subject to various buy‑sell provisions or other rights which are customary in real estate joint venture agreements. The Company and its partners in these entities may initiate these provisions to either sell the Company's interest or acquire the interest from the Company's joint venture partner.

Expensed Transaction, Development and Other Pursuit Costs

The Company capitalizes costs associated with its development activities to the basis of land held when future development is probable, or if the Company has either not yet acquired the land or if the project is subject to a leasehold interest, the costs are capitalized as deferred development costs ("Development Rights"). Future development of these Development Rights is dependent upon various factors, including zoning and regulatory approval, rental market conditions, construction costs and the availability of capital. Costs incurred for pursuits for which future development is not yet considered probable are expensed as incurred. If the Company determines a Development Right is no longer probable, the Company recognizes any necessary expense to write down its basis. The Company assesses its portfolio of land held for development and land held for investment for impairment if the intent of the Company changes with respect to either the development of, or the expected holding period for, the land. The Company incurred expenses of $3,416,000 and $4,744,000 for the three months ended March 31, 2026 and 2025, respectively, for expensed transaction, development and other pursuit costs, net of recoveries, which include costs related to development pursuits that were not yet probable of future development at the time incurred, or for pursuits that the Company determined are no longer probable of being developed. The amount for the three months ended March 31, 2025 includes a write-off of $3,668,000 for one development opportunity that the Company determined was no longer probable. These costs are included in expensed transaction, development and other pursuit costs, net of recoveries on the accompanying Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations. These costs can vary greatly, and the costs incurred in any given period may be significantly different in future periods.

Long-Lived Assets Casualty Loss

For the three months ended March 31, 2026, the Company recognized $4,619,000 of expense from property damage at certain of the Company's communities, reported as casualty and impairment loss on the accompanying Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations. The expense for the three months ended March 31, 2026 relates to damage from a water pipe break at a community in New Jersey and damage at communities throughout the portfolio from winter storms.

6. Real Estate Disposition Activities

The following real estate sales occurred during the three months ended March 31, 2026 (dollars in thousands):

(1) Gain on disposition was reported in gain on sale of communities on the accompanying Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations.

At March 31, 2026, the Company had no real estate assets that qualified as held for sale.

7. Commitments and Contingencies

Legal Contingencies

The Company recognizes a loss associated with contingent legal matters when the loss is probable and estimable.

In 2022 and early 2023, the Company was named as a defendant in cases brought by private litigants alleging antitrust violations by RealPage, Inc. and owners and/or operators of multifamily housing which utilize revenue management systems provided by RealPage, Inc. The Company engaged with the plaintiffs' counsel to explain why it believed that these cases were without merit as they pertained to the Company. Following these discussions, the plaintiffs filed a notice of voluntary dismissal in July 2023, which resulted in the Company being dismissed without prejudice from these cases. Subsequently, on November 1, 2023, the District of Columbia filed a lawsuit in the Superior Court of the District of Columbia against RealPage, Inc. and a number of owners and/or operators of multifamily housing in the District of Columbia, including the Company, alleging that the defendants violated the District of Columbia Antitrust Act by unlawfully agreeing to use RealPage, Inc. revenue management systems and sharing sensitive data (the “D.C. Antitrust Litigation”). The court has denied the Company's motions to dismiss and for judgment on the pleadings.

On January 15, 2025, the Office of the Attorney General of the State of Maryland filed a lawsuit similar to the D.C. Antitrust Litigation in the Circuit Court for Prince George’s County, Maryland in which RealPage, Inc. and a number of owners and/or operators of multifamily properties in Maryland, including the Company, have been named and alleged to have violated state antitrust law (the “Maryland Antitrust Litigation”). On February 28, 2025, the Company filed a motion to dismiss.

On April 23, 2025, the Attorney General of the State of New Jersey and the New Jersey Division of Consumer Affairs filed a lawsuit similar to the D.C. Antitrust Litigation and the Maryland Antitrust Litigation in the U.S. District Court for the District of New Jersey. The lawsuit alleges that RealPage, Inc. and a number of owners and/or operators of multifamily properties in New Jersey, including the Company, violated federal and state antitrust laws and the state consumer fraud law (the “New Jersey Antitrust Litigation”) by unlawfully agreeing to use RealPage, Inc. revenue management systems and other related actions. On July 29, 2025, the Company filed a motion to dismiss. On March 31, 2026, the court granted without prejudice the Company’s motion with respect to the federal and state antitrust claims but denied it with respect to the state consumer fraud claim. See Note 12, "Subsequent Events," for further discussion of the New Jersey Antitrust Litigation.

While the Company intends to vigorously defend against the D.C. Antitrust Litigation, the Maryland Antitrust Litigation and the New Jersey Antitrust Litigation, the Company is unable to predict the outcome or estimate the amount of loss, if any, that may result from the lawsuits.

The Company is involved in various other claims and/or administrative proceedings that arise in the ordinary course of its business. While no assurances can be given, the Company does not currently believe that any of these other outstanding litigation matters, individually or in the aggregate, will have a material adverse effect on its financial condition or results of operations.

Lease Obligations

The Company owns seven apartment communities, two commercial properties and one development community located on land subject to ground leases expiring between July 2046 and May 2123. The Company has purchase options for all ground leases expiring prior to 2062. The ground leases for six of the seven apartment communities, the two commercial properties and one development community are operating leases, with rental expense recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term. In addition, the Company is party to 13 leases for its corporate and regional offices with varying terms through August 2031, all of which are operating leases. During the three months ended March 31, 2026, the Company did not enter into any new ground leases.

The ground lease for the development community includes a completion guaranty that obligates the Company to complete construction of the community and certain off-site infrastructure improvements prior to May 2030. The Company expects to complete construction in Q1 2029 for an estimated total capital cost of $302,000,000.

As of March 31, 2026 and December 31, 2025, the Company had total operating lease assets of $118,168,000 and $119,888,000, respectively, and lease obligations of $143,655,000 and $145,319,000, respectively, reported as components of right of use lease assets and lease liabilities, respectively, on the accompanying Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets. The Company incurred costs of $3,924,000 and $3,935,000 for the three months ended March 31, 2026 and 2025, respectively, related to operating leases.

The Company has one apartment community located on land subject to a ground lease and four leases for portions of parking garages adjacent to apartment communities that are finance leases. As of March 31, 2026 and December 31, 2025, the Company had total finance lease assets of $27,536,000 and $27,649,000, respectively, and total finance lease obligations of $19,862,000 and $19,881,000, respectively, reported as components of right of use lease assets and lease liabilities on the accompanying Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets.

8. Segment Reporting

The Company's reportable operating segments include Same Store, Other Stabilized and Development/Redevelopment. Annually as of January 1, the Company determines which of its communities fall into each of these categories and generally maintains that classification throughout the year for the purpose of reporting segment operations, unless disposition or redevelopment plans regarding a community change. In addition, the Company owns land for future development and has other corporate assets that are not allocated to an operating segment.

The Company's segment disclosures present the measure(s) used by the Chief Operating Decision Maker ("CODM") for assessing each segment's performance. The Company's CODM is comprised of several members of its executive management

team, including its Chief Executive Officer and President, Chief Financial Officer, Chief Investment Officer, Chief Operating Officer, and Executive Vice President- Portfolio and Asset Management. The CODM uses net operating income ("NOI") as the primary financial measure for Same Store communities and Other Stabilized communities. NOI is defined by the Company as total property revenue less direct property operating expenses (including property taxes), and excluding corporate-level income (including management, development and other fees), property management and other indirect operating expenses, net of corporate income, expensed transaction, development and other pursuit costs, net of recoveries, interest expense, net, loss on extinguishment of debt, net, general and administrative expense, income from unconsolidated investments, Structured Investment Program interest income, depreciation expense, income tax expense (benefit), casualty and impairment loss, gain on sale of communities, other real estate activity and net operating income from real estate assets sold or held for sale. The CODM evaluates the Company's financial performance on a consolidated residential and commercial basis. The commercial results attributable to the non-apartment components of the Company's mixed-use communities and other nonresidential operations represent 1.6% and 2.0% of total NOI for the three months ended March 31, 2026 and 2025, respectively. Although the Company considers NOI a useful measure of a community's or communities' operating performance, NOI should not be considered an alternative to net income or net cash flow from operating activities, as determined in accordance with GAAP. NOI excludes a number of income and expense categories as detailed in the reconciliation of NOI to net income and consistent with how the Company's CODM evaluates total NOI.

A reconciliation of NOI to net income for the three months ended March 31, 2026 and 2025 is as follows (dollars in thousands):

The following is a summary of NOI from real estate assets sold or held for sale for the periods presented (dollars in thousands):

The primary performance measure for communities under development or redevelopment depends on the stage of completion. While under development, management monitors actual construction costs against budgeted costs as well as lease-up pace and rent levels compared to budget.

The following table details the Company's segment information as of the dates specified (dollars in thousands). The segments are classified based on the individual community's status at January 1, 2026. Segment information for the three months ended March 31, 2026 and 2025 has been adjusted to exclude the real estate assets that were sold from January 1, 2025 through March 31, 2026, or otherwise qualify as held for sale as of March 31, 2026, as described in Note 6, "Real Estate Disposition Activities."

(1) Does not include non-allocated revenue. Non-allocated revenue represents third-party property management, developer fees and miscellaneous income and other ancillary items which are not allocated to a reportable segment. Non-allocated revenue is $1,833 and $1,742 for the three months ended March 31, 2026 and 2025, respectively.

(2) Does not include non-allocated gross real estate and land held for development. Non-allocated gross real estate is $106,319 and $118,630 as of March 31, 2026 and 2025, respectively. Land held for development is $135,134 and $141,978 as of March 31, 2026 and 2025, respectively.

9. Stock-Based Compensation Plans

As part of its long-term compensation plans, the Company has granted stock options, performance awards and restricted stock under the Plan. Details of the outstanding awards and activity under the Plan for the three months ended March 31, 2026 are presented below.

Stock Options:

(1) All options are from recipient elections to receive a portion of earned restricted stock awards in the form of stock options.

Performance Awards:

(1) Represents the change in the number of performance awards earned based on performance achievement.

The Company grants performance awards based on (i) the total shareholder return metrics for the Company’s common stock and (ii) financial metrics related to operating performance and leverage metrics of the Company. The number of performance awards granted that are based on total shareholder return metrics and financial metrics are as follows:

The Company used a Monte Carlo model to assess the compensation cost associated with the portion of the performance awards granted for which achievement will be determined by using total shareholder return measures. The assumptions used are as follows:

(1) Estimated volatility over the life of the plan is using 50% historical volatility and 50% implied volatility.

For the portion of the performance awards granted in 2026 for which achievement will be determined by using financial metrics, the compensation cost was based on an average grant date value of $179.67.

Restricted Stock:

Total employee stock-based compensation cost recognized in income was $5,786,000 and $5,731,000 for the three months ended March 31, 2026 and 2025, respectively, and total capitalized stock-based compensation cost was $2,294,000 and $2,534,000 for the three months ended March 31, 2026 and 2025, respectively. At March 31, 2026, total unrecognized compensation cost was $57,433,000 for unvested restricted stock, stock options and performance awards, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of 2.4 years. The Company reverses any previously recognized compensation cost for forfeitures as they occur.

10. Related Party Arrangements

Unconsolidated Entities

The Company manages unconsolidated real estate entities and provides other real estate related services to third parties, for which it receives asset management, property management, construction, development and redevelopment fee revenue. From these entities, the Company earned fees of $1,833,000 and $1,742,000 for the three months ended March 31, 2026 and 2025, respectively. In addition, the Company had outstanding receivables associated with its property and construction management roles of $1,337,000 and $1,395,000 as of March 31, 2026 and December 31, 2025, respectively.

Director Compensation

The Company recorded non-employee director compensation expense relating to restricted stock grants and deferred stock units in the amount of $692,000 and $589,000 for the three months ended March 31, 2026 and 2025, respectively, as a component of general and administrative expense on the accompanying Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations. Deferred compensation relating to these restricted stock grants and deferred stock units to non-employee directors was $364,000 and $910,000 on March 31, 2026 and December 31, 2025, respectively, reported as a component of prepaid expenses and other assets on the accompanying Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets.

11. Fair Value

Financial Instruments Carried at Fair Value

Derivative Financial Instruments

Hedging Derivatives are carried at fair value in the Company's financial statements. The Company minimizes its credit risk on these transactions by dealing with major, creditworthy financial institutions and monitors the credit ratings of counterparties and the exposure of the Company to any single entity. The Company believes the likelihood of realizing losses from counterparty nonperformance is remote. The Company determined that the majority of the inputs used to value its derivatives fall within Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy, such as interest rate, term to maturity and volatility. The Hedging Derivatives credit valuation adjustments associated with its derivatives use Level 3 inputs, such as estimates of current credit spreads, which the Company concluded are not significant. As a result, the Company determined that its derivative valuations are classified in Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy.

The following table summarizes the consolidated derivative positions at March 31, 2026 (dollars in thousands):

(1) For debt hedged by interest rate caps, represents the weighted average interest rate on the hedged debt prior to any impact of the associated interest rate caps.

During the three months ended March 31, 2026, the Company entered into $150,000,000 of forward starting interest rate swap agreements designated as cash flow hedges of interest rate variability on future debt issuance activity through December 31, 2026. The Company expects to cash settle the swaps and either pay or receive cash for the then current fair value. Assuming that the Company issues the debt as expected, the hedging impact from these positions will then be recognized over the life of the issued debt as a yield adjustment.

The Company had certain derivatives not designated as hedges during the three months ended March 31, 2026 and 2025, for which fair value changes during each of the respective periods were not material.

The Company anticipates reclassifying approximately $3,437,000 of net hedging gains from accumulated other comprehensive income into earnings within the next 12 months as an offset to the hedged item during this period.

Financial Instruments Not Carried at Fair Value

Cash, Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash

Cash, cash equivalent and restricted cash balances are held with various financial institutions within accounts designed to preserve principal. The Company monitors credit ratings of these financial institutions and the concentration of cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash balances with any one financial institution and believes the likelihood of realizing material losses related to cash, cash equivalent and restricted cash balances is remote. Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash are carried at their face amounts, which reasonably approximate their fair values and are Level 1 within the fair value hierarchy.

Other Financial Instruments

Other financial instruments consist of (i) rents, (ii) other receivables, including notes receivable, (iii) prepaid expenses, (iv) accounts and construction payable and (v) accrued expenses and other liabilities. These assets and liabilities are carried at their face amounts, which reasonably approximate their fair values. The Company determined that its notes receivable approximate fair value because interest rates, yields and other terms are consistent with interest rates, yields and other terms currently available for similar instruments and are considered to be a Level 2 price within the fair value hierarchy.

Equity Securities

The Company has direct equity investments in third-party property technology companies. These investments are accounted for using the measurement alternative and are valued at the market price of observable transactions. During the three months ended March 31, 2026, the Company recognized an unrealized loss of $6,250,000 related to these investments, which was reported as a component of loss from unconsolidated investments on the accompanying Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations. As of March 31, 2026, the Company had recorded cumulative fair value adjustments of $61,322,000 for net unrealized gains on equity securities.

Indebtedness

The Company values its fixed rate unsecured debt using quoted market prices, a Level 1 price within the fair value hierarchy. The Company values its mortgage notes payable, the Term Loan and any outstanding amounts under the Credit Facility and Commercial Paper Program using a discounted cash flow analysis on the expected cash flows of each instrument. This analysis reflects the contractual terms of the instrument, including the period to maturity, and uses observable market-based inputs, including interest rate curves. The process also considers credit valuation adjustments to appropriately reflect the Company's nonperformance risk. The Company has concluded that the value of its mortgage notes payable, Term Loan and any outstanding amounts under the Credit Facility and Commercial Paper Program are Level 2 prices as the majority of the inputs used to value its positions fall within Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy.

Financial Instruments Measured/Disclosed at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis

The following tables summarize the classification between the three levels of the fair value hierarchy of the Company's financial instruments measured or disclosed at fair value on a recurring basis (dollars in thousands):

12. Subsequent Events

The Company has evaluated subsequent events through the date on which this Form 10-Q was filed, the date on which these financial statements were issued, and identified the items below for discussion.

In April 2026 and through the date this Form 10-Q was filed, the Company had the following activity:

• The Company entered into one new SIP commitment, agreeing to provide an aggregate investment of up to $15,000,000 in a multifamily development project in Metro NY/NJ.
• On April 14, 2026, the Company filed a motion to reconsider the court’s ruling on the Company’s motion to dismiss the New Jersey Antitrust Litigation insofar as it did not dismiss the remaining state consumer fraud claim. See Note 7, "Commitments and Contingencies," for further discussion of the New Jersey Antitrust Litigation.

ITEM 2. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations ("MD&A") is intended to help provide an understanding of our business, financial condition and results of operations. This MD&A should be read in conjunction with our Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements and the accompanying Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements included elsewhere in this report. This report, including the following MD&A, contains forward-looking statements regarding future events or trends that should be read in conjunction with the factors described under "Forward-Looking Statements" included in this report. Actual results or developments could differ materially from those projected in such statements as a result of the factors described under "Forward-Looking Statements" as well as the risk factors described in Part I, Item 1A. "Risk Factors" of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2025 (the "Form 10-K") and in Part II, Item 1A. "Risk Factors" in this report.

Capitalized terms used without definition have the meanings provided elsewhere in this Form 10-Q.

Executive Overview

Business Description

AvalonBay Communities, Inc. (the "Company," "we," "our" and "us" which terms, unless the context otherwise requires, refer to AvalonBay Communities, Inc. together with its subsidiaries), is a Maryland corporation that has elected to be treated as a real estate investment trust (“REIT”) for federal income tax purposes. We develop, redevelop, acquire, own and operate apartment communities in Boston, Massachusetts, the New York/New Jersey metro area, the Mid-Atlantic, Seattle, Washington, and Northern and Southern California, as well as in our expansion regions of Raleigh-Durham and Charlotte, North Carolina, Southeast Florida, Dallas and Austin, Texas, and Denver, Colorado. We use the term apartment communities to refer to properties that consist of apartment homes or townhomes or a combination of both. We focus on leading metropolitan areas that we believe have offered, and will continue to offer, the opportunity for superior risk-adjusted returns over the long-term on apartment community investments relative to other markets.

Our principal financial goal is to increase long-term shareholder value through the development, redevelopment, acquisition, ownership, operation and asset management and, when appropriate, disposition of apartment communities in our markets. To help meet this goal, we regularly (i) monitor our investment allocation by geographic market and product type, (ii) develop, redevelop and acquire interests in apartment communities in our selected markets, (iii) efficiently operate our communities to maximize resident satisfaction and shareholder return, (iv) selectively sell apartment communities that no longer meet our long term strategy or when opportunities are presented to realize a portion of the value created through our investment and redeploy the proceeds from those sales and (v) maintain a capital structure that we believe is aligned with our business risks and allows us to maintain continuous access to cost-effective capital. We pursue our development, redevelopment, investment and operating activities with the purpose of "Creating a Better Way to Live."

First Quarter 2026 Operating Highlights

• Net income attributable to common stockholders for the three months ended March 31, 2026 was $325,730,000, an increase of $89,133,000, or 37.7%, over the prior year period. The increase was primarily attributable to an increase in gains from real estate sales and NOI from communities, partially offset by an increase in depreciation expense from newly acquired or developed communities.
• Same Store NOI attributable to our apartment rental operations, including parking and other ancillary residential ("Residential") revenue, for the three months ended March 31, 2026 was $479,937,000, an increase of $1,087,000, or 0.2%, over the prior year period. The increase was primarily attributable to an increase in Residential revenue of $11,053,000, or 1.6%, partially offset by an increase in Residential property operating expenses of $9,966,000, or 4.7%.
• Other Stabilized Residential NOI, for the three months ended March 31, 2026 was $19,014,000, an increase of $15,713,000, over the prior year period due to newly acquired and recently completed Development communities.

First Quarter 2026 Development Highlights

At March 31, 2026, we owned or held a direct or indirect interest in:

• 25 wholly-owned communities under construction, which are expected to contain 8,673 apartment homes with a projected total capitalized cost of $3,390,000,000.
• Land or rights to land on which we expect to develop an additional 30 apartment communities that, if developed as expected, will contain 9,866 apartment homes.

First Quarter 2026 Real Estate Transactions Highlights

During the three months ended March 31, 2026, we sold three wholly-owned communities containing 884 apartment homes for $340,750,000, for a gain in accordance with GAAP of $179,688,000.

Communities Overview

Our real estate investments consist primarily of current apartment operating communities ("Current Communities"), consolidated and unconsolidated communities in various stages of development ("Development" communities and "Unconsolidated Development" communities) and Development Rights (as defined below). Our Current Communities are further classified as Same Store communities, Other Stabilized communities, Redevelopment communities and Unconsolidated communities. While we generally establish the classification of communities on an annual basis, we update the classification of communities during the calendar year to the extent that our plans with regard to the disposition or redevelopment of a community change, or if something occurs that materially impacts the operations of a community such as a casualty loss. The following is a description of each category:

Current Communities are categorized as Same Store, Other Stabilized, Redevelopment, or Unconsolidated according to the following attributes:

• Same Store is composed of consolidated communities where a comparison of operating results from the prior year to the current year is meaningful as these communities were owned and had stabilized occupancy as of the beginning of the respective prior year period. For the three month periods ended March 31, 2026 and 2025, Same Store communities are consolidated for financial reporting purposes, had stabilized occupancy as of January 1, 2025, are not conducting or expected to conduct substantial redevelopment activities and are not held for sale as of March 31, 2026 or probable for disposition to unrelated third parties within the current year. A community is considered to have stabilized occupancy at the earlier of (i) attainment of 90% physical occupancy or (ii) the one year anniversary of completion of development or redevelopment.
• Other Stabilized is composed of completed consolidated communities that we own and that are not Same Store but which have stabilized occupancy, as defined above, as of January 1, 2026, or which were acquired subsequent to January 1, 2025. Other Stabilized excludes communities that are conducting, or are probable to conduct substantial redevelopment activities within the current year, as defined below.
• Redevelopment is composed of consolidated communities where substantial redevelopment occurred, is in progress, or is probable to begin during the fiscal year. Redevelopment is considered substantial when (i) capital invested is expected to exceed the lesser of $5,000,000 or 10% of the community's pre-redevelopment basis and (ii) physical occupancy is below or is expected to be below 90% during, or as a result of, the redevelopment activity.
• Unconsolidated is composed of communities that we have an indirect ownership interest in through our investment interest in an unconsolidated joint venture.

Development is composed of consolidated communities that are either currently under construction, were under construction and were completed during the current year or where construction has been complete for less than one year and that do not have stabilized occupancy. These communities may be partially or fully complete and operating.

Unconsolidated Development is composed of communities that are either currently under construction, or were under construction and were completed during the current year, in which we have an indirect ownership interest through an unconsolidated joint venture. These communities may be partially or fully complete and operating.

Development Rights are development opportunities in the early phase of the development process where we either have an option to acquire land or enter into a leasehold interest, where we are the buyer under a long-term conditional contract to purchase land, where we control the land through a ground lease or own land to develop a new community, or where we are the designated developer in a public-private partnership. We capitalize related pre-development costs incurred in pursuit of new developments for which we currently believe future development is probable.

As of March 31, 2026, communities that we owned or held a direct or indirect interest in were classified as follows:

Results of Operations

Our results of operations are driven by our operating platform and are also affected by national and local market conditions and are reflected in changes in Same Store NOI; NOI derived from acquisitions, development completions and development under construction and in lease-up; loss of NOI related to disposed communities; and capital market and financing activity. A comparison of our operating results for the three months ended March 31, 2026 and 2025 is as follows (unaudited, dollars in thousands).

Net income attributable to common stockholders increased $89,133,000, or 37.7%, to $325,730,000 for the three months ended March 31, 2026, as compared to the prior year period, primarily due to an increase in gains from real estate sales and NOI from communities, partially offset by (i) an increase in depreciation expense from newly acquired or developed communities and (ii) increased interest expense, net over the prior year period due to a higher effective rate for our unsecured indebtedness and increased commercial paper outstanding.

NOI. We define NOI as total property revenue less direct property operating expenses (including property taxes), and excluding:

• corporate-level income (such as management, development and other fees);
• property management and other indirect operating expenses, net of corporate income;
• expensed transaction, development and other pursuit costs, net of recoveries;
• interest expense, net;
• loss on extinguishment of debt, net;
• general and administrative expense;
• income (loss) from unconsolidated investments;
• SIP interest income;
• depreciation expense;
• income tax expense (benefit);
• casualty and impairment loss;
• gain on sale of communities;
• other real estate activity; and
• net operating income from real estate assets sold or held for sale.

Management considers NOI to be an important and appropriate supplemental performance measure to net income because it helps both investors and management to understand the core operations of a community or communities prior to the allocation of any corporate-level property management overhead or financing-related costs. NOI reflects the operating performance of a community and allows for an easier comparison of the operating performance of individual assets or groups of assets. In addition, because prospective buyers of real estate have different financing and overhead structures, with varying marginal impact to overhead as a result of acquiring real estate, NOI is considered by many in the real estate industry to be a useful measure for determining the value of a real estate asset or group of assets.

NOI does not represent cash generated from operating activities in accordance with GAAP, and NOI should not be considered an alternative to net income as an indication of our performance. NOI should also not be considered an alternative to net cash flow from operating activities, as determined by GAAP, as a measure of liquidity, nor is NOI indicative of cash available to fund cash needs. Residential NOI represents results attributable to our apartment rental operations, including parking and other ancillary residential revenue. Reconciliations of NOI and Residential NOI for the three months ended March 31, 2026 and 2025 to net income for each period are as follows (unaudited, dollars in thousands):

(1) Represents results attributable to the retail and other non-residential operations at our communities ("Commercial").

The Residential NOI changes for the three months ended March 31, 2026 compared to the three months ended March 31, 2025 consist of changes in the following categories (unaudited, dollars in thousands):

The 0.2% increase in Same Store Residential NOI for the three months ended March 31, 2026 is due to an increase in Residential revenue of $11,053,000, or 1.6%, partially offset by an increase in Residential property operating expenses of $9,966,000, or 4.7%, over the prior year period.

Rental and other income increased $24,308,000, or 3.3%, for the three months ended March 31, 2026, compared to the prior year period, primarily due to an increase in rental revenue from our stabilized operating communities, discussed below.

Consolidated Communities — The weighted average number of occupied apartment homes for consolidated communities increased to 84,277 apartment homes for the three months ended March 31, 2026, compared to 80,703 apartment homes for the prior year period. The weighted average monthly Residential revenue per occupied apartment home was $2,991 for the three months ended March 31, 2026, compared to $3,020 in the prior year period.

Same Store Communities — The following table presents the change in Same Store Residential revenue, including the attribution of the change between average revenue per occupied home and Economic Occupancy (as defined below) for the three months ended March 31, 2026 (unaudited, dollars in thousands).

(1) Economic Occupancy is defined as gross potential revenue less vacancy loss, as a percentage of gross potential revenue. Gross potential revenue is determined by valuing occupied homes at contract rates and vacant homes at market rents. Vacancy loss is determined by valuing vacant units at current market rents. Economic Occupancy considers that apartment homes of different sizes and locations within a community have different economic impacts on a community's gross revenue.

Direct property operating expenses, excluding property taxes, increased $9,299,000, or 6.2%, for the three months ended March 31, 2026, compared to the prior year period, primarily due to the addition of newly developed and acquired apartment communities as well as increased Residential operating expenses at our Same Store communities as discussed below.

Same Store Residential direct property operating expenses, excluding property taxes, increased $5,376,000, or 3.9%, for the three months ended March 31, 2026, compared to the prior year period, primarily from increased (i) utility

costs due to higher rates for electricity and water/sewer, and (ii) repairs and maintenance costs due to the continued deployment of smart home technology and increased cleaning and third-party maintenance costs.

Property taxes increased $8,278,000, or 10.1%, for the three months ended March 31, 2026, compared to the prior year period, primarily due to the addition of newly developed and acquired apartment communities and increases for our Same Store Residential portfolio, partially offset by decreased property taxes from dispositions.

Same Store Residential property taxes increased $4,590,000, or 6.0%, for the three months ended March 31, 2026, compared to the prior year period, primarily due to (i) increased rates and assessments across the portfolio, (ii) a greater benefit from tax appeals realized in the prior year period and (iii) the expiration of property tax incentive programs primarily at certain New York City properties.

Property management and other indirect operating expenses, net of corporate income increased $2,090,000, or 5.5%, for the three months ended March 31, 2026, compared to the prior year period, primarily due to advocacy costs in the current year period, partially offset by a decrease in consulting costs for strategic initiatives.

Expensed transaction, development and other pursuit costs, net of recoveries includes costs incurred for write downs and abandonment of Development Rights and development pursuits not yet considered probable for development, as well as costs related to abandoned acquisition and disposition pursuits, offset by any recoveries of costs incurred. In periods of increased acquisition and pursuit activity, periods of economic downturn or when there is limited access to capital, these costs may vary significantly from year to year. In addition, the timing for recoveries will not always align with the timing for expensing an abandoned pursuit. Expensed transaction, development and other pursuit costs, net of recoveries, was $3,416,000 and $4,744,000 for the three months ended March 31, 2026 and 2025, respectively. The amount for the three months ended March 31, 2025 includes a write-off of $3,668,000 for one development opportunity that we determined was no longer probable.

Interest expense, net increased $11,625,000, or 19.4%, for the three months ended March 31, 2026, compared to the prior year period. This category includes interest costs offset by interest capitalized for development and redevelopment activities, amortization of premium/discount on debt and any deferred gains or losses from our hedging activity, interest income and any mark-to-market impact from derivatives not in qualifying hedge relationships. The increase for the three months ended March 31, 2026 is primarily due to higher effective interest expense for our unsecured indebtedness and increased commercial paper outstanding, partially offset by increased capitalized interest compared to the prior year period.

Depreciation expense increased $15,216,000, or 7.0%, for the three months ended March 31, 2026, compared to the prior year period, primarily due to the addition of newly developed and acquired apartment communities, partially offset by dispositions.

General and administrative expense increased $2,297,000, or 11.6%, for the three months ended March 31, 2026, compared to the prior year period, primarily due to an increase in legal costs and settlements and higher severance costs.

Casualty and impairment loss for the three months ended March 31, 2026 was $4,619,000, which represents property damage and emergency response at certain of our communities resulting from casualty events. These losses relate to damage from a water pipe break at a community in New Jersey and damage at communities throughout the portfolio from winter storms.

Loss from unconsolidated investments increased $5,528,000 for the three months ended March 31, 2026, compared to the prior year period, primarily due to a non‑cash write down of one property technology investment.

Structured Investment Program interest income increased $1,368,000 for the three months ended March 31, 2026, compared to the prior year period, primarily due to the increased principal amount funded in our SIP investments.

Gain on sale of communities increased $123,443,000 for the three months ended March 31, 2026, compared to the prior year period. The amount of gain realized in a particular period depends on many factors, including the number of communities sold, expected operating performance of the communities and the market conditions in the local area. For the three months ended March 31, 2026, we sold three wholly-owned communities and recognized gains of $179,912,000. For the three months ended March 31, 2025, we sold one wholly-owned community and recognized a gain of $56,469,000.

Non-GAAP Financial Measures — Reconciliation of FFO and Core FFO

FFO and FFO adjusted for non-core items, or “Core FFO,” as defined below, are generally considered by management to be appropriate supplemental measures of our operating and financial performance.

Consistent with the definition adopted by the Board of Governors of the National Association of Real Estate Investment Trusts® ("Nareit"), we calculate Funds from Operations Attributable to Common Stockholders ("FFO") as net income or loss attributable to common stockholders computed in accordance with GAAP, adjusted for:

• gains or losses on sales of previously depreciated operating communities;
• cumulative effect of a change in accounting principle;
• impairment write-downs of depreciable real estate assets;
• write-downs of investments in affiliates due to a decrease in the value of depreciable real estate assets held by those affiliates;
• depreciation of real estate assets; and
• similar adjustments for unconsolidated partnerships and joint ventures, including those from a change in control.

FFO can help with the comparison of the operating and financial performance of a real estate company between periods or as compared to different companies because the adjustments such as (i) gains or losses on sales of previously depreciated property or (ii) real estate depreciation may impact comparability as the amount and timing of these or similar items can vary among owners of identical assets in similar condition based on historical cost accounting and useful life estimates. By further adjusting for items that we do not consider part of our core business operations, Core FFO can help with the comparison of our core operating performance year over year. We believe that, in order to understand our operating results, FFO and Core FFO should be considered in conjunction with net income as presented in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations included elsewhere in this report.

We calculate Core FFO as FFO, adjusted for:

• joint venture gains and losses (if not adjusted through FFO), non-core costs, promoted interests from partnerships and distributions from unconsolidated ventures where income recognition is deferred;
• casualty and impairment losses or gains, net on non-depreciable real estate or other investments;
• gains or losses from early extinguishment of consolidated borrowings;
• expensed transaction, development and other pursuit costs, net of recoveries;
• legal recoveries, settlement proceeds, and certain legal costs;
• property and casualty insurance proceeds;
• gains or losses on sales of assets not subject to depreciation and other investment gains or losses;
• advocacy contributions, representing payments to promote our business interests;
• hedge ineffectiveness or gains or losses from derivatives not designated as hedges for accounting purposes;
• changes to expected credit losses associated with the lending commitments under the SIP;
• severance related costs;
• executive transition compensation costs;
• net for-sale condominium activity, including gains, marketing, operating and administrative costs and imputed carry cost; and
• income taxes.

FFO and Core FFO do not represent (i) net income in accordance with GAAP, and therefore should not be considered an alternative to net income, which remains the primary measure, as an indication of our performance, or (ii) cash generated from operating activities in accordance with GAAP, and therefore should not be considered an alternative to net cash flows from operating activities, as determined by GAAP, as a measure of liquidity. In addition, FFO and Core FFO are not necessarily indicative of cash available to fund cash needs and may not be comparable to FFO and Core FFO as calculated by other REITs.

The following is a reconciliation of net income attributable to common stockholders to FFO attributable to common stockholders and to Core FFO attributable to common stockholders (unaudited, dollars in thousands, except per share amounts):

(1) Amounts for the three months ended March 31, 2026 consist primarily of unrealized losses on property technology and sustainability fund investments, as well as the distribution from an unconsolidated real estate venture. The amount for three months ended March 31, 2025 consists primarily of unrealized losses on property technology and sustainability fund investments.

(2) Reflects changes to expected credit losses associated with our lending commitments primarily under the SIP. The timing and amount of actual losses that will be incurred, if any, is to be determined at the maturity of each respective lending agreement.

(3) Amount for the three months ended March 31, 2025 includes a write-off of $3,668 for one development opportunity that we determined was no longer probable.

(4) Amount for the three months ended March 31, 2026 consists primarily of gains on sale of other non-operating real estate. Amount for the three months ended March 31, 2025 consists primarily of gains on sale of non-operating real estate, as well as the imputed carry cost of for-sale residential condominiums at The Park Loggia. We compute this adjustment by multiplying the total capitalized cost of the unsold for-sale residential condominiums by the weighted average effective interest rate on our unsecured debt.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

We employ a disciplined approach to our liquidity and capital management. When we source capital, we take into account both our view of the most cost-effective alternative available and our desire to maintain a balance sheet that provides us with flexibility. Our principal focus on near-term and intermediate-term liquidity is to ensure we have adequate capital to fund:

• development and redevelopment activity in which we are currently engaged or in which we plan to engage;
• the minimum dividend payments on our common stock required to maintain our REIT qualification under the Code;
• regularly scheduled principal and interest payments and principal payments either at maturity or opportunistically before maturity;
• normal recurring operating and corporate overhead expenses; and
• investment in our operating platform, including strategic investments.

Factors affecting our liquidity and capital resources include our cash flows from operations, financing activities and investing activities (including dispositions) as well as general economic and market conditions. Cash flows from operations are determined by operating activities and factors including but not limited to (i) the number of apartment homes owned, (ii) rental

rates, (iii) occupancy levels, (iv) uncollectible lease revenue levels or interruptions in collections caused by market conditions (v) operating expenses and (vi) capital expenditures with respect to our communities. The timing and type of capital markets activity in which we engage is affected by changes in the capital markets environment, such as changes in interest rates or the availability of cost-effective capital. Our plans for development, redevelopment, non-routine capital expenditure, acquisition and disposition activity are affected by market conditions and capital availability. We frequently review our liquidity needs, especially in periods with volatile market conditions, as well as the adequacy of cash flows from operations and other expected liquidity sources to meet these needs.

We had cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash of $291,094,000 at March 31, 2026, a decrease of $61,989,000 from $353,083,000 at December 31, 2025. The following discussion relates to changes in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash due to operating, investing and financing activities.

A presentation of GAAP based cash flow metrics is as follows (unaudited, dollars in thousands):

• Net cash provided by operating activities increased primarily due to an increase in NOI from our stabilized operating communities as well as from our Development communities.
• Net cash used in investing activities decreased primarily due to (i) an increase in net proceeds from the disposition of real estate assets and (ii) a decrease in the acquisition of real estate assets from the prior year period, partially offset by increased investment in the development and redevelopment of apartment communities.
• Net cash used in financing activities increased primarily due to (i) the repurchase of 1,130,336 shares of common stock at an average price of $175.59 per share for a total purchase price including fees of $198,480,000 in the current year period and (ii) a decrease in net borrowings under our Commercial Paper Program over the prior year period.

Variable Rate Unsecured Credit Facility

We have a $2,500,000,000 revolving variable rate unsecured credit facility with a syndicate of banks which matures in April 2030. The interest rate that would be applicable to borrowings under the Credit Facility was 4.33% at May 5, 2026 and is composed of (i) SOFR, applicable to the period of borrowing for a particular draw of funds from the Credit Facility (e.g., one month to maturity, three months to maturity, etc.), plus (ii) the current borrowing spread to SOFR of 0.705% per annum, assuming a daily SOFR borrowing rate. The borrowing spread to SOFR can vary from SOFR plus 0.65% to SOFR plus 1.40% based upon the rating of our unsecured senior notes. There is also an annual facility commitment fee of 0.12% of the borrowing capacity under the Credit Facility, which can vary from 0.10% to 0.30% based upon the rating of our unsecured senior notes. The Credit Facility contains a sustainability-linked pricing component which provides for interest rate margin and commitment fee reductions or increases related to certain environmental sustainability targets, specifically greenhouse gas emission reductions, with the adjustment determined annually. The most recent annual determination under the sustainability-linked pricing component occurred in July 2025, maintaining reductions of approximately 0.02% to the interest rate margin and 0.005% to the commitment fee due to our achievement of sustainability targets.

The availability on the Credit Facility as of May 5, 2026 is as follows (dollars in thousands):

(1) In addition, we had $51,574 outstanding in additional letters of credit unrelated to the Credit Facility as of May 5, 2026.

Commercial Paper Program

We have a Commercial Paper Program with a maximum amount of commercial paper notes that can be outstanding at any one time not to exceed $1,000,000,000. Under the terms of the Commercial Paper Program, we may issue unsecured commercial paper notes with maturities of less than one year. The Commercial Paper Program is backstopped by our commitment to maintain available borrowing capacity under the Credit Facility in an amount equal to actual borrowings under the Commercial Paper Program. As of May 5, 2026, we had $910,000,000 of borrowings outstanding under the Commercial Paper Program.

Secured and Unsecured Borrowings - Financial Covenants and Early Repayment Provisions

We are subject to financial covenants contained in the Credit Facility, the Term Loan and the indentures under which our unsecured notes were issued. The principal financial covenants include the following:

• limitations on the amount of total and secured debt in relation to our overall capital structure;
• limitations on the amount of our unsecured debt relative to the undepreciated basis of real estate assets that are not encumbered by property-specific financing; and
• minimum levels of debt service coverage.

We were in compliance with these covenants at March 31, 2026.

In addition, some of our secured and unsecured borrowings include yield maintenance, defeasance or prepayment penalty provisions, which could result in us incurring an additional charge in the event of a full or partial prepayment of outstanding principal before the scheduled maturity. These provisions in our borrowings are generally consistent with other similar types of debt instruments issued during the same time period in which our borrowings were issued.

Continuous Equity Offering Program

Under our continuous equity program (the "CEP"), we may sell (and/or enter into forward sale agreements for the sale of) up to $1,000,000,000 of our common stock from time to time. During the three months ended March 31, 2026 and through May 5, 2026, we had no sales under the CEP. As of May 5, 2026, we had $623,997,000 remaining authorized for issuance under the program.

Forward Equity Offering

In addition to the CEP, during the year ended December 31, 2024, we completed an underwritten public offering pursuant to which we entered into forward contracts to sell 3,680,000 shares of common stock at a discount to the closing price of $226.52 per share for approximate net proceeds of $808,606,000 based on the initial forward price. Settlement of the forward contracts is expected to occur on one or more dates not later than December 31, 2026. The final proceeds will be determined on the date(s) of settlement and are subject to certain customary adjustments for dividends and a daily interest factor.

Stock Repurchases

In February 2026, we terminated the Company's then-existing stock repurchase program (the "2025 Stock Repurchase Program") and adopted a new stock repurchase program under which we may acquire shares of our common stock in open market or negotiated transactions up to an aggregate purchase price of $1,000,000,000 (the "2026 Stock Repurchase Program"). Purchases of common stock under the 2026 Stock Repurchase Program may occur from time to time at the Company’s discretion. The timing and actual number of shares repurchased will depend on a variety of factors including price, corporate

and regulatory requirements, market conditions and other corporate liquidity requirements and priorities. The 2026 Stock Repurchase Program does not have an expiration date and may be suspended or terminated at any time without prior notice. During the three months ended March 31, 2026, we repurchased 1,130,336 shares of common stock at an average price of $175.59 per share, including fees, for a total of $198,480,000 under the 2025 Stock Repurchase Program and the 2026 Stock Repurchase Program. As of March 31, 2026, the Company had $914,354,000 remaining capacity under the 2026 Stock Repurchase Program. There have been no repurchases subsequent to March 31, 2026.

Interest Rate Swap Agreements

During the three months ended March 31, 2026, we entered into $150,000,000 of forward starting interest rate swap agreements designated as cash flow hedges of interest rate variability on future debt issuance activity through December 31, 2026. We expect to cash settle the swaps and either pay or receive cash for the then current fair value, and will amortize the deferred hedging gain or loss over the life of the hedged debt as a component of interest expense, net.

Future Financing and Capital Needs - Debt Maturities and Material Obligations

One of our principal long-term liquidity needs is the repayment of long-term debt at maturity. For both our unsecured and secured debt, a portion of the principal of the debt may be repaid prior to maturity. Early retirement of our unsecured or secured debt could result in gains or losses on extinguishment. We may use capital from a variety of sources to repay debt at maturity, including cash from operations and proceeds received from the dispositions of our operating communities or other direct and indirect investments in real estate. If we do not have funds on hand sufficient to repay our indebtedness as it becomes due, it will be necessary for us to refinance or otherwise provide liquidity to satisfy the debt at maturity. This refinancing may be accomplished by uncollateralized private or public debt offerings, equity issuances, including through the settlement of the outstanding equity forwards, additional debt financing that is secured by mortgages on individual communities or groups of communities or borrowings under our Credit Facility or Commercial Paper Program. In addition, to the extent we have amounts outstanding under the Commercial Paper Program, we are obligated to repay the short-term indebtedness at maturity through either current cash on hand or by incurring other indebtedness, including by way of borrowing under our Credit Facility. While we believe we will have the capacity to meet our currently anticipated liquidity needs, we cannot assure you that capital from additional debt financing or debt or equity offerings will be available or, if available, that they will be on terms we consider satisfactory.

The following table details our consolidated debt obligations, including the effective interest rate and contractual maturity dates, and principal payments for periodic amortization and maturities for the next five years, excluding our Credit Facility and Commercial Paper Program and amounts outstanding related to communities classified as held for sale, at March 31, 2026 and December 31, 2025 (dollars in thousands). We are not directly or indirectly (as borrower or guarantor) obligated in any material respect to pay principal or interest on the indebtedness of any unconsolidated entities in which we have an equity or other interest other than as disclosed related to the AVA Arts District loan (see "Unconsolidated Operating Communities" for further discussion of the AVA Arts District loan).

(1) Rates are as of March 31, 2026 and include credit enhancement fees, facility fees, trustees' fees, the impact of interest rate hedges, offering costs, mark-to-market amortization and other fees.

(2) Balances outstanding represent total amounts due at maturity, and exclude deferred financing costs and debt discount for the unsecured debt of $43,680 and $45,620 as of March 31, 2026 and December 31, 2025, respectively, and deferred financing costs and debt discount for the secured notes of $12,994 and $13,588 as of March 31, 2026 and December 31, 2025, respectively, as reflected on our Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets included elsewhere in this report.

(3) Financed by variable rate debt, but interest rate is capped through an interest rate protection agreement.

(4) The variable rate Term Loan has been swapped to an effective fixed rate using interest rate swaps.

In addition to consolidated debt, we have scheduled contractual obligations associated with (i) ground leases for land underlying current operating or development communities and commercial and parking facilities and (ii) office leases for our corporate headquarters and regional offices. As of March 31, 2026, other than as discussed in this Form 10-Q, there have been no other material changes in our scheduled contractual obligations as disclosed in the Form 10-K.

Future Financing and Capital Needs — Portfolio and Capital Markets Activity

We invest in various real estate and real estate related investments, which include (i) the acquisition, development and redevelopment of communities both wholly-owned and through the formation of joint ventures, (ii) other indirect investments in real estate through the SIP, all as discussed further below and (iii) investments in other real estate-related ventures through direct and indirect investments in third-party property technology and sustainability focused companies and investment management funds.

In 2026, we expect to continue to meet our liquidity needs from one or more of a variety of internal and external sources, which may include (i) settlement of our outstanding equity forward contracts, (ii) real estate dispositions, (iii) cash balances on hand as well as cash generated from our operating activities, (iv) borrowing capacity under the Credit Facility, (v) borrowings under the Commercial Paper Program and (vi) secured and unsecured debt financings. Additional sources of liquidity in 2026 may include the issuance of common and preferred equity, including the issuance of additional shares of our common stock under the CEP. Our ability to obtain additional financing will depend on a variety of factors, such as market conditions, the general availability of credit, the overall availability of credit to the real estate industry, our credit ratings and credit capacity, as well as the perception of lenders regarding our financial prospects.

Before beginning new construction or reconstruction activity, including activity related to communities owned by unconsolidated joint ventures, we plan to source sufficient capital to complete these undertakings, although we cannot assure you that we will be able to obtain such financing on acceptable terms or at all. In the event that financing cannot be obtained, we may abandon Development Rights, write-off associated pre-development costs that were capitalized and/or forego reconstruction activity. In such instances, we will not realize the increased revenues and earnings that we expected from such Development Rights or reconstruction activity and significant losses could be incurred.

From time to time, we use joint ventures to hold or develop individual real estate assets. We generally employ joint ventures to mitigate asset concentration or market risk and as a source of liquidity. We may also use joint ventures related to mixed-use land development opportunities and new markets where our partners bring development and operational expertise and/or experience to the venture. Each joint venture or partnership agreement has been individually negotiated, and our ability to operate and/or dispose of a community in our sole discretion may be limited to varying degrees depending on the terms of the joint venture or partnership agreement. We cannot assure you that we will achieve our objectives through joint ventures.

In addition, we may invest, through mezzanine loans or preferred equity investments, in multifamily development projects being undertaken by third parties. In these cases, we do not expect to acquire the underlying real estate but rather to earn a return on our investment (through interest or fixed rate preferred equity returns) and a return of the invested capital generally following completion of construction either on or before a set due date.

In evaluating our allocation of capital within our markets, we sell assets that do not meet our long-term investment criteria or when capital and real estate markets allow us to realize a portion of the value created over our ownership periods and redeploy the proceeds from those sales to develop, redevelop and acquire communities. Because the proceeds from the sale of communities may not be immediately redeployed into revenue generating assets that we develop, redevelop or acquire, the immediate effect of a sale of a community for a gain is to increase net income, but reduce future total revenues, total expenses and NOI until such time as the proceeds have been redeployed into revenue generating assets. While we believe that the temporary absence of future cash flows from communities sold will not materially impair our liquidity, the timing and success of reinvestment of sale proceeds may vary and is subject to market conditions.

Unconsolidated Operating Communities

As of March 31, 2026, we had investments in the following unconsolidated real estate entities accounted for under the equity method of accounting. See Note 5, "Investments," of the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements included elsewhere in this report. For joint ventures holding operating apartment communities as of March 31, 2026, detail of the real estate and associated indebtedness underlying our unconsolidated investments is presented in the following table (dollars in thousands).

(1) We have not guaranteed the debt of these unconsolidated investees and bear no responsibility for the repayment other than for the Arts District joint venture as discussed below in footnote 4.

(2) Borrowing on this community is comprised of two mortgage loans. The interest rate is the weighted average interest rate as of March 31, 2026.

(3) Borrowing on this dual-branded community is comprised of a single mortgage loan. This dual-branded community is subject to a leasehold interest which is not included in the total capitalized cost.

(4) AVA Arts District completed development during the year ended December 31, 2024 and achieved stabilized residential operations. The outstanding borrowing is subject to an interest rate cap, which will limit the interest rate to 8.2%, based on the current borrowing spread. While we guarantee 25% of the venture's construction loan, any amounts payable under the guarantee are obligations of the joint venture partners in proportion to their ownership interest.

(5) In addition to leasehold assets, there were net other assets of $40,074 as of March 31, 2026 associated with our unconsolidated real estate investments which are primarily cash and cash equivalents.

Development Communities

As of March 31, 2026, we owned or held a direct interest in 25 Development communities under construction. We expect these Development communities, when completed, to add a total of 8,673 apartment homes and 69,000 square feet of commercial space to our portfolio for a total capitalized cost, including land acquisition costs, of approximately $3,390,000,000. We cannot assure you that we will meet our schedule for construction completion or that we will meet our budgeted costs, either individually, or in the aggregate.

The following table presents a summary of the Development communities.

(1) Projected total capitalized cost includes all capitalized costs projected to be or actually incurred to develop the respective Development community, determined in accordance with GAAP, including land acquisition costs, construction costs, real estate taxes, capitalized interest and loan fees, permits, professional fees, allocated development overhead and other regulatory fees, as well as costs incurred for first generation commercial tenants such as tenant improvements and leasing commissions.

(2) Stabilized operations is defined as the earlier of (i) attainment of 90% or greater physical occupancy or (ii) the one-year anniversary of completion of development.

(3) Development communities containing at least 10,000 square feet of commercial space include Avalon West Windsor (19,000 sf), Avalon North Palm Beach (10,000 sf), and Avalon Mission Valley (31,000 sf).

(4) Communities being developed through our Developer Funding Program ("DFP"). The DFP utilizes third-party multifamily developers to source and construct communities which we own and operate.

During the three months ended March 31, 2026, we completed the development of the following wholly-owned community:

(1) Total capitalized cost is as of March 31, 2026. We generally anticipate incurring additional costs associated with this community which is customary for new developments.

Development Rights

At March 31, 2026, we had $135,134,000 in acquisition and related capitalized costs for direct interests in seven land parcels we own and intend to develop. In addition, we had $68,765,000 in capitalized costs (including legal fees, design fees and related overhead costs) related to pursuits probable of future development including (i) 18 Development Rights for which we control the land parcel, typically through a conditional agreement or option to purchase or lease the land, as well as (ii) costs incurred for five Development Rights that we expect to construct as additional phases of our existing stabilized operating communities on land we own. Collectively, the land held for development and associated costs for deferred Development Rights relate to 30 Development Rights for which we expect to develop new apartment communities in the future. The Development Rights range from those beginning design and architectural planning to those that have completed site plans and drawings and can begin construction almost immediately. We estimate that the successful completion of all of these communities would ultimately add approximately 9,866 apartment homes to our portfolio. Substantially all of these apartment homes will offer features like those offered by the communities we currently own.

The Development Rights are in different stages of the due diligence and regulatory approval process. The decisions as to which of the Development Rights to invest in, if any, or to continue to pursue once an investment in a Development Right is made, are business judgments that we make after we perform financial, demographic and other analyses. In the event that we do not proceed with a Development Right, we generally would not recover any of the capitalized costs incurred in the pursuit of those communities, unless we were to recover amounts in connection with the sale of land; however, we cannot guarantee a recovery. Pre-development costs incurred in the pursuit of Development Rights for which future development is not yet considered probable are expensed as incurred. In addition, if the status of a Development Right changes, making future development no longer probable, any unrecoverable capitalized pre-development costs are charged to expense. We incurred expense of $3,416,000 and $4,744,000 for the three months ended March 31, 2026 and 2025, respectively, for expensed transaction, development and other pursuit costs, net of recoveries, which include development pursuits that were not yet probable of future development at the time incurred, or for pursuits that we determined were no longer probable of being developed. The amount for the three months ended March 31, 2025 includes a write-off of $3,668,000 for one development opportunity that we determined was no longer probable.

Structured Investment Program

In April 2026, we entered into one new SIP commitment, agreeing to provide an aggregate investment of up to $15,000,000 in a multifamily development project in Metro NY/NJ.

As of May 5, 2026, we had nine commitments to fund up to $241,785,000 in the aggregate under the SIP. As of May 5, 2026, our investment commitments had a weighted average rate of return of 11.8% and a weighted average final maturity date of November 2028, inclusive of the impact of contractual extension options which typically allow the borrower to extend the maturity of their loan by up to two years from the initial maturity date. As of May 5, 2026, we had funded $221,459,000 of these commitments. See Note 5, "Investments," of the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements included elsewhere in this report.

You should carefully review Part I, Item 1A. "Risk Factors" of the Form 10-K, as well as the discussion under Part II, Item 1A. "Risk Factors" in this report, for a discussion of the risks associated with our investment activity.

ITEM 3. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK

There have been no material changes to our exposures to market risk as disclosed in Part II, Item 7A. "Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk" in the Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2025.

ITEM 4. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES

(a)Evaluation of disclosure controls and procedures.

The Company carried out an evaluation under the supervision and with the participation of the Company's management, including the Company's Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, of the effectiveness of the design and operation of the Company's disclosure controls and procedures as of March 31, 2026. Based upon that evaluation, the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that the Company's disclosure controls and procedures are effective to ensure that information required to be disclosed by the Company in the reports it files or submits under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported, within the time periods specified in the Securities and Exchange Commission's rules and forms.

We continue to review and document our disclosure controls and procedures, including our internal controls and procedures for financial reporting, and may from time to time make changes aimed at enhancing their effectiveness and to ensure that our systems evolve with our business.

(b)Changes in internal controls over financial reporting.

There were no changes to the internal control over financial reporting of the Company identified in connection with the Company’s evaluation referred to above that occurred during the first quarter of 2026 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.

PART II. OTHER INFORMATION

ITEM 1. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS

As disclosed in Note 7, "Commitments and Contingencies" and Note 12, "Subsequent Events" of the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements in Part I, Item 1 of this report, we are engaged in certain legal proceedings, and the disclosure set forth in Note 7, "Commitments and Contingencies" and Note 12, "Subsequent Events" relating to legal and other contingencies is incorporated herein by reference.

ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS

In addition to the other information set forth in this report, you should carefully consider the risk factors that could materially affect our business, financial condition or future results discussed in the Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2025 in Part I, Item 1A. "Risk Factors." The risks described in the Form 10-K are not the only risks that could affect the Company. Additional risks and uncertainties not currently known to us or that we currently deem to be immaterial may also materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and/or operating results in the future. There have been no material changes to our risk factors since December 31, 2025.

ITEM 2. UNREGISTERED SALES OF EQUITY SECURITIES AND USE OF PROCEEDS

(a) None.

(b) Not applicable.

(c) Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

(1) Consists of (i) shares surrendered to the Company in connection with the exercise of stock options as payment of the exercise price, as well as for taxes associated with the vesting of restricted share grants and the conversion of performance awards to shares of common stock and (ii) shares repurchased under the 2025 Stock Repurchase Program and 2026 Stock Repurchase Program, if any, as indicated under "Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs."

(2) The Board of Directors approved the 2025 Stock Repurchase Program in October 2025 under which the Company was authorized to acquire shares of its common stock in open market or negotiated transactions up to an aggregate purchase price of $500,000,000. The 2025 Stock Repurchase Program did not have an expiration date. On February 26, 2026, the Company terminated the 2025 Stock Repurchase Program and adopted the 2026 Stock Repurchase Program under which the Company may acquire shares of its common stock in open market or negotiated transactions up to an aggregate purchase price of $1,000,000,000. Purchases of common stock under the 2026 Stock Repurchase Program may occur from time to time at the Company’s discretion. The timing and actual number of shares repurchased will depend on a variety of factors including price, corporate and regulatory requirements, market conditions and other corporate liquidity requirements and priorities. The 2026 Stock Repurchase Program has no expiration date and may be suspended or terminated at any time without prior notice.

(3) Represents remaining repurchase authority as of the indicated month end under the 2025 Stock Repurchase Program and 2026 Stock Repurchase Program, as applicable. From January 1, 2026 through February 26, 2026, the Company repurchased 637,958 shares of common stock at an average price of $176.85 per share, including fees, for a total of $112,824,000 of the $163,769,000 of capacity remaining under the 2025 Stock Repurchase Program as of January 1, 2026.

ITEM 3. DEFAULTS UPON SENIOR SECURITIES

None.

ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES

Not applicable.

ITEM 5. OTHER INFORMATION

During the three months ended March 31, 2026, none of the Company's directors or officers (as defined in Rule 16a-1(f) of the Exchange Act) adopted, terminated or modified a Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement or non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement (as such terms are defined in Item 408 of Regulation S-K).

ITEM 6. EXHIBITS

Line item Description

— Articles of Amendment and Restatement of Articles of Incorporation of the Company, dated as of June 4, 1998. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3(i).1 to Form 10-K of the Company filed March 1, 2007.) — Articles of Amendment, dated as of October 2, 1998. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3(i).2 to Form 10-K of the Company filed March 1, 2007.) — Articles of Amendment, dated as of May 22, 2013. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3(i).3 to Form 8-K of the Company filed May 22, 2013.) — Articles of Amendment, dated as of May 14, 2020. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3(i).4 to Form 8-K of the Company filed May 15, 2020.) — Composite restatement of Articles of Amendment and Restatement of Articles of Incorporation of the Company, dated as of June 4, 1998, as amended by the Articles of Amendment, dated as of October 2, 1998, the Articles of Amendment, dated as of May 22, 2013, and the Articles of Amendment, dated as of May 14, 2020. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3(i).5 to Form 10-Q of the Company filed November 3, 2023.) — Amended and Restated Bylaws of the Company, as adopted by the Board of Directors on October 30, 2023. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to Form 8-K of the Company filed October 30, 2023.) — Certification pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (Chief Executive Officer). (Filed herewith.) — Certification pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (Chief Financial Officer). (Filed herewith.) — Certification pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer). (Furnished herewith.) — Financial materials from AvalonBay Communities, Inc.'s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the period ended March 31, 2026 formatted in Inline XBRL (Extensible Business Reporting Language) including: (i) the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets, (ii) the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations, (iii) the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income, (iv) the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Equity, (v) the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows and (vi) Notes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements. (Filed herewith.) — Cover Page Interactive Data File (embedded within the Inline XBRL document). (Filed herewith.)