Berkshire Hathaway BRK.A Form 10-Q filing Q2 FY2025

Item 1. Financial Statements

BERKSHIRE HATHAWAY INC.

and Subsidiaries

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• Includes U.S. Treasury Bills with maturities of three months or less when purchased of $67.0 billion at June 30, 2025 and $14.4 billion at December 31, 2024.

See accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

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BERKSHIRE HATHAWAY INC.

and Subsidiaries

See accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

3

BERKSHIRE HATHAWAY INC.

and Subsidiaries

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• Net earnings per average equivalent Class B share outstanding are equal to one-fifteen-hundredth of the equivalent Class A amount. See Note 18.

See accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

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BERKSHIRE HATHAWAY INC.

and Subsidiaries

See accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

5

BERKSHIRE HATHAWAY INC.

and Subsidiaries

See accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

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BERKSHIRE HATHAWAY INC.

and Subsidiaries

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

June 30, 2025

Note 1. General

The accompanying unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements include the accounts of Berkshire Hathaway Inc. (“Berkshire” or “Company”) consolidated with the accounts of all subsidiaries and affiliates in which Berkshire holds a controlling financial interest as of the financial statement date. In these notes, the terms “us,” “we” or “our” refer to Berkshire and its consolidated subsidiaries. Reference is made to Berkshire’s most recently issued Annual Report on Form 10-K (“Annual Report”), which includes information necessary or useful to understanding Berkshire’s businesses and financial statement presentations. Our significant accounting policies and practices were presented as Note 1 to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in the Annual Report.

Financial information in this Quarterly Report reflects all adjustments that are, in the opinion of management, necessary to a fair statement of results for the interim periods in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States (“GAAP”). For several reasons, our results for interim periods may not be indicative of results to be expected for the year. The timing and magnitude of catastrophe losses incurred by insurance subsidiaries and the estimation error inherent to the process of determining liabilities for unpaid losses of insurance subsidiaries can be more significant to results of interim periods than to results for a full year. Changes in market prices of our investments in equity securities and the related changes in unrealized gains and losses will produce significant volatility in our interim and annual earnings. In addition, gains and losses from the periodic revaluation of certain assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies and asset impairment charges may cause significant variations in periodic net earnings.

Significant estimates are used in the preparation of our Consolidated Financial Statements, including those associated with evaluations of long-lived assets, goodwill and other intangible assets for impairment, expected credit losses on the amounts owed to us and the estimation of certain losses assumed under insurance and reinsurance contracts. These estimates may be subject to significant adjustments in future periods.

Changes in macroeconomic conditions and geopolitical events, including changes in international trade policies and tariffs, may negatively affect our operating results and the values of our investments in equity securities and of our operating businesses. We are currently unable to reliably predict the nature, timing or magnitude of the potential economic consequences of any such changes or the impacts on our Consolidated Financial Statements.

As described in Note 1 to the Consolidated Financial Statements in the Annual Report, we reclassified the asset, liability, revenue and expense balances of Pilot Travel Centers LLC (“Pilot”) from the Railroad, Utilities and Energy sections to the Insurance and Other sections of our Consolidated Balance Sheets and Statements of Earnings. Accordingly, we reclassified the Pilot balances in the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Earnings for the second quarter and first six months of 2024 from the Railroad, Utilities and Energy section to the Insurance and Other section to conform with current presentations for comparability purposes. These reclassifications had no effect on consolidated revenues, expenses or net earnings from the amounts previously reported. The reclassifications to the amounts previously reported in our Consolidated Statement of Earnings are summarized below (in millions).

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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

Note 2. New accounting and financial reporting pronouncements

In December 2023, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update 2023-09, “Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures” (“ASU 2023-09”), which provides for additional income tax rate reconciliation and income taxes paid disclosures in annual financial statements. ASU 2023-09 may be adopted prospectively or retrospectively and is effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2024.

In November 2024, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update 2024-03, “Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses” (“ASU 2024-03”), which requires disclosure in the notes to the financial statements of specific categories underlying certain expense captions on the income statement. ASU 2024-03 may be adopted prospectively or retrospectively and is effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2026, with early adoption permitted.

We are evaluating the impacts these pronouncements will have on disclosures in our Consolidated Financial Statements.

Note 3. Investments in fixed maturity securities

Investments in fixed maturity securities are summarized as follows (in millions).

As of June 30, 2025, approximately 93% of our foreign government holdings were rated AA or higher by at least one of the major rating agencies. The amortized cost and estimated fair value of fixed maturity securities at June 30, 2025 are summarized below by contractual maturity dates (in millions). Actual maturities may differ from contractual maturities due to prepayment rights held by issuers.

Note 4. Investments in equity securities Investments in equity securities are summarized as follows (in millions).

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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

Note 4. Investments in equity securities

Our investments in equity securities over the years have been concentrated in relatively few companies. The fair value of our five largest holdings at June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024 represented 67% and 71%, respectively, of the aggregate fair value of our equity securities shown in the preceding tables. The five largest holdings at each date were American Express Company, Apple Inc., Bank of America Corporation, The Coca-Cola Company and Chevron Corporation.

Additionally, we own shares of Occidental Petroleum Corporation (“Occidental”) common stock, which we account for under the equity method. See Note 5. Since 2019, we have also owned non-voting Cumulative Perpetual Preferred Stock of Occidental and Occidental common stock warrants. Our investments in the Occidental preferred stock and Occidental common stock warrants are recorded at fair value and included as equity securities in our Consolidated Balance Sheets, as such investments are not in-substance common stock under GAAP and are not eligible for the equity method.

The Occidental preferred stock accrues dividends at 8% per annum and is redeemable at the option of Occidental commencing in 2029 at a redemption price equal to 105% of the liquidation value. As of June 30, 2025, our investment in Occidental preferred stock had an aggregate liquidation value of approximately $8.5 billion. To date, Occidental has redeemed approximately $1.5 billion of the aggregate liquidation value due to excess distributions, as defined under the terms of the Occidental preferred stock certificate of designations, to its common stockholders.

The Occidental common stock warrants currently allow us to purchase up to 83.9 million shares of Occidental common stock at an exercise price of $59.59 per share. The warrants are exercisable in whole or in part until one year after the date the preferred stock is fully redeemed.

As of June 30, 2025, we owned 151.6 million shares of American Express Company (“American Express”) common stock representing 21.8% of the outstanding common stock of American Express. Since 1995, we have been party to an agreement with American Express whereby we agreed to vote a significant portion of our shares in accordance with the recommendations of the American Express Board of Directors. We have also agreed to passivity commitments as requested by the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, which collectively, in our judgment, restrict our ability to exercise significant influence over the operating and financial policies of American Express. Accordingly, we do not use the equity method with respect to our investment in American Express common stock, and we continue to record our investment at fair value.

Note 5. Equity method investments

Berkshire and its subsidiaries hold investments that are accounted for pursuant to the equity method. The most significant of these are our investments in the common stock of The Kraft Heinz Company (“Kraft Heinz”) and Occidental. As of June 30, 2025, we owned 27.4% of the outstanding Kraft Heinz common stock and 28.1% of the outstanding Occidental common stock, which excludes the potential effect of the exercise of Occidental’s outstanding common stock warrants. Kraft Heinz manufactures and markets food and beverage products, including condiments and sauces, cheese and dairy, meals, meats, refreshment beverages, coffee and other grocery products. Occidental is an international energy company, whose activities include oil and natural gas exploration, development and production, and chemicals manufacturing businesses.

We also own a 50% interest in Berkadia Commercial Mortgage LLC (“Berkadia”). Jefferies Financial Group Inc. (“Jefferies”) owns the other 50% interest. Berkadia engages in mortgage banking, investment sales and servicing commercial/multi-family real estate loans. Berkadia’s commercial paper borrowing capacity (limited to $1.5 billion) is supported by a surety policy issued by a Berkshire insurance subsidiary. Jefferies is obligated to indemnify us for one-half of any losses incurred under the policy.

Our investments in Kraft Heinz, Occidental and Berkadia are summarized as follows (in millions).

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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

Note 5. Equity method investments

Our equity in earnings and distributions received from equity method investments are as follows (in millions).

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• We report our equity earnings in Occidental’s earnings on a one-quarter lag and, as indicated below, in the second quarter of 2025 we began reporting our equity earnings in Kraft Heinz’s earnings on a one-quarter lag.

Kraft Heinz common stock is publicly traded and its fair values shown on the preceding page were based upon quoted market prices. In evaluating our investment in Kraft Heinz for other-than-temporary impairment in the second quarter of 2025, we considered our ability and intent to hold the investment until the fair value exceeds carrying value, the magnitude and duration of the decline in fair value, and the operating results and financial condition of the company. We also considered certain changes in circumstances that occurred in the second quarter of 2025. Berkshire’s representatives on the Kraft Heinz Board of Directors stepped down on May 19, 2025, and the timing and extent of financial information Berkshire receives is now limited to the information that Kraft Heinz makes available to the public. On May 20, 2025, Kraft Heinz announced that it was evaluating potential strategic transactions to enhance shareholder value, although Kraft Heinz indicated there was no assurance that its process will result in a transaction or assurance to its outcome or timing. Given these factors, as well as prevailing economic and other uncertainties, we concluded that the unrealized loss, represented by the difference between the carrying value of our investment and its fair value, was other-than-temporary. Accordingly, in the second quarter we recorded a pre-tax impairment loss of approximately $5.0 billion as a component of our equity in the earnings of Kraft Heinz, which reduced the carrying value of our investment in Kraft Heinz to fair value.

As the timing and extent of financial information we receive from Kraft Heinz is now limited to the information Kraft Heinz makes publicly available, we believe that such information will no longer be available in time for concurrent inclusion in our Consolidated Financial Statements. Therefore, beginning with our second quarter of 2025, we are recognizing the equity method effects attributable to our investment in Kraft Heinz on a one-quarter lag. The carrying value of our investment in Kraft Heinz at June 30, 2025 was less than our proportionate share of Kraft Heinz shareholders’ equity.

Summarized financial information of Kraft Heinz follows (in millions).

Occidental common stock is also publicly traded and its fair values shown on the preceding page were based upon quoted market prices. As of June 30, 2025, the excess of the carrying value over the fair value of our investment in Occidental common stock was $5.3 billion (or 32% of our carrying value). In evaluating the investment in Occidental for other-than-temporary impairment as of June 30, 2025, we considered our ability and intent to hold the investment until the fair value exceeds carrying value, the magnitude and duration of the decline in fair value, and the operating results and financial condition of the company, as well as our current expectations and other factors. Based on the prevailing facts and circumstances, we concluded the recognition of an impairment charge in earnings for Occidental was not required as of June 30, 2025. However, our current expectations and intentions concerning this investment may change in the future, which may result in the recognition of an impairment loss at that time. Our carrying value in Occidental common stock as of June 30, 2025 exceeded our share of Occidental common shareholders’ equity as of March 31, 2025 by approximately $9.0 billion.

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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

Note 5. Equity method investments

Summarized financial information of Occidental follows (in millions).

Note 6. Investment gains (losses)

Investment gains (losses) are summarized as follows (in millions).

Equity securities gains and losses include unrealized gains and losses from changes in fair values during the period on equity securities we owned at the end of the period, as well as gains and losses on securities we sold during the period. Proceeds from sales of equity securities were approximately $11.6 billion in the first six months of 2025 and $97.1 billion in 2024. In the preceding table, investment gains and losses on equity securities sold during the period represent the difference between the sales proceeds and the fair value of the equity securities sold at the beginning of the applicable period or, if later, the purchase date. Taxable gains and losses on equity securities sold are generally the difference between the proceeds from sales and cost at the acquisition date. Equity securities sold produced taxable gains of $5.3 billion in the second quarter and $8.4 billion in the first six months of 2025 compared to gains of $59.6 billion in the second quarter and $73.7 billion in the first six months of 2024.

Note 7. Loans and finance receivables

Loans and finance receivables are principally manufactured home loans, and to a lesser extent, commercial loans and site-built home loans and are summarized as follows (in millions).

Reconciliations of the allowance for credit losses on loans and finance receivables follow (in millions).

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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

Note 7. Loans and finance receivables

As of June 30, 2025, substantially all manufactured and site-built home loans were evaluated collectively for impairment, and we considered approximately 97% of these loans to be current as to payment status. A summary of performing and non-performing home loans before discounts and allowances by year of loan origination as of June 30, 2025 follows (in millions).

Note 8. Other receivables

Other receivables are summarized as follows (in millions).

Provisions for credit losses with respect to other receivables were $245 million in the first six months of 2025 compared to $233 million in 2024. Charge-offs, net of recoveries, were $268 million in the first six months of 2025 compared to $230 million in 2024.

Note 9. Inventories

Inventories of our insurance and other businesses are comprised of the following (in millions).

Inventories, materials and supplies of our railroad, utilities and energy businesses are included in other assets and were approximately $3.1 billion as of June 30, 2025 and $3.0 billion as of December 31, 2024.

Note 10. Property, plant and equipment A summary of property, plant and equipment of our insurance and other businesses follows (in millions).

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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

Note 10. Property, plant and equipment

A summary of property, plant and equipment of our railroad, utilities and energy businesses follows (in millions). The utility generation, transmission and distribution systems and interstate natural gas pipeline assets are owned by regulated public utility and natural gas pipeline subsidiaries.

Property, plant and equipment depreciation expense for the first six months of 2025 and 2024 is summarized below (in millions).

Note 11. Equipment held for lease

Equipment held for lease includes railcars, aircraft and other equipment, including over-the-road trailers, intermodal tank containers, cranes, storage units and furniture. Equipment held for lease is summarized below (in millions).

Depreciation expense on equipment held for lease in the first six months was $749 million in 2025 and $695 million in 2024. Fixed and variable operating lease revenues are summarized below (in millions).

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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

Note 12. Goodwill and other intangible assets

Reconciliations of the changes in the carrying value of goodwill for the first six months of 2025 and for the year ended December 31, 2024 follow (in millions).

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• Net of accumulated goodwill impairments of $11.5 billion as of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024 and $11.1 billion as of December 31, 2023.

Other intangible assets are summarized below (in millions).

Intangible asset amortization expense in the first six months was $863 million in 2025 and $892 million in 2024. Intangible assets with indefinite lives were $18.9 billion as of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024 and primarily related to certain customer relationships and trademarks and trade names. Railroad, utilities and energy intangible assets are included in other assets.

Note 13. Unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses

Reconciliations of the changes in unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses (“claim liabilities”), excluding liabilities under retroactive reinsurance contracts (see Note 14) follow (in millions).

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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

Note 13. Unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses

Our claim liabilities under property and casualty insurance and reinsurance contracts are based upon estimates of the ultimate claim costs associated with claim events that have occurred as of the balance sheet date and include estimates for incurred-but-not-reported (“IBNR”) claims. Losses and loss adjustment expenses incurred in the preceding table related to events occurring in the current year (“current accident year”) and events occurring in all prior years (“prior accident years”). Losses and loss adjustment expenses incurred and paid are net of reinsurance recoveries. Current accident year incurred losses from significant catastrophe events (losses exceeding $150 million per event) in the first six months of 2025 were $1.1 billion from the Southern California wildfires, which occurred in the first quarter. We experienced no significant catastrophe events in the first six months of 2024.

We recorded net reductions of estimated ultimate claim liabilities for prior accident years’ claims of $240 million in the first six months of 2025 and $1.2 billion in the first six months of 2024, which reduced losses and loss adjustment expenses incurred in those periods. These reductions, as percentages of the net liabilities at the beginning of each year, were 0.2% in 2025 and 1.1% in 2024.

Our primary insurance businesses recorded net increases in prior accident years’ estimated ultimate claim liabilities of $266 million in the first six months of 2025, primarily attributable to increases for casualty exposures, partly offset by decreases for property coverages. Our primary insurance businesses reduced estimated losses for prior accident years in the first six months of 2024 by $433 million, which derived primarily from reduced estimates for property and medical professional liability coverages. Our reinsurance businesses recorded net reductions of estimated ultimate claim liabilities for prior accident years in the first six months of $506 million in 2025 and $734 million in 2024. These reductions were primarily attributable to lower estimates for property coverages.

Note 14. Retroactive reinsurance contracts

Retroactive reinsurance policies provide indemnification of losses and loss adjustment expenses of short-duration insurance contracts with respect to underlying loss events that occurred prior to the contract inception date. Exposures include significant asbestos, environmental and other mass tort claims. Retroactive reinsurance contracts are generally subject to aggregate policy limits and our exposure to such claims under these contracts is likewise limited. Reconciliations of the changes in estimated liabilities for retroactive reinsurance unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses follow (in millions).

We classify incurred and paid losses and loss adjustment expenses based on the inception dates of the contracts, which reflect when our exposure to losses began. Substantially all of the losses and loss adjustment expenses incurred and paid related to contracts written in prior years. Losses and loss adjustment expenses incurred include changes in estimated ultimate liabilities and related adjustments to deferred charge assets arising from the changes in the estimated timing and amount of loss payments. Deferred charge assets on retroactive reinsurance contracts were $8.5 billion at June 30, 2025 and $8.8 billion at December 31, 2024.

Note 15. Long-duration insurance contracts

A summary of our long-duration life, annuity and health insurance benefits liabilities disaggregated by our principal product categories follows (in millions).

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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

Note 15. Long-duration insurance contracts

Reconciliations of the liabilities for each of our principal product categories follow (in millions). The information reflects the changes in discounted present values of expected future policy benefits and expected future net premiums before reinsurance ceded. Net premiums represent the portion of expected gross premiums that are required to provide for future policy benefits and variable expenses.

Expected future policy benefits and expected future net premiums declined in the first six months of 2024, primarily attributable to the commutations of certain life reinsurance contracts. The impacts of these contract commutations were included in the effects of actual versus expected experience.

Other information relating to our long-duration insurance liabilities follows (dollars in millions).

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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

Note 15. Long-duration insurance contracts

Gross premiums earned and interest expense before reinsurance ceded for the first six months of 2025 and 2024 were as follows (in millions).

Note 16. Notes payable and other borrowings

Notes payable and other borrowings of our insurance and other businesses are summarized below (dollars in millions). The weighted average interest rates and maturity date ranges are based on borrowings as of June 30, 2025.

Berkshire borrowings consist of senior unsecured debt. Berkshire repaid approximately $1.6 billion of maturing debt in the first six months of 2025. In April 2025, Berkshire issued ¥90 billion ($632 million) of senior notes with maturity dates ranging from 2028 to 2055 and a weighted average interest rate of 1.637%. Additionally, at the end of July 2025, Berkshire issued ¥151.5 billion ($1.0 billion) of senior notes with maturity dates ranging from 2030 to 2040 and a weighted average interest rate of 2.306%.

Borrowings of BHFC, a wholly-owned finance subsidiary of Berkshire, consist of senior unsecured notes used to fund manufactured housing loans originated or acquired and equipment held for lease of certain subsidiaries. BHFC borrowings are fully and unconditionally guaranteed by Berkshire. Berkshire also guarantees certain debt of other subsidiaries, aggregating approximately $1.7 billion at June 30, 2025. Generally, Berkshire’s guarantee of a subsidiary’s debt obligation is an absolute, unconditional and irrevocable guarantee for the full and prompt payment when due of all payment obligations.

The carrying values of Berkshire and BHFC non-U.S. Dollar denominated senior notes (€4.85 billion, £1.75 billion and ¥2,036 billion par at June 30, 2025) reflect the applicable exchange rates as of each balance sheet date. The effects of changes in foreign currency exchange rates during the period on these borrowings are recorded in earnings as a component of selling, general and administrative expenses. Changes in the exchange rates produced pre-tax losses of $1.2 billion in the second quarter and $2.1 billion in the first six months of 2025 and pre-tax gains of $588 million in the second quarter and $1.4 billion in the first six months of 2024.

Notes payable and other borrowings of our railroad, utilities and energy businesses are summarized below (dollars in millions). The weighted average interest rates and maturity date ranges are based on borrowings as of June 30, 2025.

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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

Note 16. Notes payable and other borrowings

BHE subsidiary debt represents amounts issued pursuant to separate financing agreements. Substantially all of the assets of certain BHE subsidiaries are, or may be, pledged or encumbered to support or otherwise secure such debt. These borrowing arrangements generally contain various covenants, including those which pertain to leverage ratios, interest coverage ratios and/or debt service coverage ratios. In the first six months of 2025, BHE subsidiaries issued $2.7 billion of term debt, with a weighted average interest rate of 6.5% and maturity dates ranging from 2035 to 2055, and BHE and its subsidiaries repaid term debt of $2.0 billion and increased short-term borrowings by $564 million.

BNSF’s borrowings are primarily senior unsecured debentures. In the first six months of 2025, BNSF repaid approximately $530 million of term debt and in June 2025, issued $900 million of 5.8% debentures due in 2056. As of June 30, 2025, BHE, BNSF and their subsidiaries were in compliance with all applicable debt covenants. Berkshire does not guarantee any debt, borrowings or lines of credit of BHE, BNSF or their subsidiaries.

Unused and available lines of credit and commercial paper capacity to support operations and provide additional liquidity for our subsidiaries were approximately $11.0 billion at June 30, 2025, of which approximately $9.8 billion related to BHE and its subsidiaries.

Note 17. Fair value measurements

Our financial assets and liabilities are summarized below, with fair values shown according to the fair value hierarchy (in millions). The carrying values of cash and cash equivalents, U.S. Treasury Bills, other receivables and accounts payable, accruals and other liabilities are considered to be reasonable estimates of or otherwise approximate the fair values.

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(1) Assets are included in other assets, and liabilities are included in accounts payable, accruals and other liabilities.

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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

Note 17. Fair value measurements

The fair values of substantially all of our financial instruments were measured using market or income approaches. The hierarchy for measuring fair value consists of Levels 1 through 3, which are described below.

Level 1 – Inputs represent unadjusted quoted prices for identical assets or liabilities exchanged in active markets.

Level 2 – Inputs include directly or indirectly observable inputs (other than Level 1 inputs) such as quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities exchanged in active or inactive markets; quoted prices for identical assets or liabilities exchanged in inactive markets; other inputs that may be considered in fair value determinations of the assets or liabilities, such as interest rates and yield curves, volatilities, prepayment speeds, loss severities, credit risks and default rates; and inputs that are derived principally from or corroborated by observable market data by correlation or other means. Pricing evaluations generally reflect discounted expected future cash flows, which incorporate yield curves for instruments with similar characteristics, such as credit ratings, estimated durations and yields for other instruments of the issuer or entities in the same industry sector.

Level 3 – Inputs include unobservable inputs used in the measurement of assets and liabilities. Management is required to use its own assumptions regarding unobservable inputs because there is little, if any, market activity in the assets or liabilities and it may be unable to corroborate the related observable inputs. Unobservable inputs require management to make certain projections and assumptions about the information that would be used by market participants in valuing assets or liabilities.

Reconciliations of significant assets and liabilities measured and carried at fair value on a recurring basis with the use of significant unobservable inputs (Level 3) follow (in millions).

Quantitative information as of June 30, 2025 for the significant assets and liabilities measured and carried at fair value on a recurring basis with the use of significant unobservable inputs (Level 3) follows (dollars in millions).

Investments in equity securities in the preceding table include our investments in certain preferred stock and common stock warrants that do not have readily determinable market values as defined by GAAP. These investments are private placements and are not traded in securities markets. We applied discounted cash flow techniques in valuing the preferred stock and we made assumptions regarding the expected duration of the investment and the effects of illiquidity and subordination in liquidation. In valuing the common stock warrants, we used a warrant valuation model. While most of the inputs to the warrant model are observable, we made assumptions regarding the expected duration and volatility.

Note 18. Common stock

Changes in shares of Berkshire’s common stock are shown in the table below. In addition to our common stock, one million shares of preferred stock are authorized and none are issued.

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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

Note 18. Common stock

Each Class A common share is entitled to one vote per share. Class B common stock possesses dividend and distribution rights equal to one-fifteen-hundredth (1/1,500) of such rights of Class A common stock. Each Class B common share possesses voting rights equal to one-ten-thousandth (1/10,000) of the voting rights of a Class A share. Unless otherwise required under Delaware General Corporation Law, Class A and Class B common shares vote as a single class. Each share of Class A common stock is convertible, at the option of the holder, into 1,500 shares of Class B common stock. Class B common stock is not convertible into Class A common stock. On an equivalent Class A common stock basis, there were 1,438,223 shares outstanding as of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024.

Since we have two classes of common stock, we provide earnings per share data on the Consolidated Statements of Earnings for average equivalent Class A shares outstanding and average equivalent Class B shares outstanding. Average equivalent Class A shares outstanding represents average Class A shares outstanding plus one-fifteen-hundredth (1/1,500) of the average Class B shares outstanding. Average equivalent Class B shares outstanding represents average Class B shares outstanding plus 1,500 times the average Class A shares outstanding.

Berkshire’s common stock repurchase program permits Berkshire to repurchase its shares any time that Warren Buffett, Berkshire’s Chairman of the Board and Chief Executive Officer, believes that the repurchase price is below Berkshire’s intrinsic value, conservatively determined. The program allows share repurchases in the open market or through privately negotiated transactions and does not specify a maximum number of shares to be repurchased. However, repurchases will not be made if they would reduce the value of Berkshire’s consolidated cash, cash equivalents and U.S. Treasury Bill holdings below $30 billion. Berkshire is not obligated to repurchase any specific dollar amount or number of Class A or Class B shares under the program and there is no expiration date to the program. There were no share repurchases during the first six months of 2025.

Note 19. Income taxes

Our consolidated effective income tax rates were 15.5% in the second quarter and 13.9% in the first six months of 2025 compared to 20.0% in the second quarter and 19.5% in the first six months of 2024. Our effective income tax rate normally reflects recurring benefits from dividends-received deductions applicable to investments in certain equity securities and production tax credits related to wind-powered electricity generation placed in service in the U.S. Our periodic effective income tax rate will also vary due to the changes in mix of pre-tax earnings, including realized and unrealized investment gains or losses on our investments in equity securities, the amount of non-deductible goodwill impairment charges and other expenses and the underlying income tax rates applicable in the various taxing jurisdictions.

The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development issued Pillar Two model rules introducing a global minimum tax of 15%. While the U.S. has not adopted the Pillar Two rules, various countries are enacting legislation to adopt the rules. We do not currently have material operations in jurisdictions with income tax rates lower than the Pillar Two minimum tax rate, and we do not currently expect these rules will materially increase our global tax costs. There remains uncertainty as to the final Pillar Two rules.

Note 20. Accumulated other comprehensive income

A summary of the net changes in after-tax accumulated other comprehensive income attributable to Berkshire shareholders follows (in millions).

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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

Note 21. Supplemental cash flow information

A summary of supplemental cash flow information for the first six months of 2025 and 2024 follows (in millions).

Note 22. Contingencies and commitments

We are parties in a variety of legal actions that routinely arise out of the normal course of business, including legal actions seeking to establish liability directly through insurance contracts or indirectly through reinsurance contracts issued by Berkshire subsidiaries. Plaintiffs occasionally seek punitive or exemplary damages. We do not currently believe that such normal and routine litigation will have a material effect on our financial condition or results of operations.

PacifiCorp, a wholly-owned subsidiary of Berkshire Hathaway Energy Company (“BHE”), operates as a regulated electric utility in Utah, Oregon, Wyoming and other Western states. HomeServices of America, Inc. (“HomeServices”) is also a wholly-owned subsidiary of BHE. Certain legal matters related to these entities are described below.

PacifiCorp

In September 2020, a severe weather event with high winds, low humidity and warm temperatures contributed to several major wildfires, which resulted in real and personal property and natural resource damage, personal injuries, loss of life and widespread power outages in Oregon and Northern California. These wildfires spread across certain parts of PacifiCorp’s service territory and surrounding areas across multiple counties in Oregon and California, including Siskiyou County, California; Jackson County, Oregon; Douglas County, Oregon; Marion County, Oregon; Lincoln County, Oregon; and Klamath County, Oregon, burning over 500,000 acres in aggregate and included the Santiam Canyon, Beachie Creek, South Obenchain, Echo Mountain Complex, 242, Archie Creek, Slater and other fires. The Slater fire occurred in both Oregon and California. Third-party reports for these wildfires (the “2020 Wildfires”) indicate over 2,000 structures destroyed, including residences, several other structures damaged, multiple individuals injured, and several fatalities.

A significant number of complaints and demands alleging similar claims have been filed in Oregon and California, including a class action complaint in Oregon associated with the 2020 Wildfires for which certain jury verdicts were issued as described below. The plaintiffs seek damages for economic losses, noneconomic losses, including mental suffering, emotional distress, personal injury and loss of life, as well as punitive damages, other damages and attorneys’ fees. Several insurance carriers have filed subrogation complaints in Oregon and California with allegations similar to those made in the aforementioned complaints.

Additionally, PacifiCorp received correspondence from the U.S. and Oregon Departments of Justice regarding the potential recovery of certain costs and damages alleged to have occurred on federal and state lands in connection with certain of the 2020 Wildfires. In December 2024, the United States of America filed a complaint against PacifiCorp in conjunction with the correspondence from the U.S. Department of Justice. The civil cover sheet accompanying the complaint demands damages estimated to exceed $900 million. PacifiCorp is actively cooperating with the U.S. and Oregon Departments of Justice on resolving these alleged claims.

Amounts sought in outstanding complaints and demands filed in Oregon and in certain demands in California approximate $54 billion, excluding any doubling or trebling of damages or punitive damages included in the complaints. Generally, the complaints filed in California do not specify damages sought and are excluded from this amount. Of the $54 billion, $51 billion represents the economic and noneconomic damages sought in the James mass complaints described below. Oregon law provides for doubling of economic and property damages in the event the defendant is found to have acted with gross negligence, recklessness, willfulness or malice. Oregon law provides for trebling of damages associated with timber, shrubs and produce in the event the defendant is determined to have willfully and intentionally trespassed.

The 2020 Wildfires and 2022 Wildfire discussed below are referred to as the “Wildfires.” Based on available information to date, we believe it is probable that losses will be incurred associated with the Wildfires. Final determinations of liability will only be made following the completion of comprehensive investigations, litigation and similar processes. Investigations into the cause and origin of each of the 2020 Wildfires are complex and ongoing and have been or are being conducted by various entities, including the U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service (“USFS”), the California Public Utilities Commission, the Oregon Department of Forestry (“ODF”), the Oregon Department of Justice, PacifiCorp and various experts engaged by PacifiCorp.

21

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

Note 22. Contingencies and commitments

In May 2022, the USFS issued its report of investigation into the Archie Creek fire concluding that the probable cause of the fire was power lines owned and operated by PacifiCorp. The report also states that evidence indicates failure of power line infrastructure. The USFS report of investigation into the Slater fire for the investigation period from October 5, 2020 to December 8, 2020 concluded that the fire was caused by a downed power line owned and operated by PacifiCorp. The report states that evidence indicates a tree fell onto the power line and that wind blew over the 137-foot tree with internal rot that showed no outward signs of distress and would not have been classified or identified as a hazard tree. Settlements have been reached with substantially all individual plaintiffs, timber companies and insurance subrogation plaintiffs in both the Archie Creek and Slater fires, with government timber and suppression cost claims remaining.

In April 2023, the USFS issued its report of investigation into a wildland fire that began in the Opal Creek wilderness outside of the Santiam Canyon that was first reported on August 16, 2020 (“Beachie Creek Fire”), approximately three weeks prior to the September 2020 wind event described above. In March 2025, PacifiCorp received the ODF’s final investigation report on the Santiam Canyon fires (“ODF’s Report”), which concluded that embers from the pre-existing Beachie Creek Fire caused 12 fires within the Santiam Canyon. The ODF’s Report also found that PacifiCorp’s power lines did not contribute to the overall spread of fire into the Santiam Canyon, even though its power lines ignited seven spot fires within the Santiam Canyon that were each suppressed.

The Beachie Creek fire that spread into the Santiam Canyon burned approximately 193,000 acres; the South Obenchain fire burned approximately 33,000 acres; the Echo Mountain Complex fire burned approximately 3,000 acres; and the 242 fire burned approximately 14,000 acres. The James cases described below are associated with the Beachie Creek (Santiam Canyon), South Obenchain, Echo Mountain Complex and 242 fires, which were four distinct fires located hundreds of miles apart.

On September 30, 2020, a class action complaint against PacifiCorp was filed captioned Jeanyne James et al. v. PacifiCorp et al. (“James”), in Oregon Circuit Court in Multnomah County, Oregon (the “Multnomah Court”) in connection with the 2020 Wildfires. In November 2021, the plaintiffs filed an amended complaint to limit the class to include Oregon citizens allegedly impacted by the Santiam Canyon, Echo Mountain Complex, South Obenchain and 242 wildfires, as well as to add claims for noneconomic damages. The amended complaint alleged that PacifiCorp’s assets contributed to the Oregon wildfires occurring on or after September 7, 2020, and that PacifiCorp acted with gross negligence, among other things, seeking damages not less than $600 million of economic damages and in excess of $1 billion of noneconomic damages for the plaintiffs and the class. Numerous cases were consolidated into the original James complaint.

Between April 2024 and May 2025, seven separate mass complaints against PacifiCorp naming 1,690 individual class members were filed in the Multnomah Court referencing the James case as the lead case. Complaints for ten of the plaintiffs in the mass complaints were subsequently dismissed. These James case mass complaints make damages-only allegations seeking economic, noneconomic and punitive damages, as well as doubling of economic damages. In December 2024, two additional complaints were filed in Multnomah Court on behalf of eight plaintiffs also referencing the James case as the lead case. PacifiCorp believes the magnitude of damages sought by the class members in the James case mass complaints and additional two complaints to be of remote likelihood of being awarded based on the amounts awarded in the jury verdicts described below that are being appealed.

In June 2023, a jury verdict was issued in the first James trial finding PacifiCorp’s conduct grossly negligent, reckless and willful as to each of the 17 named plaintiffs and the entire class. The jury awarded economic and noneconomic damages. After the jury verdict, the Multnomah Court doubled the economic damages, in accordance with Oregon law, and added punitive damages by applying a 0.25 multiplier to the awarded economic and noneconomic damages. PacifiCorp filed a motion with the Multnomah Court requesting the court offset the damage awards by deducting insurance proceeds received by any of the plaintiffs. Net damages awarded to the 17 plaintiffs were $93 million. In January 2024, PacifiCorp filed a notice of appeal associated with the June 2023 verdict, including whether the case can proceed as a class action.

Subsequent to the June 2023 jury verdict, eight damages phase trials with up to eleven plaintiffs in each trial have been held with separate jury verdicts issued and damages awarded for each on a basis consistent with the initial trial. Aggregate net damages awarded in these trials, including estimates for additional damages expected to be awarded by the Multnomah Court for certain of these trials consistent with other awards are $370 million. PacifiCorp amended its January 2024 appeal of the June 2023 James verdict to include certain jury verdicts. The appeals process and further actions could take several years.

For each limited judgment entered in the court, PacifiCorp has posted or expects to post a supersedeas bond, which stays any effort to seek payment of the judgments pending final resolution of any appeals. Under Oregon Revised Statutes 82.010, interest at a rate of 9% per annum will accrue on the judgments commencing at the date the judgments were entered until the entire money award is paid, amended or reversed by an appellate court.

22

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

Note 22. Contingencies and commitments

The remaining damages phase trials ordered under the October 2024 case management order are scheduled to begin September 8, October 6 and December 1, 2025. In March 2025, PacifiCorp filed a motion to stay the remaining James damages phase trials in consideration of the ODF’s Report. The motion was heard by the court and was denied in April 2025. A hearing was held in May 2025 to evaluate scheduling additional damages phase trials in 2026.

In April 2025, PacifiCorp filed its opening brief with the Oregon Court of Appeals in connection with its appeal of the June 2023 James verdict and the January and March 2024 verdicts for the first two James damages phase trials. In the opening brief, PacifiCorp addressed numerous procedural and legal issues, including that the class certification is improper due to the plaintiffs being impacted by distinct fires with independent ignition points that were hundreds of miles apart; awarding of noneconomic damages is not allowed under Oregon law; plaintiffs failed to prove that PacifiCorp caused harm to every class member; and jury instructions applied incorrect legal standards in assessing class-wide evidence and individual claims. Additionally, PacifiCorp incorporated the ODF’s Report into its opening appellate brief. Various parties who are not party to the James case have filed supportive amicus briefs with the court. The plaintiffs’ reply brief and cross-appeal was originally due in May 2025 but was extended to August 21, 2025.

According to the California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection, a wildfire began on July 29, 2022, in the Oak Knoll Ranger District of the Klamath National Forest in Siskiyou County, California located in PacifiCorp’s service territory (the “2022 Wildfire”) burning over 60,000 acres. Third-party reports indicate that the 2022 Wildfire resulted in 11 structures damaged, 185 structures destroyed, 12 injuries and four fatalities. The USFS issued a Wildland Fire Origin and Cause Supplemental Incident Report. The report concluded that a tree coming in contact with a power line is the probable cause of the 2022 Wildfire.

A provision for a loss contingency is recorded when it is probable a liability has been incurred and the amount of loss can be reasonably estimated. PacifiCorp evaluates the related range of reasonably estimated losses and records a loss based on its best estimate within that range or the lower end of the range if there is no better estimate.

Estimated probable losses associated with the Wildfires were based on the information available to the date of this filing, including (i) ongoing cause and origin investigations; (ii) ongoing settlement and mediation discussions; (iii) other litigation matters and upcoming legal proceedings; and (iv) the status of the James case. Estimated losses on the Wildfires include estimates for fire suppression costs, real and personal property damages, natural resource damages and noneconomic damages such as personal injury damages and loss of life damages that are considered probable of being incurred and that it is able to reasonably estimate at this time, and which is subject to change as additional relevant information becomes available.

Through June 30, 2025, PacifiCorp recorded cumulative estimated probable Wildfire losses, before taxes and expected related insurance recoveries, of approximately $2.75 billion, of which approximately $1.37 billion has been paid in connection with settlements. There were no Wildfire loss accruals recorded in the first six months of 2025 and $251 million was accrued in the second quarter of 2024. Estimated unpaid liabilities were approximately $1.38 billion at June 30, 2025. Insurance recoveries received to date in connection with the Wildfires were $530 million, which were recorded prior to 2024. No further insurance recoveries are expected to become available.

It is reasonably possible PacifiCorp will incur significant additional losses beyond the amounts currently accrued; however, we are currently unable to reasonably estimate the range of possible additional losses that could be incurred due to the number of properties and parties involved, including claimants in the class to the James case and the 2022 Wildfire, the variation in the types of properties and damages and the ultimate outcome of legal actions, including mediation, settlement negotiations, jury verdicts and the appeals process.

HomeServices of America, Inc.

HomeServices is currently defending against several antitrust cases, all in federal district courts. In each case, plaintiffs claim HomeServices and certain of its subsidiaries (and in one case, BHE) conspired with co-defendants to artificially inflate real estate commissions by following and enforcing multiple listing service (“MLS”) rules that require listing agents to offer a commission split to cooperating agents in order for the property to appear on the MLS (“Cooperative Compensation Rule”). None of the complaints specify damages sought. However, two cases also allege Texas state law deceptive trade practices claims, for which plaintiffs have asserted damages totaling approximately $9 billion by separate written notice as required by Texas law.

23

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

Note 22. Contingencies and commitments

In one of these cases, Burnett (formerly Sitzer) et al. v. HomeServices of America, Inc. et al. (the “Burnett case”), a jury trial in the U.S. District Court for the Western District of Missouri (“U.S. District Court”) returned a verdict for the plaintiffs on October 31, 2023, finding that the named defendants participated in a conspiracy to follow and enforce the Cooperative Compensation Rule, which conspiracy had the purpose or effect of raising, inflating, or stabilizing broker commission rates paid by home sellers. The jury further found that the class plaintiffs had proved damages of $1.8 billion. Joint and several liability applies for the co-defendants. Federal law authorizes trebling of damages and the award of pre-judgment interest and attorney fees. To date, all defendants have reached settlements with the plaintiffs. The U.S. District Court approved these settlements in May and November 2024. The U.S. District Court entered a final judgment on the HomeServices settlement on January 15, 2025. All settlements have been appealed to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit. The initial briefing on all appeals was filed on April 21, 2025 and response briefs were filed on July 21, 2025.

The final HomeServices settlement agreement reached with the plaintiffs in April 2024 settles all claims asserted against HomeServices and certain of its subsidiaries in the Burnett case and effectuates a nationwide class settlement. The final settlement agreement includes scheduled payments over four years and aggregating $250 million. HomeServices has made payments in escrow of $67 million through June 30, 2025. If the settlement is not affirmed by the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit, HomeServices intends to vigorously appeal on multiple grounds the jury’s findings and damage award in the Burnett case, including whether the case can proceed as a class action. The appeals process and further actions could take several years.

Other legal matters

In September 2024, National Indemnity Company (“NICO”) entered into a settlement agreement reached concerning certain non-insurance affiliates that filed voluntary petitions under Chapter 11 of the bankruptcy code in the United States Bankruptcy Court for the District of New Jersey (the “Court”) in 2023. Under the terms of the settlement agreement, NICO agreed to pay $535 million to the bankruptcy estate in consideration of a release of all estate causes of action against NICO and its affiliates. In connection with the settlement agreement, NICO recorded a pre-tax charge of $490 million in September 2024, which is net of $45 million from a third party that was covered under the release. The Court’s approval of the settlement agreement over the objections of certain creditors is pending, as are appeals by certain creditors of prior rulings in favor of the bankruptcy estate.

Berkshire and certain of its subsidiaries are also involved in other kinds of legal actions, some of which assert or may assert claims or seek to impose fines and penalties. We currently believe that liabilities that may arise as a result of such other pending legal actions will not have a material effect on our consolidated financial condition or results of operations.

Commitments

In January 2024, we acquired the remaining noncontrolling interests in Pilot for $2.6 billion. On September 30, 2024, BHE repurchased 5.85% of its outstanding common stock held by certain noncontrolling BHE shareholders for $2.9 billion. Additionally, in September and October 2024, Berkshire acquired the remaining 2.12% of BHE’s outstanding common stock held by noncontrolling shareholders in exchange for 2,291,631 shares of Berkshire Class B common stock valued at $1.045 billion. The acquisitions of these noncontrolling interests represented equity transactions. We recorded the differences between the consideration paid and the carrying values of the noncontrolling interests, net of deferred income tax liabilities, if applicable, to capital in excess of par value. Pilot and BHE are now wholly-owned subsidiaries.

24

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

Note 23. Revenues from contracts with customers

The following tables summarize customer contract revenues disaggregated by reportable segment and the source of the revenue (in millions). Other revenues, which are not considered to be revenues from contracts with customers under GAAP, are primarily insurance premiums earned, interest, dividend and other investment income and leasing revenues.

25

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

Note 23. Revenues from contracts with customers

A summary of the transaction price allocated to the significant unsatisfied remaining performance obligations related to contracts with expected durations exceeding one year as of June 30, 2025 and the timing of when the performance obligations are expected to be satisfied follows (in millions).

Note 24. Business segment data

Berkshire’s numerous and diverse businesses are managed on an unusually decentralized basis. These businesses are aggregated into operating segments in a manner that reflects how Berkshire views the business activities. The tabular information that follows shows data of Berkshire’s reportable business segments reconciled to amounts reflected in our Consolidated Financial Statements. Intersegment transactions are not eliminated from segment results when those transactions are considered in assessing the results of the respective segments. Furthermore, investment gains and losses, goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible asset impairments and amortization of certain acquisition accounting adjustments or certain other corporate income and expense items are not considered in assessing the financial performance of operating businesses. Collectively, these items are included in corporate, eliminations and other to reconcile segment totals to consolidated amounts. The information in the following tables includes additional disclosures pursuant to ASU 2023-07, which we adopted as of December 31, 2024.

26

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

Note 24. Business segment data

We view our insurance segment as possessing two distinct activities – underwriting and investing. Our underwriting activities are summarized for GEICO, Berkshire Hathaway Primary Group (“BH Primary”) and Berkshire Hathaway Reinsurance Group (“BHRG”). Earnings data of our business segments are shown in the following tables (in millions).

Other segment items related to insurance underwriting include commissions and brokerage expenses and other insurance underwriting expenses.

27

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

Note 24. Business segment data

Other segment items of BNSF include purchased services, equipment rents and materials expenses.

Other segment items of BHE primarily consist of property taxes and other expenses. Energy operations and maintenance includes losses associated with the 2020 and 2022 Wildfires. See Note 22.

Other segment items of the manufacturing, service and retailing segments primarily consist of selling, general and administrative expenses.

28

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

Note 24. Business segment data

Other segment items of Pilot primarily consist of store operating, interest and general and administrative expenses. Other segment items of McLane include general and administrative expenses.

Reconciliations of revenues and earnings before income taxes of our business segments to the consolidated amounts follow (in millions).

Additional segment data follows (in millions).

29

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

Note 24. Business segment data

30

Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

Results of Operations

Net earnings attributable to Berkshire shareholders are disaggregated in the table that follows. Amounts are after deducting income taxes and exclude earnings attributable to noncontrolling interests (in millions).

Through our subsidiaries, we engage in numerous diverse business activities. The business segment data (Note 24 to the accompanying Consolidated Financial Statements and Note 26 to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024) should be read in conjunction with this discussion.

Our periodic operating results may be affected in future periods by the impacts of ongoing macroeconomic and geopolitical conflicts and events, as well as changes in industry or company-specific factors or events. The pace of changes in these events, including tensions from developing international trade policies and tariffs, accelerated through the first six months of 2025. Considerable uncertainty remains as to the ultimate outcome of these events. We are currently unable to reliably predict the ultimate impact on our businesses, whether through changes in the availability of products, supply chain costs and efficiency, and customer demand for our products and services. It is reasonably possible there could be adverse consequences on most, if not all, of our operating businesses, as well as on our investments in equity securities, which could significantly affect our future results.

Insurance underwriting after-tax earnings decreased $271 million in the second quarter and $1.5 billion in the first six months of 2025 compared to 2024. Underwriting results in the first six months of 2025 included after-tax losses of approximately $850 million from the Southern California wildfires, which occurred in the first quarter. After-tax earnings from insurance investment income increased $47 million (1.4%) in the second quarter and $342 million (5.8%) in the first six months of 2025 compared to 2024, attributable to higher average short-term investment balances, partially offset by lower interest rates and dividend income, as well as the impact of capital distributions to Berkshire in the fourth quarter of 2024. The subsequent investment income earned on such distributions is included in other earnings in the above table.

After-tax earnings of BNSF increased $239 million (19.5%) in the second quarter and $310 million (13.1%) in the first six months of 2025 compared to 2024, primarily from improved operating efficiencies and productivity and from lower effective income tax rates. After-tax earnings of BHE increased $47 million (7.2%) in the second quarter and $427 million (31.1%) in the first six months of 2025 compared to 2024. The earnings increases reflected higher earnings from the U.S. utilities and lower earnings attributable to noncontrolling interests and reduced losses from the real estate brokerage businesses, primarily due to the impact of litigation settlement charges in the first quarter of 2024, partially offset by lower earnings from the natural gas pipelines and other energy businesses.

After-tax earnings from our manufacturing, service and retailing businesses increased $221 million (6.5%) in the second quarter and $193 million (3.0%) in the first six months of 2025 compared to 2024. Results in 2025 among our numerous operations were mixed.

Investment gains (losses) derive from our investments in equity securities and can include significant unrealized gains and losses from changes in market prices and foreign currency exchange rates applicable to certain of our investments. We believe that investment gains and losses, whether realized from dispositions or unrealized from changes in market prices, are generally meaningless in understanding our reported periodic results or evaluating the economic performance of our operating businesses. These gains and losses have caused and will continue to cause significant volatility in our periodic earnings.

31

Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

Results of Operations

After-tax other earnings include corporate investment income not allocated to operating businesses, earnings from equity method investments and foreign currency exchange rate gains and losses related to non-U.S. Dollar denominated debt. Other earnings declined $721 million in the second quarter and $1.76 billion in the first six months of 2025, reflecting foreign currency exchange rate losses in the second quarter and first six months of 2025 versus gains in 2024, partially offset by increased corporate investment income. After-tax foreign currency exchange rate losses were $877 million in the second quarter and $1.6 billion in the first six months of 2025 compared to gains of $446 million and $1.0 billion in the corresponding 2024 periods. After-tax corporate investment income increased $1.1 billion in the first six months of 2025 compared to 2024, primarily attributable to the impact of increased investments derived from subsidiary capital distributions to Berkshire.

Insurance—Underwriting

Our periodic underwriting earnings may be subject to considerable volatility from the timing and magnitude of significant property catastrophe loss events. Further, we generally do not retrocede the risks we assume. We currently consider consolidated pre-tax losses exceeding $150 million from an event occurring in the current year to be significant. We incurred significant losses in 2025 from the Southern California wildfires in the first quarter, while we experienced no significant catastrophe events in the first six months of 2024. Changes in estimates for unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses, including amounts established for occurrences in prior years, and foreign currency transaction gains and losses arising from the remeasurement of non-U.S. Dollar denominated assets and liabilities can also significantly affect our periodic underwriting results.

We write primary insurance and reinsurance policies covering property and casualty risks, as well as life and health risks. Our insurance and reinsurance businesses are GEICO, Berkshire Hathaway Primary Group (“BH Primary”) and Berkshire Hathaway Reinsurance Group (“BHRG”). We strive to generate pre-tax underwriting earnings (defined as premiums earned less insurance losses/benefits incurred and underwriting expenses) over the long term in all business categories, except in our retroactive reinsurance and periodic payment annuity businesses. Time-value-of-money concepts are important considerations in establishing premiums for these policies, which are recognized as charges to earnings over the claim settlement periods.

Underwriting results of our insurance businesses are summarized below (dollars in millions).

GEICO

GEICO writes property and casualty insurance policies, primarily private passenger automobile insurance, in all 50 states and the District of Columbia. GEICO offers its policies mainly by direct response methods where most customers apply for insurance coverage directly to the company. GEICO also operates an insurance agency that offers primarily homeowners and renters insurance to its auto policyholders. A summary of GEICO’s underwriting results follows (dollars in millions).

Premiums written increased $545 million (5.2%) in the second quarter and $1.3 billion (5.9%) in the first six months of 2025 compared to 2024, reflecting an increase in policies-in-force and higher average premiums per policy. Premiums earned increased $595 million (5.7%) in the second quarter and $1.1 billion (5.4%) in the first six months of 2025 compared to 2024.

32

Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

Insurance—Underwriting

GEICO

Losses and loss adjustment expenses increased $190 million (2.5%) in the second quarter and $200 million (1.3%) in the first six months of 2025 compared to 2024. GEICO’s loss ratio (losses and loss adjustment expenses to premiums earned) was 71.8% in the second quarter and 70.4% in the first six months of 2025, decreases of 2.3 percentage points and 2.9 percentage points, respectively, compared to 2024. The loss ratio declines reflected the impact of higher average earned premiums per auto policy and lower claims frequencies, partially offset by increases in average claims severities and less favorable development of prior accident years’ claims estimates.

Private passenger automobile claims frequencies declined in the first six months of 2025 versus 2024 for property damage and collision coverages (six to nine percent range), with bodily injury coverage frequency down slightly. Average claims severities in the first six months of 2025 increased for both collision (one to three percent range) and bodily injury (eight to ten percent range) coverages compared to 2024. Losses and loss adjustment expenses included reductions in the ultimate loss estimates for prior accident years’ claims of $135 million in the first six months of 2025 compared to $205 million in 2024.

Underwriting expenses increased $370 million (39.9%) in the second quarter and $633 million (34.8%) in the first six months of 2025 compared to 2024. GEICO’s expense ratio (underwriting expense to premiums earned) was 11.3% in the first six months of 2025, an increase of 2.5 percentage points compared to 2024. The increases were attributable to increased policy acquisition related expenses. The earnings from GEICO’s insurance agency (third-party commissions, net of operating expenses) are included as a reduction of underwriting expenses.

Berkshire Hathaway Primary Group

BH Primary consists of several independently managed underwriting operations that provide a variety of primarily commercial insurance solutions, including healthcare professional liability, workers’ compensation, automobile, general liability, property and specialty coverages for small, medium and large clients. BH Primary’s insurers include Berkshire Hathaway Specialty Insurance (“BHSI”), RSUI Group and CapSpecialty (“RSUI and CapSpecialty”), Berkshire Hathaway Homestate Companies (“BHHC”), MedPro Group, GUARD Group (“GUARD”), National Indemnity Company (“NICO Primary”), Berkshire Hathaway Direct (“BH Direct”) and U.S. Liability Insurance Companies (“USLI”).

A summary of BH Primary’s underwriting results follows (dollars in millions).

Premiums written declined 2.3% in the second quarter and 1.9% in the first six months of 2025 compared to 2024. The declines were primarily due to reductions at GUARD (36% year-to-date) and, to a lesser degree, at BHSI and RSUI, partially offset by higher volumes at NICO Primary, BHHC and BH Direct. GUARD’s premium declines reflected volume reductions across multiple product categories due to management’s decision to exit certain unprofitable lines and tightened overall underwriting standards beginning in 2024. The increases at NICO Primary and BHHC were primarily attributable to commercial auto and property business, while the increases at BH Direct reflected growth across several lines of business and product categories.

Losses and loss adjustment expenses increased $100 million (3.2%) in the second quarter and $740 million (12.5%) in the first six months of 2025 compared to 2024. The loss ratio increased 1.9 percentage points in the second quarter and 7.6 percentage points in the first six months of 2025 compared to 2024. Losses incurred from the Southern California wildfires were approximately $300 million in the first six months of 2025. Losses incurred in 2025 also included increases in estimated ultimate losses for prior accident years’ claims of $401 million in the first six months, attributable to higher ultimate loss estimates in liability coverages, partly offset by lower ultimate loss estimates in property coverages. In the first six months of 2024, incurred loss estimates for prior accident years’ claims were reduced by $228 million. Casualty claim costs continue to be negatively impacted by unfavorable social inflation trends, including the impacts of jury awards and litigation costs.

33

Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

Insurance—Underwriting

Berkshire Hathaway Primary Group

Underwriting expenses increased $137 million (10.7%) in the second quarter and $163 million (6.5%) in the first six months of 2025 compared to 2024. The expense ratio increased 2.8 percentage points in the second quarter and 1.6 percentage points in the first six months of 2025 compared to 2024. The increases were primarily due to increases at GUARD and business mix changes.

Berkshire Hathaway Reinsurance Group

The Berkshire Hathaway Reinsurance Group offers excess-of-loss and quota-share reinsurance coverages on property and casualty risks to insurers and reinsurers worldwide through the NICO, General Re and TransRe Groups. We also write life and health reinsurance coverages through the General Re Group and Berkshire Hathaway Life Insurance Company of Nebraska. A summary of BHRG’s pre-tax underwriting results follows (in millions).

Property/casualty

A summary of property/casualty reinsurance underwriting results follows (dollars in millions).

Premiums written declined $525 million (9.5%) in the second quarter and $845 million (7.0%) in the first six months of 2025 compared to 2024, primarily attributable to less property business being written. Premiums earned decreased 8.9% in the second quarter and 6.3% in the first six months of 2025 compared to 2024.

Losses and loss adjustment expenses declined $370 million (11.8%) in the second quarter and increased $236 million (3.9%) in the first six months of 2025 compared to 2024. The loss ratio decreased 1.8 percentage points in the second quarter and increased 6.0 percentage points in the first six months of 2025 compared to 2024. Losses incurred from the Southern California wildfires were approximately $760 million in the first six months of 2025. In the first six months, estimated ultimate liabilities for losses occurring in prior accident years were reduced $506 million in 2025 and $734 million in 2024, mostly attributable to lower-than-expected property losses.

Underwriting expenses decreased $153 million (10.5%) in the second quarter and $19 million (0.7%) in the first six months of 2025 compared to 2024. The expense ratio decreased 0.5 percentage points in the second quarter and increased 1.6 percentage points in the first six months of 2025 compared to 2024. Underwriting expenses included foreign currency exchange losses from the remeasurement of certain non-U.S. Dollar denominated liabilities of $58 million in the second quarter and $200 million in the first six months of 2025 and gains of $25 million in the second quarter and $51 million in the first six months of 2024. Otherwise, underwriting expenses in 2025 declined 15.9% in the second quarter and 9.2% in the first six months from 2024, primarily attributable to lower premiums earned and business mix changes.

34

Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

Insurance—Underwriting

Berkshire Hathaway Reinsurance Group

Life/health

A summary of our life/health reinsurance underwriting results follows (dollars in millions).

Premiums earned increased $126 million (10.3%) in the second quarter and $137 million (5.6%) in the first six months of 2025, primarily due to increases in non-U.S. markets. Pre-tax underwriting earnings in 2025 declined $21 million in the second quarter and $59 million in the first six months compared to 2024. The year-to-date decline reflected the impact of U.S. life contract commutation gains of approximately $50 million in 2024.

Retroactive reinsurance

We have not written any significant retroactive reinsurance contracts in recent years. Pre-tax underwriting results derive from changes in the ultimate claim liability estimates and changes in the related deferred charge assets, as well as from foreign currency exchange gains and losses attributable to non-U.S. Dollar denominated reinsurance contracts. Changes in foreign currency exchange rates produced losses of $88 million in the second quarter and $128 million in the first six months of 2025 compared to losses of $26 million in the second quarter and gains of $19 million in the first six months of 2024. Pre-tax underwriting losses before foreign currency exchange gains/losses were $349 million in the first six months of 2025 compared to $327 million in 2024.

Unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses for retroactive reinsurance contracts declined $710 million in the first six months of 2025 to $31.7 billion at June 30, 2025, primarily due to loss payments, partially offset by foreign currency effects. Deferred charge assets on retroactive reinsurance contracts declined $323 million in the first six months of 2025 to $8.5 billion at June 30, 2025. Deferred charge balances will be charged to earnings over the expected remaining claims settlement periods.

Periodic payment annuity

Premium rates for new periodic payment annuity business continue to be at unacceptable levels. We have not written any new business since 2022.

Pre-tax underwriting losses from periodic payment annuity contracts in each period included the accretion of discounted liabilities, including liabilities for contracts without life contingencies, as well as foreign currency exchange gains and losses on non-U.S. Dollar denominated contracts. Changes in foreign currency exchange rates produced losses of $87 million in the second quarter and $136 million in the first six months of 2025 compared to losses of $13 million in the second quarter and $15 million in the first six months of 2024. Pre-tax underwriting losses before foreign currency effects were $276 million in the first six months of 2025 compared to $299 million in 2024. Periodic payment annuity liabilities were $14.4 billion at June 30, 2025, which included liabilities of $4.0 billion for contracts without life contingencies, as well as the effects of discount rate changes recorded in accumulated other comprehensive income.

Variable annuity

Our variable annuity guarantee reinsurance contracts produced pre-tax losses of $3 million in the first six months of 2025 compared to earnings of $105 million in 2024. Earnings are affected by changes in securities markets, interest rates and foreign currency exchange rates. These contracts have been in run-off for many years.

35

Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

Insurance—Investment Income

A summary of net investment income attributable to our insurance operations follows (dollars in millions).

Interest and other investment income decreased $75 million (2.9%) in the second quarter and increased $513 million (11.3%) in the first six months of 2025 compared to 2024. The decrease in the second quarter was primarily attributable to the impact of dividends paid by insurance subsidiaries to Berkshire in the fourth quarter of 2024 and lower interest rates. The subsequent income earned on the cash and investments distributed to Berkshire are included in other earnings shown on pages 31 and 45. The increase in the first six months reflected higher average investment balances. We continue to believe that maintaining ample liquidity is paramount and we insist on safety over yield with respect to short-term investments.

Dividend income was relatively unchanged in the second quarter and declined $169 million (6.3%) in the first six months of 2025 compared to 2024. The year-to-date decline was primarily due to the impact of net dispositions of equity securities, partially offset by higher dividend rates on certain of our holdings. Dividend income also varies from period to period due to changes in the investment portfolio and the frequency and timing of dividends from certain investees.

Invested assets of our insurance businesses derive from shareholder capital and net liabilities assumed under insurance contracts or “float.” The major components of float are unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses, including liabilities under retroactive reinsurance contracts, life, annuity and health benefit liabilities, unearned premiums and certain other liabilities, which are reduced by insurance premiums receivable, reinsurance receivables, deferred charges assumed under retroactive reinsurance contracts and deferred policy acquisition costs. The effect of discount rate changes on long-duration insurance contracts, recorded in accumulated other comprehensive income, are excluded from float, as such amounts are not included in earnings in the Consolidated Statements of Earnings.

Float was approximately $174 billion at June 30, 2025 and $171 billion at December 31, 2024. The cost of float is measured as the ratio of pre-tax underwriting earnings to float balances. Our combined insurance operations generated pre-tax underwriting gains in the first six months of 2025 and 2024. Therefore, the average cost of float was negative in each period.

A summary of cash and investments held in our insurance businesses follows (in millions).

Fixed maturity investments as of June 30, 2025 follows (in millions).

U.S. government obligations are rated AA+ or Aa1 by the major rating agencies. Approximately 93% of our foreign government investments were rated AA or higher by at least one of the major rating agencies. Foreign government securities are issued or unconditionally guaranteed by national or provincial government entities.

36

Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

BNSF

Burlington Northern Santa Fe, LLC (“BNSF”) operates one of the largest railroad systems in North America, with over 32,500 route miles of track in 28 states. BNSF also operates in three Canadian provinces. BNSF classifies its major business groups by type of product shipped, including consumer products, agricultural and energy products, industrial products and coal. A summary of BNSF’s earnings follows (dollars in millions).

A summary of BNSF’s railroad freight volumes by business group follows (cars/units in thousands).

Railroad operating revenues increased slightly in both the second quarter and the first six months of 2025 compared to 2024. Car/unit volumes increased 1.4% and 2.7% in the second quarter and the first six months of 2025, respectively, compared to the same periods in 2024. Average revenue per car/unit declined 1.4% in the second quarter and 2.6% in the first six months of 2025 versus 2024, resulting from lower fuel surcharge revenue and unfavorable business mix, partially offset by core pricing gains. Pre-tax earnings increased 11.5% in the second quarter and 8.6% in the first six months of 2025 compared to 2024, attributable to lower operating expenses.

Operating revenues from consumer products were $2.0 billion in the second quarter and $4.0 billion in the first six months of 2025, decreases of 7.1% and 2.1%, respectively, from 2024. The revenue decreases were attributable to lower average revenue per car/unit, partially offset by slightly higher volumes in the second quarter and 4.5% higher volumes in the first six months of 2025 compared to 2024. The volume increases were primarily due to higher intermodal shipments from higher West Coast imports and an increase in automotive vehicle volume.

Operating revenues from industrial products were $1.3 billion in the second quarter and $2.5 billion in the first six months of 2025, decreases of 0.8% and 2.0%, respectively, from 2024. The revenue declines were attributable to reductions in volumes of 3.6% in the second quarter and 4.7% in the first six months of 2025 compared to 2024, partially offset by higher average revenue per car/unit. The volume declines were primarily due to lower construction and petroleum products shipments.

Operating revenues from agricultural and energy products were $1.6 billion in the second quarter and $3.2 billion in the first six months of 2025, increases of 3.5% and 2.2%, respectively, compared to 2024. The revenue increases were attributable to higher average revenue per car/unit and slightly higher volumes in both periods. The volume increases were primarily due to slightly higher grain exports, partially offset by lower domestic grain, feed and renewable fuel volumes.

Operating revenues from coal were $716 million in the second quarter and $1.5 billion in the first six months of 2025, increases of 17.8% and 5.6%, respectively, from 2024. The second quarter revenue increase was attributable to higher volumes of 13.7% and higher average revenue per car/unit. The revenue increase in the first six months of 2025 was primarily due to higher volumes of 7.3%, partially offset by lower average revenue per car/unit. The volume increases were primarily attributable to the competitive effects of higher natural gas prices.

37

Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

BNSF

Railroad operating expenses declined $184 million (4.7%) in the second quarter and $250 million (3.2%) in the first six months of 2025 compared to 2024. Compensation and benefits expenses increased $51 million (3.9%) in the second quarter and $26 million (1.0%) in the first six months of 2025 compared to 2024. The increases were primarily due to wage inflation, partially offset by improved employee productivity. Fuel expenses declined $124 million (15.1%) in the second quarter and $208 million (12.4%) in the first six months of 2025 compared to 2024, reflecting lower average fuel prices, partially offset by higher volumes. Other railroad operating expenses declined $111 million (6.3%) in the second quarter and $68 million (2.0%) in the first six months of 2025 compared to 2024. The declines were primarily due to litigation accruals in the second quarter of 2024 and ongoing cost management efforts.

Income tax expense declined $52 million (13.2%) in the second quarter and $39 million (5.1%) in the first six months of 2025 compared to 2024, primarily due to lower deferred state income tax expenses arising from reductions in enacted rates during the second quarter of 2025.

BHE

Berkshire Hathaway Energy Company (“BHE”) is a holding company with subsidiaries that primarily operate within the energy industry. BHE’s domestic regulated utility interests include PacifiCorp, MidAmerican Energy Company (“MEC”) and NV Energy. BHE’s natural gas pipelines consist of five domestic regulated interstate natural gas pipeline systems and a 75% interest in a liquefied natural gas export, import and storage facility (“Cove Point”). Other energy subsidiaries operate two regulated electricity distribution businesses in Great Britain (“Northern Powergrid”), a regulated electricity transmission-only business in Alberta, Canada, and a diversified portfolio of mostly renewable independent power projects and investments. Another BHE subsidiary, HomeServices of America, Inc. (“HomeServices”), operates a residential real estate brokerage business and a large network of real estate brokerage franchises in the United States.

The rates BHE’s regulated utility and energy businesses charge customers for energy and services are largely based on the costs of business operations, including income taxes and a return on capital, and are subject to regulatory approval. To the extent such costs are not allowed in the approved rates, operating results will be adversely affected. A summary of BHE’s net earnings follows (dollars in millions).

BHE’s income tax benefit and net earnings include significant production tax credits primarily from wind-powered electricity generation. On July 4, 2025, the One Big Beautiful Bill Act (the “OBBBA”) was enacted, introducing substantial revisions to federal energy-related tax policy. Among its provisions, the OBBBA accelerates the phase-out of clean electricity production and investment tax credits and establishes new sourcing requirements applicable to facilities commencing construction after December 31, 2025.

38

Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

BHE

We are currently evaluating the potential implications of the OBBBA on BHE’s financial results and capital expenditures related to renewable energy, storage and technology neutral projects, including the potential impact on the economics and viability of such projects. These evaluations may be further affected by broader macroeconomic and geopolitical conditions, including changes in international trade policies and tariff regimes. Due to the inherent uncertainties involved, we are unable to estimate the impact on BHE’s energy business at this time.

The discussion of BHE’s operating results that follows is based on after-tax earnings, reflecting how the energy businesses are managed and evaluated. A summary of net earnings attributable to BHE follows (dollars in millions).

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• Not meaningful.

The U.S. utilities operate independently in several states, including Utah, Oregon, Wyoming and other Western states (PacifiCorp), Iowa and Illinois (MEC) and Nevada (NV Energy). Net earnings increased $167 million (62.5%) in the second quarter and $219 million (34.1%) in the first six months of 2025 compared to 2024. Pre-tax Wildfire loss accruals, net of expected insurance recoveries, at PacifiCorp were $251 million in the second quarter of 2024. See Note 22 to the accompanying Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information on the Wildfires. Otherwise, net earnings of the U.S. utilities in the second quarter and the first six months of 2025 reflected comparative increases in electric utility margin, partially offset by an increase in energy operating expenses and lower other income.

The U.S. utilities’ electric utility margin was $2.1 billion in the second quarter and $4.0 billion in the first six months of 2025, increases of $205 million (10.8%) and $430 million (11.9%), respectively, compared to 2024. The increases reflected higher retail customer rates in certain territories, higher retail customer volumes and higher wholesale prices and volumes, partially offset by higher energy costs. Retail customer volumes increased 3.3% overall (up 9.0% at MEC, 2.0% at PacifiCorp and 0.3% at NV Energy) in the first six months of 2025 compared to 2024, primarily due to higher customer usage, an increase in the average number of customers and an overall favorable impact of weather. The increase in energy operating expenses was primarily due to higher depreciation and amortization expense, insurance expenses and general and plant maintenance costs.

Net earnings of natural gas pipelines declined $51 million in the second quarter and $62 million in the first six months of 2025 compared to 2024. The decreases in earnings reflected higher interest expense, largely due to debt issued in January 2025 and debt refinancings in the fourth quarter of 2024 at higher interest rates, decreased margin on gas sales and lower other income, partially offset by higher transportation and storage revenues.

Net earnings of other energy businesses decreased $76 million in the second quarter and $11 million in the first six months of 2025 compared to 2024. The decreases were primarily due to lower earnings at Northern Powergrid, from lower distribution revenue in the second quarter of 2025 due to lower tariffs from inflation adjustments and deferred income tax charges related to the March 2025 enactment of a change in the Energy Profits Levy income tax in the United Kingdom, partially offset by favorable income tax expense from higher utilization of tax losses from upstream gas exploration and production activities.

Net earnings of real estate brokerage increased by $2 million in the second quarter and $146 million in the first six months of 2025 compared to 2024, primarily attributable to charges in 2024 with respect to the ongoing real estate industry litigation matters. In April 2024, HomeServices agreed to terms with the plaintiffs to settle all claims asserted against HomeServices and certain of its subsidiaries and effectuated a nationwide class settlement. See Note 22 to the accompanying Consolidated Financial Statements. The real estate brokerage business continues to be negatively impacted by the limited availability of homes for sale and high home prices.

Corporate interest and other after-tax earnings include BHE corporate interest expense and unallocated corporate and income tax expenses. Additionally, noncontrolling interests and preferred stock dividends include earnings attributable to non-Berkshire owners of BHE common stock and dividends on preferred stock held by other Berkshire subsidiaries. All remaining noncontrolling interests in BHE common stock were acquired in the second half of 2024 and the preferred stock was redeemed in the first quarter of 2025.

39

Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

Manufacturing, Service and Retailing

A summary of revenues and earnings of our manufacturing, service and retailing businesses follows (dollars in millions).

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• Excludes certain acquisition accounting expenses, which primarily relate to the amortization of intangible assets recorded in connection with certain of our business acquisitions. The after-tax acquisition accounting expenses excluded from earnings were $124 million in second quarter and $248 million in the first six months of 2025 and $137 million in the second quarter and $262 million in the first six months of 2024. These expenses are included in “Other” in the summary of earnings on page 31 and in the “Other” earnings table on page 45.

Manufacturing

Our manufacturing group consists of a variety of industrial, building and consumer products businesses. A summary of revenues and pre-tax earnings of these operations follows (dollars in millions).

40

Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

Manufacturing, Service and Retailing

Industrial products

The industrial products group includes metal products for aerospace, power and general industrial markets (Precision Castparts Corp. (“PCC”)), specialty chemicals (The Lubrizol Corporation (“Lubrizol”)), metal cutting tools/systems (IMC International Metalworking Companies (“IMC”)), and Marmon, which consists of more than 100 autonomous manufacturing and service businesses, internally aggregated into twelve groups, and includes equipment leasing for the rail, intermodal tank container and mobile crane industries. The industrial products group also includes equipment and systems for the livestock and agricultural industries (CTB International), a leader in drag reducing agents for pipelines (LiquidPower Specialty Products) and a structural steel fabrication products business (W&W|AFCO).

Revenues of the industrial products group were $9.5 billion in the second quarter and $18.6 billion in the first six months of 2025, increases of $270 million (2.9%) and $444 million (2.4%), respectively, compared to the same periods in 2024. Pre-tax earnings increased $164 million (9.9%) in the second quarter and $188 million (5.8%) in the first six months of 2025 compared to 2024. Pre-tax earnings as a percentage of revenues for the group were 18.3% for the first six months of 2025, an increase of 0.6 percentage points compared to 2024.

PCC’s revenues were $2.7 billion in the second quarter and $5.4 billion in the first six months of 2025, increases of 1.6% in the second quarter and 5.1% in the first six months compared to 2024. The increases reflected higher volumes and prices for aerospace products, partially offset by lower sales of power and general industrial products. PCC’s pre-tax earnings increased 37.0% in the second quarter and 38.7% in the first six months of 2025 compared to 2024. The earnings increases reflected aerospace sales increases and improved manufacturing and operating efficiencies. Earnings in the second quarter of 2025 included insurance recoveries associated with a fire at a fasteners facility that occurred in the first quarter of 2025, which mitigated the impact on earnings for the first six months of 2025.

Lubrizol’s revenues were $1.6 billion in the second quarter and $3.2 billion in the first six months of 2025, decreases of 4.9% and 4.8%, respectively, compared to the same periods in 2024. The declines were attributable to lower volumes and selling prices, partially offset by favorable product mix. Lubrizol’s pre-tax earnings declined 11.6% in the second quarter and 18.7% in the first six months of 2025 compared to 2024. The declines were primarily due to lower volumes and selling prices, higher manufacturing costs, as well as restructuring charges in the first quarter of 2025, partially offset by lower raw material costs and selling, general and administrative expenses.

Marmon’s revenues were $3.4 billion in the second quarter and $6.5 billion in the first six months of 2025, increases of 5.8% in the second quarter and 4.6% in the first six months compared to 2024. Seven of the twelve business groups generated higher revenues in the first six months of 2025. Rail & Leasing group revenues increased 14.3%, attributable to higher average lease rates and higher repair and sales volumes. Additionally, revenues in the first six months of 2025 increased in the Water Technologies (11.4%) and Transportation Products (3.9%) groups, primarily due to volume increases. Revenues increased in the Electrical group (4.0%), primarily due to copper price increases, and in the Plumbing & Refrigeration group (9.3%), attributable to volume and copper price increases. The largest revenue declines in the first six months of 2025 were experienced by the Metal Services (10.3%), Retail Solutions (9.9%) and Crane Services (11.4%) groups, reflecting a combination of reduced volumes and lower metals prices in Metal Services.

Marmon’s pre-tax earnings increased 6.9% in the second quarter and 2.3% in the first six months of 2025 compared to 2024, primarily due to reductions of liabilities accrued in connection with a prior business acquisition. Otherwise, operating results among the twelve business groups were mixed in each period. Earnings increases were generated in the Water Technologies, Plumbing & Refrigeration and Transportation Products groups, primarily attributable to a combination of increased volumes, business mix changes and cost management initiatives. Lower earnings were generated by the Electrical group due to lower margins in the building wire business and low demand in the utilities market. Additionally, earnings declined in the Metal Services group due to lower revenues. Rail & Leasing group earnings declined as increased maintenance costs on tank cars requiring regulatory inspection and maintenance procedures and reduced gains from asset sales more than offset the impact of the increases in revenues.

IMC’s revenues were $1.0 billion in the second quarter and $2.0 billion in the first six months of 2025, relatively unchanged compared to 2024. Revenues in 2025 increased due to the impact of business acquisitions, which were substantially offset by lower organic sales attributable to sluggish customer demand across all major regions and lower investment income. The decline in organic sales was attributable to weaker general economic conditions and ongoing geopolitical tensions. IMC’s pre-tax earnings declined 12.0% in the second quarter and 15.5% in the first six months of 2025 compared to 2024. The declines were primarily attributable to lower gross margin rates from higher raw materials costs and unfavorable manufacturing variances, increased selling, general and administrative expenses and lower investment and other income. IMC operates globally and a large portion of its products are manufactured in Israel. IMC’s operations in Israel have not been significantly impacted by the conflicts in the region.

41

Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

Manufacturing, Service and Retailing

Building products

The building products group includes manufactured and site-built home construction and related lending and financial services (Clayton Homes), flooring (Shaw), insulation, roofing and engineered products (Johns Manville), bricks and masonry products (Acme Brick Company), paint and coatings (Benjamin Moore) and residential and commercial construction and engineering products and systems (MiTek).

Revenues of the building products group increased $48 million (0.7%) in the second quarter and $127 million (1.0%) in the first six months of 2025 compared to 2024. Pre-tax earnings of the group declined $41 million (3.8%) in the second quarter and $158 million (7.6%) in the first six months of 2025 compared to 2024. Our building products businesses are experiencing slowing customer demand and pricing pressures, attributable to prevailing general economic conditions and housing markets.

Clayton Homes’ revenues increased 5.2% to $3.3 billion in the second quarter and 6.2% to $6.2 billion in the first six months of 2025 compared to 2024. Revenues from home sales increased $130 million (2.9%) in the first six months of 2025, reflecting a 2.5% increase in new home unit sales, higher average selling prices and changes in sales mix. Financial services revenues increased 14.4% in the first six months of 2025 compared to 2024, primarily due to increased interest income from higher average loan balances and average interest rates. Loan balances, net of allowances for credit losses, were approximately $28.3 billion as of June 30, 2025, an increase of 11.4% since June 30, 2024. Loan portfolio balances are largely funded by borrowings from Berkshire finance affiliates.

Pre-tax earnings of Clayton Homes declined $12 million (2.5%) in the second quarter and $35 million (3.7%) in the first six months of 2025 compared to 2024, primarily attributable to lower earnings from financial services. The declines in financial services earnings were primarily due to increases in interest expense on borrowings from Berkshire finance affiliates, which more than offset the increases in interest income, as well as higher credit loss provisions attributable to the increases in loan balances and expected loss frequency and severity estimates. Interest expense increased $205 million in the first six months of 2025 versus 2024, as borrowings from affiliates of $25.0 billion at June 30, 2025 increased $6.5 billion since June 30, 2024. The corresponding interest income on such borrowings is included in the “Other” earnings section on page 45.

Other building products businesses revenues declined $115 million (3.0%) in the second quarter and $237 million (3.3%) in the first six months of 2025 compared to the prior year periods. The declines generally reflected lower unit volumes, pricing pressures and the impact of a divesture in 2025. Pre-tax earnings of our other building products businesses declined $30 million (5.1%) in the second quarter and $123 million (10.8%) in the first six months of 2025 compared to 2024. Earnings as a percentage of revenues in the first six months of 2025 declined 1.2 percentage points versus 2024. The earnings declines were primarily attributable to overall lower sales and average gross margin rates, partially offset by lower restructuring and legal expenses compared to 2024.

Consumer products

The consumer products group includes leisure vehicles (Forest River), several apparel and footwear operations (including Fruit of the Loom, Garan, H.H. Brown Shoe Group and Brooks Sports) and a manufacturer of high-performance alkaline batteries (Duracell). This group also includes a global toy company (Jazwares), jewelry products (Richline) and custom picture framing products (Larson-Juhl).

Consumer products group revenues declined $189 million (5.1%) in the second quarter and $205 million (2.8%) in the first six months of 2025 compared to 2024. Revenues at most of our businesses declined in 2025 compared to 2024. Year-to-date revenues declined at Fruit of the Loom (11.7%), Garan (10.1%) and Jazwares (38.5%), primarily attributable to lower volumes, including the impacts of business restructurings and uncertainties arising from international trade policies and tariffs, which produced delays in orders and shipments, particularly in the second quarter. Forest River revenues declined 4.8% in the second quarter and were relatively unchanged in the first six months of 2025 versus 2024, reflecting lower volumes and changes in business mix. Brooks Sports revenues increased 18.4% in the second quarter and 16.8% in the first six months of 2025 compared to 2024, primarily due to increased unit sales and changes in business mix.

Pre-tax earnings of our consumer products group declined $5 million (1.3%) in the second quarter and $110 million (14.9%) in the first six months of 2025 compared to 2024. The earnings decline in the first six months of 2025 was primarily attributable to lower earnings from Jazwares, Forest River, Duracell and Garan, due to generally lower sales volumes and gross sales margins and higher selling, general and administrative expenses as percentages of revenues. These declines were partially offset by higher earnings from Brooks Sports and Fruit of the Loom, attributable to a combination of increased gross margins at each business, as well as lower selling, general and administrative expenses at Fruit of the Loom.

42

Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

Manufacturing, Service and Retailing

Service and retailing

A summary of revenues and pre-tax earnings of our service and retailing businesses follows (dollars in millions).

Service

Our service group businesses include NetJets and FlightSafety (aviation services), which offer shared ownership programs for general aviation aircraft and high technology training products and services to operators of aircraft, and TTI, a distributor of electronics components. Our other service businesses franchise and service a network of quick service restaurants (Dairy Queen), lease transportation equipment (XTRA) and furniture (CORT), provide third party logistics services that primarily serve the petroleum and chemical industries (Charter Brokerage), distribute electronic news, multimedia and regulatory filings (Business Wire), provide various facilities construction management services (IPS-Integrated Project Services, LLC (IPS)) and operate a television station in Miami, Florida (WPLG). McLane, which we view as a service business, is addressed separately, since it is deemed a separate segment for financial reporting purposes.

Service group revenues increased $466 million (8.9%) in the second quarter and $808 million (7.8%) in the first six months of 2025 compared to 2024. The revenue increases in each period were primarily attributable to higher revenues from aviation services (9.6% year-to-date), IPS (21.1% year-to-date) and TTI (4.8% year-to-date). The revenue increases from aviation services reflected increases in the number of aircraft in shared aircraft ownership programs and in-flight hours across NetJets’ various programs and higher average rates. The increases at TTI reflected higher customer demand in certain geographic regions in the second quarter. The increases at IPS were attributable to revenues from life sciences design and construction and other construction consulting services.

Service group pre-tax earnings increased $96 million (15.2%) in the second quarter and $153 million (12.5%) in the first six months of 2025 compared to 2024, primarily attributable to increases from aviation services, TTI, the leasing businesses and Charter Brokerage. Pre-tax earnings as a percentage of revenues rose 0.5 percentage points in the first six months of 2025 compared to 2024. The earnings increases from aviation services were primarily attributable to increased revenues, partially offset by higher flight crew costs and higher maintenance, fuel and depreciation expenses. TTI’s earnings increases reflected increases in gross sales margins and lower selling general and administrative expenses, including foreign currency exchange gains in 2025.

McLane Company

McLane Company, Inc. (“McLane”) operates a wholesale distribution business that provides grocery and non-food consumer products to retailers and convenience stores (“retail”) and to restaurants (“restaurant”). McLane also operates businesses that are wholesale distributors of distilled spirits, wine and beer (“beverage”). The retail and restaurant businesses generate high sales and very low profit margins and operate in a highly competitive environment. These businesses have several significant customers and a reduction in purchasing by any of these customers could have an adverse impact on McLane’s revenues and earnings.

43

Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

Manufacturing, Service and Retailing

McLane’s revenues increased 1.1% in the second quarter and were relatively unchanged in the first six months of 2025 compared to 2024. Sales in 2025 generally reflected higher prices due to inventory cost inflation, and lower unit volumes year-to-date, although volume trends improved in the second quarter. Pre-tax earnings increased $34 million (23.9%) in the second quarter and $50 million (16.3%) in the first six months of 2025 compared to 2024, reflecting an increase in the overall gross sales margin rate, partially offset by higher selling, general and administrative expenses.

Retailing

Our retailing businesses include Berkshire Hathaway Automotive, Inc. (“BHA”), which consists of over 80 auto dealerships that sell new and pre-owned automobiles and offer repair services and related products. BHA also offers and insures vehicle service contracts and related insurance products. Our retailing businesses also include four home furnishings businesses (Nebraska Furniture Mart, R.C. Willey, Star Furniture and Jordan’s), which sell furniture, appliances, flooring and electronics. Other retailing businesses include three jewelry businesses (Borsheims, Helzberg and Ben Bridge), See’s Candies (confectionery products), Pampered Chef (high quality kitchen tools), Oriental Trading Company (party supplies, school supplies and toys and novelties) and Detlev Louis Motorrad (“Louis”), a retailer of motorcycle accessories based in Germany. Pilot Travel Centers (“Pilot”), which is primarily a retail business, is addressed separately since it is deemed a separate segment for financial reporting purposes.

Retailing group aggregate revenues increased 5.8% in the second quarter and 4.0% in the first six months of 2025 compared to 2024. BHA’s revenues, which represented about 70% of our retailing group’s revenues in 2025, increased 7.1% in the second quarter and 6.1% in the first six months of 2025 as compared to 2024. The increases reflected higher new and pre-owned vehicle sales revenues, primarily due to increased units sold, higher average prices and changes in sales mix. BHA’s finance and insurance revenues increased 8.2% in the first six months of 2025, while service revenues increased 3.5% compared to 2024, primarily attributable to increased transaction volumes. Revenues of the other retailing businesses increased 2.9% in the second quarter and declined 1.1% in the first six months of 2025 versus 2024. Several of our other retailing businesses experienced sluggish customer demand in the first six months of 2025, attributable to a combination of increased competition and the impacts of higher economic uncertainty and changes in consumer confidence.

Retailing group pre-tax earnings increased $40 million (11.9%) in the second quarter and $16 million (2.5%) in the first six months of 2025 compared to 2024. BHA’s pre-tax earnings increased 8.0% in the second quarter and 4.2% in the first six months of 2025 compared to 2024, attributable to earnings increases from parts/service/repair and finance/service contract operations, partly offset by lower gross sales margins and higher selling, general and administrative expenses. Aggregate pre-tax earnings for the remainder of our retailing group increased $20 million (23.9%) in the second quarter and declined $4 million (2.8%) in the first six months of 2025 compared to 2024. The increase in the second quarter was primarily due to higher earnings from Nebraska Furniture Mart and seasonality effects at See’s Candies.

Pilot Travel Centers

Pilot operates travel centers, primarily under the names Pilot or Flying J, and fuel-only retail locations. Pilot also operates large wholesale fuel and fuel marketing platforms in the U.S. We acquired the remaining 20% noncontrolling interest in Pilot on January 16, 2024.

Pilot’s revenues declined $2.9 billion (22.2%) in the second quarter and $5.0 billion (19.5%) in the first six months of 2025 compared to 2024. The declines were primarily attributable to significantly lower volumes from bulk fuel sales and fuel trading activities, as well as lower average fuel prices, partially offset by increased retail fuel volumes.

Pilot’s pre-tax earnings declined $80 million (40.2%) in the second quarter and increased $18 million (6.7%) in the first six months of 2025 compared to 2024. Earnings in 2025 were negatively impacted by lower gross sales margins and higher selling general and administrative expenses and were favorably affected by lower interest expense and gains from asset dispositions in the first quarter. The increases in selling, general and administrative expenses were primarily due to higher employee compensation and benefits, insurance and maintenance costs. The declines in interest expense were attributable to reduced borrowing levels and lower rates. Pilot’s borrowings are currently from certain Berkshire insurance subsidiaries and approximate $3.9 billion at June 30, 2025, reflecting repayments of $1.6 billion since June 30, 2024.

44

Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

Investment Gains (Losses)

A summary of investment gains (losses) follows (dollars in millions).

Unrealized gains and losses arising from changes in market prices of our investments in equity securities are included in our reported earnings, which significantly increases the volatility of our periodic net earnings due to the magnitude of our equity securities portfolio and the inherent volatility of equity securities prices. Unrealized gains and losses on our investments in equity securities also include the effects of changes in foreign currency exchange rates on investments in equity securities of non-U.S. issuers that are held by our U.S.-based subsidiaries.

Pre-tax investment gains and losses included unrealized gains of $7.6 billion in the second quarter and $1.2 billion in the first six months of 2025 and unrealized gains of $17.3 billion in the second quarter and $29.7 billion in the first six months of 2024, attributable to changes during the period in market prices on equity securities we held at the end of each period. Taxable investment gains and losses on equity securities sold, which is generally the difference between sales proceeds and the original cost basis of the securities sold, were gains of $5.3 billion in the second quarter and $8.4 billion in the first six months of 2025 compared to gains of $59.6 billion in the second quarter and $73.7 billion in the first six months of 2024.

We believe that investment gains and losses, whether realized from sales or unrealized from changes in market prices, are often meaningless in terms of understanding our reported consolidated earnings or evaluating our periodic economic performance. We also continue to believe the investment gains and losses recorded in earnings in any given period has little analytical or predictive value.

Other

A summary of after-tax other earnings (losses) follows (in millions).

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• Excludes other-than-temporary impairment charge of $3.76 billion related to Berkshire’s investment in Kraft Heinz. See Note 5 to the Consolidated Financial Statements.

Investment income includes corporate interest income and dividend income not allocated to operating businesses. After-tax investment income increased $545 million in the second quarter and $1.1 billion in the first six months of 2025 compared to 2024, primarily due to increased investments in U.S. Treasury Bills, which derived largely from subsidiary dividends.

Foreign currency exchange rate gains and losses on Berkshire’s and BHFC’s senior notes represent the effects of changes in foreign currency exchange rates recognized in earnings from the periodic revaluation of non-U.S. Dollar denominated senior note liabilities into U.S. Dollars. The gains and losses recorded in any given period can be significant due to the magnitude of the borrowings and the inherent volatility in foreign currency exchange rates.

Equity method earnings include our proportionate share of earnings of Kraft Heinz, Occidental and Berkadia. Occidental generated lower equity method earnings in the first six months of 2025 compared to 2024. Additionally, during the second quarter of 2025, we began recording our share of Kraft Heinz’s earnings on a one-quarter lag.

Acquisition accounting expenses include charges arising from the application of the acquisition method in connection with certain of Berkshire’s past business acquisitions. These charges are primarily from the amortization of intangible assets recorded in connection with those acquisitions. Other earnings and losses primarily include unallocated general and administrative expenses, interest expense, income tax expense and interest income on certain intercompany loans.

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Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

Financial Condition

Our Consolidated Balance Sheet continues to reflect significant liquidity and a very strong capital base. Berkshire’s shareholders’ equity at June 30, 2025 was $668 billion, an increase of $18.6 billion since December 31, 2024. Net earnings attributable to Berkshire shareholders were $17 billion for the first six months of 2025. Investment gains and losses from changes in the market prices of our investments in equity securities usually produce significant volatility in our earnings.

Berkshire’s common stock repurchase program permits Berkshire to repurchase its Class A and Class B shares at prices below Berkshire’s intrinsic value, as conservatively determined by Warren Buffett, Berkshire’s Chairman of the Board and Chief Executive Officer. We are not committed to a minimum or subject to a maximum repurchase amount. We will not repurchase our stock if it reduces our consolidated cash, cash equivalents and U.S. Treasury Bills holdings to below $30 billion. Financial strength and redundant liquidity will always be of paramount importance at Berkshire. There were no share repurchases in the first six months of 2025.

At June 30, 2025, our insurance and other businesses held cash, cash equivalents and U.S. Treasury Bills of $339.8 billion. Investments in equity and fixed maturity securities, excluding our equity method investments, were $283.0 billion.

Our consolidated borrowings at June 30, 2025 were $127 billion, predominantly issued by Berkshire and BHFC, or by BNSF and BHE and its subsidiaries. Berkshire’s outstanding debt at June 30, 2025 was $21.9 billion, an increase of $770 million since December 31, 2024. In the first six months of 2025, Berkshire repaid approximately $1.6 billion of maturing debt. In April 2025, Berkshire issued ¥90 billion ($632 million) of senior notes with maturity dates ranging from 2028 to 2055 and a weighted average interest rate of 1.637%. Additionally, the carrying value of Berkshire’s non-U.S. Dollar denominated debt increased $1.7 billion in the first six months of 2025 due to foreign currency exchange rate losses. At the end of July 2025, Berkshire issued ¥151.5 billion ($1.0 billion) of senior notes maturing between 2030 and 2040 with a weighted average interest rate of 2.306%.

Senior note borrowings of BHFC, a wholly-owned financing subsidiary, were approximately $18.3 billion at June 30, 2025, an increase of $393 million from December 31, 2024. BHFC’s borrowings are used to fund a portion of loans originated and acquired by Clayton Homes and equipment held for lease by Marmon’s railcar leasing business. Berkshire guarantees BHFC’s senior notes for the full and timely payment of principal and interest.

BNSF’s outstanding debt was $23.9 billion as of June 30, 2025 an increase of $355 million since December 31, 2024. In the first six months of 2025, BNSF repaid term debt of approximately $530 million and in June 2025 issued $900 million of 5.8% debentures due in 2056. BHE’s aggregate borrowings were $58.1 billion at June 30, 2025, an increase of $1.75 billion from December 31, 2024. In the first six months of 2025, BHE subsidiaries issued approximately $2.7 billion of term debt, with a weighted average interest rate of 6.5% and maturity dates ranging from 2035 to 2055, and BHE and its subsidiaries repaid term debt of $2.0 billion and increased short-term borrowings by $564 million. Berkshire does not guarantee the repayment of debt issued by BNSF, BHE or any of their subsidiaries or affiliates.

In the first six months of 2025, our diverse group of businesses generated net operating cash flows of $21.0 billion. Our consolidated capital expenditures for property, plant and equipment and equipment held for lease were $9.1 billion in the first six months of 2025, which included capital expenditures by BNSF and BHE of $6.2 billion. BNSF and BHE maintain very large investments in capital assets (property, plant and equipment) and regularly make significant capital expenditures in the normal course of business. BHE and BNSF forecast capital expenditures of approximately $8.8 billion over the remainder of 2025.

Contractual Obligations

We are party to other contracts associated with ongoing business activities, which will result in cash payments to counterparties in future periods. Certain obligations are included in our Consolidated Balance Sheets, such as borrowings, operating lease liabilities and shared aircraft repurchase liabilities.

We are also obligated to pay claims arising from property and casualty contracts issued by our insurance subsidiaries, including amounts from retroactive reinsurance. However, the timing and amount of the payments under insurance and reinsurance contracts are contingent upon the outcome of future events. Actual payments will likely vary, perhaps materially, from any forecasted payments, as well as from the liabilities recorded in our Consolidated Balance Sheets. We anticipate that these payments will be funded by operating cash flows.

Other obligations pertaining to the acquisition of goods or services in the future, such as certain purchase obligations, are not currently reflected in the Consolidated Financial Statements and will be recognized in future periods as the goods are delivered or services are provided. Except as otherwise disclosed in this Quarterly Report, our contractual obligations as of June 30, 2025 were, in the aggregate, not materially different from those disclosed in “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” contained in Berkshire’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024.

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Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

Critical Accounting Estimates

Certain accounting policies require us to make estimates and judgments in determining the amounts reflected in our Consolidated Financial Statements. Such estimates and judgments necessarily involve varying and possibly significant degrees of uncertainty. Accordingly, certain amounts currently recorded in our Consolidated Financial Statements will likely be adjusted in the future based on new available information and changes in other facts and circumstances. Reference is made to “Critical Accounting Estimates” discussed in “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” included in Berkshire’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024.

Our Consolidated Balance Sheet as of June 30, 2025 included estimated liabilities for unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses from property and casualty insurance and reinsurance contracts of $150.5 billion. Due to the inherent uncertainties in the processes of establishing these liabilities, the actual ultimate claim amounts will likely differ from the currently recorded amounts. A very small percentage change in estimates of this magnitude can result in a material effect on periodic earnings. The effects from changes in these estimates are recorded as a component of insurance losses and loss adjustment expenses in the period of the change.

Our Consolidated Balance Sheet as of June 30, 2025 included goodwill of acquired businesses of $84.3 billion and indefinite-lived intangible assets of $18.9 billion. In connection with the annual goodwill impairment review conducted in the fourth quarter of 2024, our estimated fair values of seven reporting units did not exceed our carrying values by at least 20%, as disclosed in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024. Our estimated aggregate fair value of these units at that time was approximately $65.6 billion, which exceeded our aggregate carrying value of approximately $57.4 billion. Goodwill of these reporting units totaled approximately $18.6 billion.

Goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible asset impairment reviews include determining the estimated fair values of the reporting units and of the indefinite-lived intangible assets. Several methods and inputs may be used to estimate fair values, and significant judgments are required in making such estimates. Due to the inherent subjectivity and uncertainty in forecasting future cash flows and earnings over long periods of time, actual results may differ materially from the forecasts.

As of June 30, 2025, we concluded it was more likely than not that goodwill and other indefinite-lived intangible assets recorded in our Consolidated Balance Sheet were not impaired. However, the fair value estimates of the reporting units and assets are subject to change based on changes in market and economic conditions and events affecting our businesses, which we cannot reliably predict. It is reasonably possible that adverse changes in such conditions or events could result in the recognition of impairment losses in our Consolidated Financial Statements in the future.

Information concerning accounting pronouncements to be adopted in the future is included in Note 2 to the accompanying Consolidated Financial Statements.

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