American Financial Group AFG Form 10-Q filing Q2 FY2026

AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q

PART I

ITEM 1. — FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

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INDEX TO NOTES

A. Accounting Policies G. Goodwill and Other Intangibles

B. Segments of Operations H. Long-Term Debt

C. Fair Value Measurements I. Shareholders’ Equity

D. Investments J. Income Taxes

E. Derivatives K. Contingencies

F. Managed Investment Entities L. Insurance

A. Accounting Policies

Basis of Presentation The accompanying consolidated financial statements for American Financial Group, Inc. and its subsidiaries (“AFG”) are unaudited; however, management believes that all adjustments (consisting only of normal recurring accruals unless otherwise disclosed herein) necessary for fair presentation have been made. The results of operations for interim periods are not necessarily indicative of results to be expected for the year. The financial statements have been prepared in accordance with the instructions to Form 10-Q and, therefore, do not include all information and footnotes necessary to be in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”).

Certain reclassifications have been made to prior periods to conform to the current year’s presentation. All significant intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated. The results of operations of companies since their formation or acquisition are included in the consolidated financial statements. Events or transactions occurring subsequent to June 30, 2026, and prior to the filing of this Form 10-Q, have been evaluated for potential recognition or disclosure herein.

The preparation of the financial statements requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the financial statements and accompanying notes. Changes in circumstances could cause actual results to differ materially from those estimates.

Fair Value Measurements Accounting standards define fair value as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability (an exit price) in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date. The standards establish a hierarchy of valuation techniques based on whether the assumptions that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability (“inputs”) are observable or unobservable. Observable inputs reflect market data obtained from independent sources, while unobservable inputs reflect AFG’s assumptions about the assumptions market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability. AFG did not have any significant nonrecurring fair value measurements in the first six months of 2026.

Investments Fixed maturity securities classified as “available for sale” are reported at fair value with unrealized gains and losses included in accumulated other comprehensive income (“AOCI”) in AFG’s Balance Sheet. Fixed maturity securities classified as “trading” are reported at fair value with changes in unrealized holding gains or losses during the period included in net investment income. Mortgage loans (net of any allowance) are carried primarily at the aggregate unpaid balance.

Realized gains or losses on the disposal of fixed maturity securities are determined on the specific identification basis. Premiums and discounts on fixed maturity securities are amortized using the effective interest method. Structured securities subject to prepayment risk are amortized over a period based on estimated future principal payments, including prepayments. Prepayment assumptions are reviewed periodically and adjusted to reflect actual prepayments and changes in expectations.

Equity securities are reported at fair value with holding gains and losses generally recorded in realized gains (losses) on securities. However, AFG records holding gains and losses on certain securities classified at purchase as “fair value through net investment income” in net investment income.

Limited partnerships and similar investments are generally accounted for using the equity method of accounting. Under the equity method, AFG records its share of the earnings or losses of the investee based on when it is reported by the investee in its financial statements rather than in the period in which the investee declares a dividend. AFG’s share of the earnings or losses from equity method investments is generally recorded on a quarter lag due to the timing of the receipt

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of the investee’s financial statements. AFG’s equity in the earnings (losses) of limited partnerships and similar investments is included in net investment income.

Credit Losses on Fixed Maturity Investments When a decline in the value of an available for sale fixed maturity is considered to be other-than-temporary at the balance sheet date, an allowance for credit losses (impairment), including any write-off of accrued interest, is charged to earnings (included in realized gains (losses) on securities). If management can assert that it does not intend to sell the security and it is not more likely than not that it will have to sell it before recovery of its amortized cost basis, then the impairment is separated into two components: (i) the allowance related to credit losses (recorded in earnings) and (ii) the amount related to all other factors (recorded in other comprehensive income). The credit-related portion is measured by comparing a security’s amortized cost (net of any existing allowance) to the present value of its current expected cash flows discounted at its effective yield prior to the charge. The allowance is limited to the difference between a security’s amortized cost basis and its fair value. Subsequent increases or decreases in expected credit losses are recorded immediately in net earnings through realized gains (losses). If management intends to sell an impaired security, or it is more likely than not that it will be required to sell the security before recovery, an impairment is recorded in earnings to reduce the amortized cost of that security to fair value.

Credit Losses on Financial Instruments Measured at Amortized Cost Credit-related impairments for financial instruments measured at amortized cost (mortgage loans, premiums receivable and reinsurance recoverables) reflect estimated credit losses expected over the life of an exposure or pool of exposures. The estimate of expected credit losses considers historical information, current information, as well as reasonable and supportable forecasts, including estimates of prepayments. Expected credit losses, and subsequent increases or decreases in such expected losses, are recorded immediately through net earnings as an allowance that is deducted from the amortized cost basis of the financial asset, with the net carrying value of the financial asset presented on the balance sheet at the amount expected to be collected.

Derivatives Derivatives included in AFG’s Balance Sheet are recorded at fair value. Changes in fair value of derivatives are included in earnings unless the derivatives are designated and qualify as highly effective cash flow hedges. AFG’s derivatives that do not qualify for hedge accounting under GAAP consist primarily of components of certain fixed maturity securities (convertible fixed maturities and certain structured securities) and a total return swap related to its deferred compensation obligations to employees.

To qualify for hedge accounting, at the inception of a derivative contract, AFG formally documents the relationship between the terms of the hedge and the hedged items and its risk management objective. This documentation includes defining how hedge effectiveness is evaluated at the inception date and over the life of the derivative.

Changes in the fair value of derivatives that are designated and qualify as highly effective cash flow hedges are recorded in AOCI and are reclassified into earnings when the variability of the cash flows from the hedged items impacts earnings. When the change in the fair value of a qualifying cash flow hedge is included in earnings, it is included in the same line item in the statement of earnings as the cash flows from the hedged item. AFG uses interest rate swaps that are designated and qualify as highly effective cash flow hedges to mitigate interest rate risk related to certain floating-rate securities.

Goodwill Goodwill represents the excess of cost of subsidiaries over AFG’s equity in their underlying net assets at the date of acquisition. Goodwill is not amortized, but is subject to an impairment test at least annually. AFG performs a qualitative analysis to determine whether it is more likely than not that the reporting unit’s fair value exceeds its carrying amount. If it is not more likely, quantitative testing is not required.

Reinsurance Amounts recoverable from reinsurers are estimated in a manner consistent with the claim liability associated with the reinsured policies. AFG reports as assets (i) the estimated reinsurance recoverable on paid and unpaid losses, including an estimate for losses incurred but not reported, and (ii) amounts paid or due to reinsurers applicable to the unexpired terms of policies in force. Payable to reinsurers includes ceded premiums due to reinsurers, as well as ceded premiums retained by AFG under contracts to fund ceded losses as they become due. AFG also assumes reinsurance from other companies. Earnings on reinsurance assumed is recognized based on information received from ceding companies.

Deferred Policy Acquisition Costs (“DPAC”) Policy acquisition costs (principally commissions, premium taxes and certain underwriting and policy issuance costs) directly related to the successful acquisition or renewal of an insurance contract are deferred. DPAC is limited based upon recoverability without any consideration for anticipated investment income and is charged against income ratably over the terms of the related policies. A premium deficiency is

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recognized if the sum of expected claims costs, claims adjustment expenses and unamortized acquisition costs exceed the related unearned premiums. A premium deficiency is first recognized by charging any unamortized acquisition costs to expense to the extent required to eliminate the deficiency. If the premium deficiency is greater than unamortized acquisition costs, a liability is accrued for the excess deficiency and reported with unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses.

Managed Investment Entities A company is considered the primary beneficiary of, and therefore must consolidate, a variable interest entity (“VIE”) based primarily on its ability to direct the activities of the VIE that most significantly impact that entity’s economic performance and the obligation to absorb losses of, or receive benefits from, the entity that could potentially be significant to the VIE.

AFG manages, and has investments in, collateralized loan obligations (“CLOs”) that are VIEs (see Note F — “Managed Investment Entities”). AFG has determined that it is the primary beneficiary of these CLOs because (i) its role as asset manager gives it the power to direct the activities that most significantly impact the economic performance of the CLOs and (ii) through its investment in the CLO debt tranches, it has exposure to CLO losses (limited to the amount AFG invested) and the right to receive CLO benefits that could potentially be significant to the CLOs.

Because AFG has no right to use the CLO assets and no obligation to pay the CLO liabilities, the assets and liabilities of the CLOs are shown separately in AFG’s Balance Sheet. AFG has elected the fair value option for reporting on the CLO assets and liabilities to improve the transparency of financial reporting related to the CLOs. The net gain or loss from accounting for the CLO assets and liabilities at fair value is presented separately in AFG’s Statement of Earnings.

The fair values of a CLO’s assets may differ from the separately measured fair values of its liabilities even though the CLO liabilities only have recourse to the CLO assets. AFG has set the carrying value of the CLO liabilities equal to the fair value of the CLO assets (which have more observable fair values) as an alternative to reporting those liabilities at a separately measured fair value. CLO earnings attributable to AFG’s shareholders are measured by the change in the fair value of AFG’s investments in the CLOs and management fees earned.

At June 30, 2026, assets and liabilities of managed investment entities included $136 million in assets and $111 million in liabilities of temporary warehousing entities that were established to provide AFG the ability to form new CLOs. At closing, all warehoused assets will be transferred to the new CLOs and the liabilities will be repaid.

Unpaid Losses and Loss Adjustment Expenses The liabilities stated for unpaid claims and for expenses of investigation and adjustment of unpaid claims represent management’s best estimate and are based upon (i) the accumulation of case estimates for losses reported prior to the close of the accounting period on direct business written; (ii) estimates received from ceding reinsurers and insurance pools and associations; (iii) estimates of unreported losses (including possible development on known claims) based on past experience; (iv) estimates based on experience of expenses for investigating and adjusting claims; and (v) the current state of the law and coverage litigation. Establishing reserves for asbestos, environmental and other mass tort claims involves considerably more judgment than other types of claims due to, among other things, inconsistent court decisions, an increase in bankruptcy filings as a result of asbestos-related liabilities, novel theories of coverage, and judicial interpretations that often expand theories of recovery and broaden the scope of coverage.

Loss reserve liabilities are subject to the impact of changes in claim amounts and frequency and other factors. Changes in estimates of the liabilities for losses and loss adjustment expenses are reflected in the statement of earnings in the period in which determined. Despite the variability inherent in such estimates, management believes that the liabilities for unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses are adequate and reasonable.

Debt Issuance Costs Debt issuance costs related to AFG’s outstanding debt are presented in its Balance Sheet as a direct reduction in the carrying value of long-term debt and are amortized over the life of the related debt using the effective interest method as a component of interest expense. Debt issuance costs related to AFG’s revolving credit facility are included in other assets in AFG’s Balance Sheet.

Leases Leases for terms of longer than one year are recognized as assets and liabilities for the rights and obligations created by those leases on the balance sheet based on the present value of contractual cash flows.

At June 30, 2026, AFG has a $210 million lease liability included in other liabilities and a lease right-of-use asset of $188 million included in other assets compared to $216 million and $198 million, respectively, at December 31, 2025.

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Premium Recognition Property and casualty premiums are earned generally over the terms of the policies on a pro rata basis. Unearned premiums represent that portion of premiums written, which is applicable to the unexpired terms of policies in force. On reinsurance assumed from other insurance companies or written through various underwriting organizations, unearned premiums are based on information received from such companies and organizations.

Income Taxes Deferred income taxes are calculated using the liability method. Under this method, deferred income tax assets and liabilities are determined based on differences between financial reporting and tax bases and are measured using enacted tax rates. A valuation allowance is established to reduce total deferred tax assets to an amount that will more likely than not be realized. The effect of a change in tax rates on deferred tax assets and liabilities is recorded in net earnings in the period that includes the enactment date.

AFG recognizes the tax benefits of uncertain tax positions only when the position is more likely than not to be sustained under examination by the appropriate taxing authority. Interest and penalties on AFG’s reserve for uncertain tax positions are recognized as a component of tax expense.

Stock-Based Compensation All share-based grants are recognized as compensation expense on a straight-line basis over their vesting periods based on their calculated fair value at the date of grant.

AFG records excess tax benefits or deficiencies for share-based payments through income tax expense in the statement of earnings. AFG accounts for forfeitures of awards when they occur.

Benefit Plans AFG provides retirement benefits to qualified employees of participating companies through the AFG 401(k) Retirement and Savings Plan, a defined contribution plan. AFG makes all contributions to the retirement fund portion of the plan and matches a percentage of employee contributions to the savings fund. Company contributions are expensed in the year for which they are declared. AFG and many of its subsidiaries provide health care and life insurance benefits to eligible retirees. AFG also provides postemployment benefits to former or inactive employees (primarily those on disability) who were not deemed retired under other company plans. The projected future cost of providing these benefits is expensed over the period employees earn such benefits.

Earnings Per Share Although basic earnings per share only considers shares of Common Stock outstanding during the period, the calculation of diluted earnings per share includes the following adjustments to weighted average common shares related to AFG’s stock-based compensation plan: second quarter of both 2026 and 2025 — none; first six months of 2026 — none and 2025 — less than 0.1 million.

There were no anti-dilutive potential common shares for the second quarter or the first six months of 2026 or 2025.

Statement of Cash Flows For cash flow purposes, “investing activities” are defined as making and collecting loans and acquiring and disposing of debt or equity instruments, property and equipment and businesses. “Financing activities” include obtaining resources from owners and providing them with a return on their investments, borrowing money and repaying amounts borrowed. All other activities are considered “operating.” Short-term investments having original maturities of three months or less when purchased are considered to be cash equivalents for purposes of the financial statements.

B. Segments of Operations

AFG manages its business as two segments: Property and casualty insurance and Other, which includes holding company assets and costs.

AFG reports its property and casualty insurance business in the following Specialty sub-segments: (i) Property and transportation, which includes physical damage and liability coverage for buses and trucks and other specialty transportation niches, inland and ocean marine, agricultural-related products and other commercial property coverages, (ii) Specialty casualty, which includes primarily excess and surplus and excess liability, general liability for the energy, construction and environmental industries, executive and professional liability, specialty coverages in targeted markets, and workers’ compensation insurance, and (iii) Specialty financial, which includes risk management insurance programs for lending and leasing institutions (including equipment leasing and collateral and lender-placed mortgage property insurance), surety and fidelity products and trade credit insurance. AFG’s reportable segments and their components were determined based primarily upon similar economic characteristics, products and services. The impacts of all intercompany transactions between segments have been eliminated.

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AFG’s Chief Operating Decision Makers (“CODMs”) are its Co-CEOs. The CODMs evaluate the performance of the Property and casualty insurance segment based on return on equity and underwriting profit. The CODMs use this measure to allocate resources and make capital decisions.

Sales of property and casualty insurance outside of the United States represented 4% of AFG’s revenues in both the second quarter and first six months of 2026 and 2025.

The following tables (in millions) show AFG’s assets, revenues and earnings before income taxes by segment and sub-segment.

(*)Not allocable to sub-segments.

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(a)Significant segment expenses, which are losses and loss adjustment expenses and commissions and other underwriting expenses, are shown in the table below by sub-segment.

(b)Includes interest charges on borrowed money and other holding company expenses.

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The following table shows the components of underwriting profit, including significant segment expenses, for the Property and casualty insurance segment (in millions):

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C. Fair Value Measurements

Accounting standards for measuring fair value are based on inputs used in estimating fair value. The three levels of the hierarchy are as follows:

Level 1 — Quoted prices for identical assets or liabilities in active markets (markets in which transactions occur with sufficient frequency and volume to provide pricing information on an ongoing basis). AFG’s Level 1 financial instruments consist primarily of publicly traded equity securities, highly liquid government bonds for which quoted market prices in active markets are available and short-term investments of managed investment entities.

Level 2 — Quoted prices for similar instruments in active markets; quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in inactive markets (markets in which there are few transactions, the prices are not current, price quotations vary substantially over time or among market makers, or in which little information is released publicly); and valuations based on other significant inputs that are observable in active markets. AFG’s Level 2 financial instruments consist primarily of fixed maturity securities and investments of managed investment entities priced using observable inputs. Level 2 inputs include benchmark yields, reported trades, corroborated broker/dealer quotes, issuer spreads and benchmark securities. When non-binding broker quotes can be corroborated by comparison to similar securities priced using observable inputs, they are classified as Level 2.

Level 3 — Valuations derived from market valuation techniques generally consistent with those used to estimate the fair values of Level 2 financial instruments in which one or more significant inputs are unobservable or when the market for a security exhibits significantly less liquidity relative to markets supporting Level 2 fair value measurements. The unobservable inputs may include management’s own assumptions about the assumptions market participants would use based on the best information available at the valuation date. Financial instruments whose fair value is estimated based on non-binding broker quotes or internally developed using significant inputs not based on, or corroborated by, observable market information are classified as Level 3.

As discussed in Note A — “Accounting Policies — Managed Investment Entities,” AFG has set the carrying value of its CLO liabilities equal to the fair value of the CLO assets (which have more observable fair values) as an alternative to reporting those liabilities at separately measured fair values. As a result, the CLO liabilities are categorized within the fair value hierarchy on the same basis (proportionally) as the related CLO assets. Since the portion of the CLO liabilities allocated to Level 3 is derived from the fair value of the CLO assets, these amounts are excluded from the progression of Level 3 financial instruments.

AFG’s management is responsible for the valuation process and uses data from outside sources (including nationally recognized pricing services and broker/dealers) in establishing fair value. AFG’s internal investment group includes approximately 25 investment professionals whose primary responsibility is to manage AFG’s investment portfolio. These professionals monitor individual investments as well as overall industries and are active in the financial markets on a daily basis. The group is led by AFG’s chief investment officer, who reports directly to one of AFG’s Co-CEOs. Valuation techniques utilized by pricing services and prices obtained from external sources are reviewed by AFG’s internal investment professionals who are familiar with the securities being priced and the markets in which they trade to ensure the fair value determination is representative of an exit price. To validate the appropriateness of the prices obtained, these investment managers consider widely published indices (as benchmarks), recent trades, changes in interest rates, general economic conditions and the credit quality of the specific issuers. In addition, AFG communicates directly with the pricing services regarding the methods and assumptions used in pricing, including verifying, on a test basis, the inputs used by the service to value specific securities.

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Assets and liabilities measured and carried at fair value in the financial statements are summarized below (in millions):

Approximately 6% of the total assets carried at fair value at June 30, 2026, were Level 3 assets. Internally developed prices for fixed maturities are estimated using a variety of inputs, including appropriate credit spreads over the treasury yield (of a similar duration), trade information and prices of comparable securities and other security specific features (such as optional early redemption). Internally developed Level 3 asset fair values represent approximately 89% ($862 million) of the total fair value of Level 3 assets at June 30, 2026. Approximately 72% ($620 million) of these internally developed Level 3 assets are priced using a pricing model that uses a discounted cash flow approach to estimate the fair value of fixed maturity securities. The credit spread applied by management is the significant unobservable input of the pricing model. In instances where the security is currently callable at par value and the pricing model suggests a higher price, management caps the fair value at par value. The remainder of the internally developed

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Level 3 investments ($242 million) are priced using internal models or inputs from third parties that are not market observable. Management believes that any justifiable changes in unobservable inputs used to determine internally developed fair values would not have resulted in a material change in AFG’s financial position.

Approximately 8% ($79 million) of the Level 3 assets were investments whose prices were determined based on financial information provided by third party asset managers. Approximately 3% ($33 million) of Level 3 assets were priced using non-binding broker quotes or pricing services, for which there is a lack of transparency as to the inputs used to determine fair value.

Changes in balances of Level 3 financial assets and liabilities carried at fair value during the second quarter and first six months of 2026 and 2025 are presented below (in millions). The transfers into and out of Level 3 were due to changes in the availability of market observable inputs. All transfers are reflected in the table at fair value as of the end of the reporting period.

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Fair Value of Financial Instruments The carrying value and fair value of financial instruments that are not carried at fair value in the financial statements are summarized below (in millions):

D. Investments

Available for sale fixed maturities at June 30, 2026 and December 31, 2025, consisted of the following (in millions):

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Equity securities which are reported at fair value with holding gains and losses recognized in net earnings, consisted of the following at June 30, 2026 and December 31, 2025 (in millions):

The following table summarizes investments accounted for using the equity method, by strategy (in millions):

(*)88% and 87% of the carrying value relates to underlying investments in multi-family properties as of June 30, 2026 and December 31, 2025, respectively.

The earnings (losses) from these investments are generally reported on a quarter lag due to the timing required to obtain the necessary information from the funds. AFG regularly reviews and discusses fund performance with the fund managers to corroborate the reasonableness of the underlying reported asset values and to assess whether any events have occurred within the lag period that may materially affect the valuation of these investments.

With respect to partnerships and similar investments, AFG had unfunded commitments of $429 million and $456 million as of June 30, 2026 and December 31, 2025, respectively.

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The following table shows gross unrealized losses (dollars in millions) on available for sale fixed maturities by investment category and length of time that individual securities have been in a continuous unrealized loss position at the following balance sheet dates.

At June 30, 2026, the gross unrealized losses on fixed maturities of $234 million relate to approximately 1,100 securities. Investment grade securities (as determined by nationally recognized rating agencies) represented approximately 96% of the gross unrealized loss and 98% of the fair value of securities with unrealized losses.

To evaluate fixed maturities for expected credit losses (impairment), management considers whether the unrealized loss is credit-driven or a result of changes in market interest rates, the extent to which fair value is less than cost basis, historical operating, balance sheet and cash flow data from the issuer, third party research, communications with industry specialists and discussions with issuer management.

AFG analyzes its residential MBS for expected credit losses (impairment) each quarter based upon expected future cash flows. Management estimates expected future cash flows based upon its knowledge of the MBS market, cash flow projections received from independent sources (which reflect loan to collateral values, subordination, vintage and geographic concentration), implied cash flows inherent in security ratings and analysis of historical payment data.

Management believes AFG will recover its cost basis (net of any allowance) in the securities with unrealized losses and that AFG has the ability to hold the securities until they recover in value and had no intent to sell them at June 30, 2026.

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A progression of the allowance for expected credit losses on available for sale fixed maturity securities is shown below (in millions):

(*)Includes residential MBS, collateralized loan obligations and other asset-backed securities (“ABS”).

In the first six months of 2026 and 2025, AFG did not purchase any securities with expected credit losses.

The table below sets forth the scheduled maturities of AFG’s available for sale fixed maturities as of June 30, 2026 (dollars in millions). Securities with sinking funds are reported at average maturity. Actual maturities may differ from contractual maturities because certain securities may be called or prepaid by the issuers.

(*)Amortized cost, net of allowance for expected credit losses.

Certain risks are inherent in fixed maturity securities, including loss upon default, price volatility in reaction to changes in interest rates, and general market factors and risks associated with reinvestment of proceeds due to prepayments or redemptions in a period of declining interest rates.

There were no investments in individual issuers that exceeded 10% of shareholders’ equity at June 30, 2026 or December 31, 2025.

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Net Investment Income The following table shows investment income earned and investment expenses incurred (in millions):

(*)The change in the fair value of fixed maturities classified as trading and derivatives embedded in convertible fixed maturities related to limited partnerships and similar investments.

Realized gains (losses) and changes in unrealized appreciation (depreciation) included in AOCI related to fixed maturity securities are summarized as follows (in millions):

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All equity securities are carried at fair value through net earnings. AFG recorded net holding gains (losses) on equity securities during the second quarter and first six months of 2026 and 2025 on securities that were still owned at June 30, 2026 and June 30, 2025 as follows (in millions):

Gross realized gains and losses (excluding changes in impairment allowance and mark-to-market of derivatives) on available for sale fixed maturity investment transactions consisted of the following (in millions):

E. Derivatives

As discussed under “Derivatives” in Note A — “Accounting Policies,” AFG uses derivatives to mitigate certain market risks related to its investment portfolio and deferred compensation obligations to employees.

The following table presents the classification of derivative assets and liabilities included in AFG’s Balance Sheet at fair value (in millions):

AFG’s interest rate swaps are designated and qualify as highly effective cash flow hedges to mitigate interest rate risk related to certain floating-rate securities included in AFG’s portfolio of fixed maturity securities. The purpose of each of these swaps is to effectively convert a portion of AFG’s floating-rate fixed maturity securities to fixed rates by offsetting the variability in cash flows attributable to changes in the applicable Secured Overnight Financing Rate (“SOFR”).

Under the terms of the swaps, AFG receives fixed-rate interest payments in exchange for variable interest payments based on SOFR. The notional amounts of the interest rate swaps generally decline over each swap’s respective life (the active swaps expire between October 2026 and October 2034) in anticipation of the expected decline in AFG’s portfolio of fixed maturity securities with floating interest rates based on SOFR. The total outstanding notional amount of AFG’s interest rate swaps was $799 million at June 30, 2026 compared to $464 million at December 31, 2025, reflecting seven new swaps entered into in the first six months of 2026 ($425 million notional amount at issuance), partially offset by scheduled amortization. Amounts reclassified from AOCI to net investment income were losses of $1 million and $2 million in the second quarter of 2026 and 2025 and losses of $2 million and $5 million in the first six months of 2026 and 2025, respectively. Based on a forward interest rate curve at June 30, 2026, management estimates that it will reclassify approximately $4 million of pre-tax net losses on interest rate swaps from AOCI to net investment income over the next twelve months. The actual amount will vary based on changes in SOFR. A collateral receivable supporting these swaps of $19 million and $10 million at June 30, 2026 and December 31, 2025, respectively, is included in other assets in AFG’s Balance Sheet.

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The fixed maturities with embedded derivatives consist of convertible fixed maturity securities and certain structured securities. AFG records the change in the fair value of these securities in net earnings. These investments are part of AFG’s overall investment strategy and represent a small component of AFG’s overall investment portfolio.

AFG is exposed to fair value changes from certain equity and fixed maturity market-based exposures related to its deferred compensation obligations to certain employees. To mitigate this risk, AFG entered into a total return swap. AFG’s Balance Sheet includes a $3 million receivable for collateral posted related to the swap (included in other assets) at June 30, 2026, and a liability of less than $1 million to return collateral related to the swap (included in other liabilities) at December 31, 2025.

The following table summarizes the gains (losses) included in AFG’s Statement of Earnings for changes in the fair value of derivatives (in millions):

F. Managed Investment Entities

AFG is the investment manager and it has investments ranging from 5.4% to 100% of the most subordinate debt tranche of ten active collateralized loan obligations (“CLOs”), which are considered variable interest entities. AFG also owns portions of the senior debt tranches of certain of these CLOs. Upon formation, these entities issued securities in various senior and subordinate classes and invested the proceeds primarily in secured bank loans, which serve as collateral for the debt securities issued by each CLO. None of the collateral was purchased from AFG. AFG’s investments in the subordinate debt tranches of these entities receive residual income from the CLOs only after the CLOs pay expenses (including management fees to AFG) and interest on and returns of capital to senior levels of debt securities. There are no contractual requirements for AFG to provide additional funding for these entities. AFG has not provided and does not intend to provide any financial support to these entities.

AFG’s maximum exposure to economic loss on the CLOs that it manages is limited to its investment in those CLOs, which had an aggregate fair value of $149 million (including $112 million invested in the most subordinate tranches and $25 million invested in temporary warehousing entities) at June 30, 2026.

In the first six months of 2025, AFG formed one new CLO, which issued $406 million face amount of liabilities (including $40 million face amount purchased by AFG). In the first six months of 2025, one CLO was substantially liquidated in accordance with the CLO indenture.

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The following table shows a progression of the fair value of AFG's investment in CLO tranches and temporary warehousing entities (in millions):

The revenues and expenses of the CLOs are separately identified in AFG’s Statement of Earnings, after the elimination of management fees and earnings attributable to AFG as measured by the change in the fair value of AFG’s investments in the CLOs. Selected financial information related to the CLOs is shown below (in millions):

(*)Included in revenues in AFG’s Statement of Earnings.

The aggregate unpaid principal balance of the CLOs’ fixed maturity investments exceeded the fair value of the investments by $139 million and $77 million at June 30, 2026 and December 31, 2025, respectively. Excluding the most subordinated tranches, the aggregate unpaid principal balance of the CLOs’ debt exceeded the carrying value by $12 million at June 30, 2026 and the carrying value of the CLOs’ debt exceeded the aggregate unpaid principal balance by $13 million at December 31, 2025. At June 30, 2026 and December 31, 2025, the CLO assets did not include any loans in default for which the CLOs are not accruing interest.

In addition to the CLOs that it manages, AFG had investments in CLOs that are managed by third parties (therefore not consolidated), which are included in available for sale fixed maturity securities and had a fair value of $1.10 billion at June 30, 2026 and $1.16 billion at December 31, 2025.

G. Goodwill and Other Intangibles

There were no changes in the goodwill balance of $327 million during the first six months of 2026.

Included in other assets in AFG’s Balance Sheet is $179 million at June 30, 2026 and $189 million at December 31, 2025 of amortizable intangible assets related to acquisitions. These amounts are net of accumulated amortization of $85 million and $75 million, respectively. Amortization of intangibles was $5 million in both the second quarter of 2026 and 2025 and $10 million in both the first six months of 2026 and 2025.

AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — CONTINUED

H. Long-Term Debt

Long-term debt consisted of the following (in millions):

Scheduled principal payments on debt for the balance of 2026, the subsequent five years and thereafter are as follows: 2026 — none; 2027 — none; 2028 — none; 2029 — none; 2030 — $253 million; 2031 — none and thereafter — $1.60 billion.

AFG can borrow up to $450 million under its revolving credit facility, which expires in June 2028. Amounts borrowed under this agreement bear interest at rates ranging from 1.00% to 1.75% (currently 1.25%) over a SOFR-based floating rate. No amounts were borrowed under this facility at June 30, 2026 or December 31, 2025.

I. Shareholders’ Equity

AFG is authorized to issue 12.5 million shares of Voting Preferred Stock and 12.5 million shares of Nonvoting Preferred Stock, each without par value.

Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss), Net of Tax (“AOCI”) Comprehensive income is defined as all changes in shareholders’ equity except those arising from transactions with shareholders. Comprehensive income includes net earnings and other comprehensive income (loss), which consists primarily of changes in net unrealized gains or losses on available for sale fixed maturity securities.

AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — CONTINUED

The progression of the components of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) is as follows (in millions):

AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — CONTINUED

(*)The reclassification adjustments affected the following lines in AFG’s Statement of Earnings:

OCI component Affected line in the statement of earnings

Pretax - Net unrealized gains (losses) on securities Realized gains (losses) on securities

Pretax - Net unrealized gains (losses) on cash flow hedges Net investment income

Tax Provision for income taxes

Stock Incentive Plan Under AFG’s stock incentive plan, employees of AFG and its subsidiaries are eligible to receive equity awards in the form of stock options, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock awards, restricted stock units and stock awards. In the first six months of 2026, AFG issued 150,544 shares of restricted Common Stock (fair value of $132.82 per share) under the stock incentive plan.

Total compensation expense related to the stock incentive plan was $4 million and $5 million in the second quarter of 2026 and 2025, respectively, and $9 million in both the first six months of 2026 and 2025.

AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — CONTINUED

J. Income Taxes

The following is a reconciliation of income taxes at the statutory rate of 21% to the provision for income taxes as shown in AFG’s Statement of Earnings (dollars in millions):

In the second quarter of 2025, AFG recorded $7 million in net tax expense related to a pending state income tax examination regarding the sale of a subsidiary in a prior year.

K. Contingencies

There have been no significant changes to the matters discussed and referred to in Note M — “Contingencies” of AFG’s 2025 Form 10-K, which covers property and casualty insurance reserves for claims related to environmental exposures, asbestos and other mass tort claims and environmental and occupational injury and disease claims of subsidiaries’ former railroad and manufacturing operations.

AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — CONTINUED

L. Insurance

Insurance Reserves The following table provides an analysis of changes in the liability for losses and loss adjustment expenses during the first six months of 2026 and 2025 (in millions):

The net decrease in the provision for claims of prior years during the first six months of 2026 reflects (i) lower than anticipated losses in the crop business, lower than expected claim severity and frequency in the inland marine business and lower than anticipated claim severity in the commercial auto, aviation and ocean marine businesses (within the Property and transportation sub-segment), (ii) lower than anticipated claim severity in the workers’ compensation businesses (within the Specialty casualty sub-segment) and (iii) lower than anticipated claim frequency and severity in the fidelity and crime business and lower than expected claim severity in the surety and financial institutions businesses (within the Specialty financial sub-segment). This favorable development was partially offset by higher than anticipated severity in certain social inflation exposed businesses (within the Specialty casualty sub-segment).

The net decrease in the provision for claims of prior years during the first six months of 2025 reflects (i) lower than anticipated losses in the crop business, lower than anticipated claim severity in the aviation and agribusiness operations and lower than expected claim frequency in the inland marine business (within the Property and transportation sub-segment), (ii) lower than anticipated claim severity in the workers’ compensation businesses (within the Specialty casualty sub-segment) and (iii) lower than anticipated claim frequency in the financial institutions business and lower than expected claim severity in the trade credit, surety and fidelity businesses (within the Specialty financial sub-segment). This favorable development was partially offset by higher than anticipated claim severity in the excess and surplus and social services businesses (within the Specialty casualty sub-segment).

Recoverables from Reinsurers and Premiums Receivable Progressions of the 2026 and 2025 allowance for expected credit losses on recoverables from reinsurers and premiums receivable are shown below (in millions):

AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q

ITEM 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q

Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Continued

The forward-looking statements herein are made only as of the date of this report. The Company assumes no obligation to publicly update any forward-looking statements.

OBJECTIVE

The objective of Management’s Discussion and Analysis is to provide a discussion and analysis of the financial statements and other statistical data that management believes will enhance the understanding of AFG’s financial condition, changes in financial condition and results of operations. The tables and narrative that follow are presented in a manner that is consistent with the information that AFG’s management uses to make operational decisions and allocate capital resources. They are provided to demonstrate the nature of the transactions and events that could impact AFG’s financial results. This discussion should be read in conjunction with the financial statements beginning on page 2.

OVERVIEW

Financial Condition

AFG is organized as a holding company with almost all of its operations being conducted by subsidiaries. AFG, however, has continuing cash needs for administrative expenses, the payment of principal and interest on borrowings, shareholder dividends and taxes. Therefore, certain analyses are most meaningfully presented on a parent only basis while others are best done on a total enterprise basis. In addition, because its businesses are financial in nature, AFG does not prepare its consolidated financial statements using a current-noncurrent format. Consequently, certain traditional ratios and financial analysis tests are not meaningful.

Results of Operations

Through the operations of its subsidiaries, AFG is engaged primarily in property and casualty insurance, focusing on specialized commercial products for businesses.

AFG reported net earnings of $248 million ($2.99 per share, diluted) for the second quarter of 2026 compared to $174 million ($2.07 per share, diluted) for the second quarter of 2025 and $439 million ($5.28 per share, diluted) for the first six months of 2026 compared to $328 million ($3.92 per share, diluted) for the first six months of 2025. The increases in the 2026 periods reflect higher underwriting profit and higher net investment income from AFG’s alternative investment portfolio.

Outlook

Management expects its diversification and disciplined, opportunistic underwriting culture to produce overall premium growth and strong underwriting results even as some markets in the property and casualty industry have softened. In addition, management anticipates improved returns on alternative investments, relative to the returns earned in 2025 and the first quarter of 2026, will continue to have a positive impact on net investment income in the second half of 2026.

AFG’s financial condition, results of operations and cash flows are impacted by the economic, legal and regulatory environment. Economic inflation, social inflation and other economic conditions may impact premium levels, loss cost trends and investment returns.

Management believes that AFG’s strong financial position and current liquidity and capital at its subsidiaries will give AFG the flexibility to continue to effectively address and respond to anticipated and unanticipated challenges. AFG’s insurance subsidiaries continue to have capital at or in excess of the levels required by ratings agencies in order to maintain their current ratings, and the parent company does not have any debt maturities until 2030.

CRITICAL ACCOUNTING POLICIES

Significant accounting policies are summarized in Note A — “Accounting Policies” to the financial statements. The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that can have a significant effect on amounts reported in the financial statements. As more information becomes known, these estimates and assumptions change and, thus, impact amounts reported in the future. The areas where management believes the degree of judgment required to determine amounts recorded in the financial statements is most significant are as follows:

• the valuation of investments, including the determination of impairment allowances,

AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q

Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Continued

• the establishment of insurance reserves, especially asbestos and environmental-related reserves,
• the recoverability of reinsurance, and
• the establishment of asbestos and environmental liabilities of former railroad and manufacturing operations.

For a discussion of these policies, see Management’s Discussion and Analysis — “Critical Accounting Policies” in AFG’s 2025 Form 10-K.

LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES

Ratios

AFG’s debt to total capital ratio on a consolidated basis is shown below (dollars in millions):

The ratio of debt to total capital is a non-GAAP measure that management believes is useful for investors, analysts and ratings agencies to evaluate AFG’s financial strength and liquidity and to provide insight into how AFG finances its operations. The ratio is calculated by dividing the principal amount of AFG’s long-term debt by its total capital, which includes long-term debt and shareholders’ equity (excluding accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax). In addition, maintaining a ratio of debt, excluding subordinated debt and debt secured by real estate (if any), to total capital of 35% or lower is a financial covenant in AFG’s bank credit facility.

Condensed Consolidated Cash Flows

AFG’s principal sources of cash include insurance premiums, income from its investment portfolio and proceeds from the maturities, redemptions and sales of investments. Insurance premiums in excess of acquisition expenses and operating costs are invested until they are needed to meet policyholder obligations or made available to the parent company through dividends to cover debt obligations and corporate expenses, and to provide returns to shareholders through share repurchases and dividends. Cash flows from operating, investing and financing activities as detailed in AFG’s Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows are shown below (in millions):

Net Cash Provided by Operating Activities AFG’s property and casualty insurance operations typically produce positive net operating cash flows as premiums collected and investment income exceed policy acquisition costs, claims payments and operating expenses. AFG’s net cash provided by operating activities is impacted by the level and timing of premiums, claim and expense payments and recoveries from reinsurers. Cash flows provided by operating activities also include the activity of AFG’s managed investment entities (collateralized loan obligations (“CLO”)) other than those activities included in investing or financing activities. The changes in the assets and liabilities of the managed investment entities included in operating activities increased cash flows from operating activities by $146 million during the first six months of 2026 and $33 million in the first six months of 2025, accounting for a $113 million increase in cash flows from operating activities in the 2026 period compared to the 2025 period. As discussed in Note A — “Accounting Policies — Managed Investment Entities” to the financial statements, AFG has no right to use the CLO assets and no obligation to pay the CLO liabilities and such assets and liabilities are shown separately in AFG’s Balance Sheet. Excluding the impact of the managed investment entities, net cash provided by operating activities was $420 million and $500 million in the first six months of 2026 and 2025, respectively.

AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q

Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Continued

Net Cash Provided by (Used in) Investing Activities AFG’s investing activities consist primarily of the investment of funds provided by its property and casualty businesses. Investing activities also include the purchase and disposal of managed investment entity investments, which are presented separately in AFG’s Balance Sheet. Net investment activity in the managed investment entities was a $230 million use of cash in the first six months of 2026 compared to a $333 million source of cash in the first six months of 2025, accounting for a $563 million increase in net cash used in investing activities in the first six months of 2026 compared to the 2025 period. See Note A — “Accounting Policies — Managed Investment Entities” and Note F — “Managed Investment Entities” to the financial statements. Excluding the activity of the managed investment entities, investing activities were a $352 million use of cash in the first six months of 2026 compared to $274 million in the first six months of 2025, an increase of $78 million reflecting the investment of cash provided by operations, primarily in fixed maturity investments.

Net Cash Used in Financing Activities AFG’s financing activities consist primarily of issuances and retirements of long-term debt, issuances and repurchases of Common Stock and dividend payments. Net cash used in financing activities was $273 million for the first six months of 2026 compared to $730 million in the first six months of 2025, a decrease of $457 million. AFG paid cash dividends totaling $271 million in the first six months of 2026 compared to $301 million in the first six months of 2025, resulting in a $30 million decrease in cash used in financing activities in the first six months of 2026 compared to the first six months of 2025. During the first six months of 2026, AFG repurchased $86 million of its Common Stock compared to $97 million in the comparable 2025 period, a decrease in cash used in financing activities of $11 million. Financing activities also include issuances and retirements of managed investment entity liabilities, which are nonrecourse to AFG and presented separately in AFG’s Balance Sheet. Issuances of managed investment entity liabilities exceeded retirements by $79 million in the first six months of 2026 compared to retirements exceeding issuances by $339 million in the first six months of 2025, accounting for a $418 million decrease in net cash used in financing activities in the 2026 period compared to the 2025 period. See Note A — “Accounting Policies — Managed Investment Entities” and Note F — “Managed Investment Entities” to the financial statements.

Parent and Subsidiary Liquidity

Parent Holding Company Liquidity Management believes AFG has sufficient resources to meet its liquidity requirements. If funds generated from operations, including dividends, tax payments and borrowings from subsidiaries, are insufficient to meet fixed charges in any period, AFG would be required to utilize parent company cash and investments or to generate cash through borrowings, sales of other assets or similar transactions.

AFG's operations continue to generate significant excess capital for future returns of capital to shareholders in the form of regular and special cash dividends and through opportunistic share repurchases or to be deployed into its property and casualty businesses as management identifies the potential for profitable organic growth, and opportunities to expand through acquisitions of established businesses or start-ups that meet target return thresholds.

During the first six months of 2026, AFG repurchased 667,738 shares of its Common Stock for $86 million and paid a special cash dividend totaling $125 million ($1.50 per share) in February.

In September 2025, AFG issued $350 million in 5.00% Senior Notes due in September 2035.

During 2025, AFG repurchased 799,398 shares of its Common Stock for $99 million and paid special cash dividends totaling $334 million ($2.00 per share in both March and November).

AFG may, at any time and from time to time, seek to retire or purchase its outstanding debt through cash purchases or exchanges for equity or debt, in open-market purchases, privately negotiated transactions or otherwise. Such repurchases or exchanges, if any, will be upon such terms and at such prices as management may determine, and will depend on prevailing market conditions, AFG’s liquidity requirements, contractual restrictions and other factors.

At June 30, 2026, AFG (parent) held approximately $406 million in cash and investments. Management believes that AFG’s cash balances are held at stable banking institutions, although the amounts of many of these deposits are in excess of federally insured balances. AFG can borrow up to $450 million under its revolving credit facility, which expires in June 2028. Amounts borrowed under this agreement bear interest at rates ranging from 1.00% to 1.75% (based on AFG’s credit rating, currently 1.25%) over a SOFR-based floating rate. There were no borrowings under AFG’s credit facility, or under any other parent company short-term borrowing arrangements, during 2025 or the first six months of 2026.

AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q

Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Continued

Under a tax allocation agreement with AFG, all 80% (or more) owned U.S. subsidiaries generally pay taxes to (or recover taxes from) AFG based on each subsidiary’s contribution to amounts due under AFG’s consolidated tax return.

Subsidiary Liquidity The liquidity requirements of AFG’s insurance subsidiaries relate primarily to the policyholder claims and underwriting expenses and payments of dividends and taxes to AFG. Historically, cash flows from premiums and investment income have generally provided more than sufficient funds to meet these requirements. Funds received in excess of cash requirements are generally invested in marketable securities. In addition, the insurance subsidiaries generally hold a significant amount of highly liquid, short duration investments.

AFG believes its insurance subsidiaries maintain sufficient liquidity to pay claims and underwriting expenses and that these subsidiaries have sufficient capital to meet commitments in the event of unforeseen reserve deficiencies, inadequate premium rates or reinsurer insolvencies. Management believes that the capital levels in AFG’s insurance subsidiaries are adequate to maintain its business and rating agency ratings. Nonetheless, changes in statutory accounting rules, changes in rating agency measures, significant declines in the fair value of the insurance subsidiaries’ investment portfolios or significant ratings downgrades on these investments, could create a need for additional capital.

Investments

AFG’s investment portfolio at June 30, 2026, contained $11.26 billion in fixed maturity securities classified as available for sale and carried at fair value with unrealized gains and losses included in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) and $80 million in fixed maturities classified as trading with holding gains and losses included in net investment income. In addition, AFG’s investment portfolio includes $550 million in equity securities carried at fair value with holding gains and losses included in realized gains (losses) on securities and $229 million in equity securities carried at fair value with holding gains and losses included in net investment income.

Fair values for AFG’s portfolio are determined by AFG’s internal investment professionals using data from nationally recognized pricing services, non-binding broker quotes and other market information. Fair values of equity securities are determined by published closing prices when available. For AFG’s fixed maturity portfolio, approximately 91% was priced using pricing services at June 30, 2026 and 2% was priced using non-binding broker quotes. The remaining 7% was priced internally using a variety of inputs including credit spreads, trade information, prices of comparable securities, estimates of cash flow and other security specific features. When prices obtained for the same security vary, AFG’s internal investment professionals select the price they believe is most indicative of an exit price. For additional information on determination of fair value, see Note C — “Fair Value Measurements” to the financial statements.

The pricing services use a variety of observable inputs to estimate fair value of fixed maturities that do not trade on a daily basis. Based upon information provided by the pricing services, these inputs include, but are not limited to, recent reported trades, benchmark yields, issuer spreads, bids or offers, reference data, and measures of volatility. Included in the pricing of structured securities are estimates of the rate of future prepayments and defaults of principal over the remaining life of the underlying collateral. Due to the lack of transparency in the process that brokers use to develop prices, valuations that are based on brokers’ prices are classified as Level 3 in the GAAP hierarchy unless the price can be corroborated, for example, by comparison to similar securities priced using observable inputs.

Valuation techniques utilized by pricing services and prices obtained from external sources are reviewed by AFG’s internal investment professionals who are familiar with the securities being priced and the markets in which they trade to ensure the fair value determination is representative of an exit price. To validate the appropriateness of the prices obtained, these investment managers consider widely published indices (as benchmarks), recent trades, changes in interest rates, general economic conditions and the credit quality of the specific issuers. In addition, AFG communicates directly with pricing services regarding the methods and assumptions used in pricing, including verifying, on a test basis, the inputs used by the services to value specific securities.

AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q

Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Continued

In general, the fair value of AFG’s fixed maturity investments is inversely correlated to changes in interest rates. The following table demonstrates the sensitivity of such fair values to reasonably likely changes in interest rates by illustrating the estimated effect on AFG’s fixed maturity portfolio that an immediate increase of 100 basis points in the interest rate yield curve would have had at June 30, 2026 (dollars in millions). Effects of increases or decreases from the 100 basis points illustrated would be approximately proportional.

Approximately 97% of the fixed maturities held by AFG at June 30, 2026, were rated “investment grade” (credit rating of AAA to BBB) by nationally recognized rating agencies, 1% were rated “non-investment grade” and 2% were not rated. Investment grade securities generally bear lower yields and lower degrees of risk than those that are unrated and non-investment grade. Management believes that the high-quality investment portfolio should generate a stable and predictable investment return.

Summarized information for the unrealized gains and losses recorded in AFG’s Balance Sheet at June 30, 2026, is shown in the following table (dollars in millions). There were $391 million of available for sale fixed maturity securities with no unrealized gains or losses at June 30, 2026.

The table below sets forth the scheduled maturities of AFG’s available for sale fixed maturity securities at June 30, 2026, based on their fair values. Securities with sinking funds are reported at average maturity. Actual maturities may differ from contractual maturities because certain securities may be called or prepaid by the issuers.

AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q

Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Continued

The table below (dollars in millions) summarizes the unrealized gains and losses on fixed maturity securities by dollar amount:

The following table (dollars in millions) summarizes the unrealized losses for all securities with unrealized losses by issuer quality and the length of time those securities have been in an unrealized loss position:

When a decline in the value of a specific investment is considered to be other-than-temporary, an allowance for credit losses (impairment) is charged to earnings (accounted for as a realized loss). The determination of whether unrealized losses are other-than-temporary requires judgment based on subjective as well as objective factors as detailed in AFG’s 2025 Form 10-K under Management’s Discussion and Analysis — “Investments.”

Based on its analysis, management believes AFG will recover its cost basis (net of any allowance) in the fixed maturity securities with unrealized losses and that AFG has the ability to hold the securities until they recover in value and had no intent to sell them at June 30, 2026. Although AFG has the ability to continue holding its fixed maturity investments with unrealized losses, its intent to hold them may change due to deterioration in the issuers’ creditworthiness, decisions to lessen exposure to a particular issuer or industry, asset/liability management decisions, market movements, changes in views about appropriate asset allocation or the desire to offset taxable realized gains. Should AFG’s ability or intent change regarding a particular security, a charge for impairment would likely be required. While it is not possible to accurately predict if or when a specific security will become impaired, increases in the allowance for credit losses could be material to results of operations in future periods. Significant declines in the fair value of AFG’s investment portfolio could have a significant adverse effect on AFG’s liquidity. For information on AFG’s realized gains (losses) on securities, see “Results of Operations — Realized Gains (Losses) on Securities.”

Uncertainties

Management believes that the areas posing the greatest risk of material loss are the adequacy of its insurance reserves and contingencies arising out of its former railroad and manufacturing operations. See Management’s Discussion and Analysis — “Uncertainties — Asbestos and Environmental-related (“A&E”) Insurance Reserves” in AFG’s 2025 Form 10–K.

AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q

Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Continued

MANAGED INVESTMENT ENTITIES

Accounting standards require AFG to consolidate its investments in collateralized loan obligation (“CLO”) entities that it manages and owns an interest in (in the form of debt). See Note A — “Accounting Policies — Managed Investment Entities” and Note F — “Managed Investment Entities” to the financial statements. The effect of consolidating these entities is shown in the tables below (in millions). The “Before CLO Consolidation” columns include AFG’s investment and earnings in the CLOs on an unconsolidated basis.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATING BALANCE SHEET

(*)Elimination of the fair value of AFG’s investment in CLOs and related accrued interest.

AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q

Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Continued

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATING STATEMENT OF EARNINGS

(a)Includes income of $9 million and $2 million in the second quarter of 2026 and 2025, respectively, representing the change in fair value of AFG’s CLO investments and $3 million and $2 million of income in the second quarter of 2026 and 2025, respectively, in CLO management fees earned.

(b)Elimination of the change in fair value of AFG’s investments in the CLOs, including $5 million and $6 million in the second quarter of 2026 and 2025, respectively, in distributions recorded as interest expense by the CLOs.

(c)Elimination of management fees earned by AFG.

AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q

Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Continued

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATING STATEMENT OF EARNINGS

(a)Includes a loss of $4 million in the first six months of 2026 and income of $4 million in the first six months of 2025, representing the change in fair value of AFG’s CLO investments and $5 million of income in both the first six months of 2026 and 2025 in CLO management fees earned.

(b)Elimination of the change in fair value of AFG’s investments in the CLOs, including $13 million and $14 million in the first six months of 2026 and 2025, respectively, in distributions recorded as interest expense by the CLOs.

(c)Elimination of management fees earned by AFG.

AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q

Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Continued

RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

General

AFG’s net earnings, determined in accordance with GAAP, include certain items that may not be indicative of its ongoing core operations. Core net operating earnings excludes realized gains (losses) on securities because such gains and losses are influenced significantly by financial markets, interest rates and the timing of sales. In addition, special charges related to coverage that AFG no longer writes, such as asbestos and environmental exposures, are excluded from core earnings.

The following table (in millions, except per share amounts) identifies non-core items and reconciles net earnings to core net operating earnings, a non-GAAP financial measure. AFG believes core net operating earnings is a useful tool for investors and analysts in analyzing ongoing operating trends and for management to evaluate financial performance against historical results because it believes this provides a more comparable measure of its continuing business.

(*)Adjustment to income tax expense related to the sale of subsidiaries in a prior year.

Net earnings were $248 million in the second quarter of 2026 compared to $174 million in the second quarter of 2025 reflecting higher core net operating earnings and higher net realized gains on securities in the second quarter of 2026 compared to the second quarter of 2025. Core net operating earnings in the second quarter of 2026 increased $55 million compared to the second quarter of 2025 reflecting higher underwriting profit and higher net investment income from AFG’s alternative investment portfolio. Net realized gains on securities in the second quarter of 2026 and 2025 include after-tax gains of $10 million and $7 million, respectively, resulting from the change in fair value of equity securities that were still held at the balance sheet date.

Net earnings were $439 million in the first six months of 2026 compared to $328 million in the first six months of 2025 reflecting higher core net operating earnings, which increased $109 million compared to the first six months of 2025 reflecting higher underwriting profit and higher net investment income from AFG’s alternative investment portfolio. Net realized losses on securities in the first six months of 2026 include after-tax losses of $1 million and net realized gains on

AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q

Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Continued

securities in the first six months of 2025 include after-tax gains of $12 million, resulting from the change in fair value of equity securities that were still held at the balance sheet date.

RESULTS OF OPERATIONS — THREE MONTHS ENDED JUNE 30, 2026 AND 2025

Segmented Statement of Earnings

AFG reports its operations as two segments: (i) Property and casualty insurance (“P&C”) and (ii) Other, which includes holding company costs and income and expenses related to the managed investment entities (“MIEs”).

AFG’s net earnings, determined in accordance with GAAP, include certain items that may not be indicative of its ongoing core operations. The following tables for the three months ended June 30, 2026 and 2025 identify such items by segment and reconcile net earnings to core net operating earnings, a non-GAAP financial measure that AFG believes is a useful tool for investors and analysts in analyzing ongoing operating trends (in millions):

AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q

Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Continued

(*)See the reconciliation of core earnings to GAAP net earnings under “Results of Operations — General” for details on the tax impacts of these reconciling items.

Property and Casualty Insurance Segment — Results of Operations

Performance measures such as underwriting profit or loss and related combined ratios are often used by property and casualty insurers to help users of their financial statements better understand the company’s performance. Underwriting profitability is measured by the combined ratio, which is a sum of the ratios of losses and loss adjustment expenses, and commissions and other underwriting expenses to premiums. A combined ratio under 100% indicates an underwriting profit. The combined ratio does not reflect net investment income, other income, other expenses or federal income taxes.

AFG’s property and casualty insurance operations contributed $350 million in pretax earnings in the second quarter of 2026 compared to $273 million in the second quarter of 2025, an increase of $77 million (28%), reflecting higher underwriting profit and higher net investment income from AFG’s alternative investment portfolio.

AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q

Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Continued

The following table details AFG’s earnings before income taxes from its property and casualty insurance operations for the three months ended June 30, 2026 and 2025 (dollars in millions):

AFG reports the underwriting performance of its Specialty property and casualty insurance business in the following sub-segments: (i) Property and transportation, (ii) Specialty casualty and (iii) Specialty financial.

To understand the overall profitability of particular lines, the timing of claims payments and the related impact of investment income must be considered. Certain “short-tail” lines of business (primarily property coverages) generally have quick loss payouts, which reduce the time funds are held, thereby limiting investment income earned thereon. In contrast, “long-tail” lines of business (primarily liability coverages and workers’ compensation) generally have payouts that are either structured over many years or take many years to settle, thereby significantly increasing investment income earned on related premiums received.

Gross Written Premiums

Gross written premiums (“GWP”) were $2.85 billion for the second quarter of 2026 compared to $2.65 billion for the second quarter of 2025, an increase of $197 million (7%). Detail of gross written premiums is shown below (dollars in millions):

AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q

Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Continued

Reinsurance Premiums Ceded

Reinsurance premiums ceded (“Ceded”) were 33% of gross written premiums for the second quarter of 2026 compared to 32% for the second quarter of 2025, an increase of 1 percentage point. Detail of reinsurance premiums ceded is shown below (dollars in millions):

Net Written Premiums

Net written premiums (“NWP”) were $1.92 billion for the second quarter of 2026 compared to $1.80 billion for the second quarter of 2025, an increase of $112 million (6%). Detail of net written premiums is shown below (dollars in millions):

Net Earned Premiums

Net earned premiums (“NEP”) were $1.69 billion for the second quarter of 2026 compared to $1.65 billion for the second quarter of 2025, an increase of $47 million (3%). Detail of net earned premiums is shown below (dollars in millions):

Gross written premiums for the second quarter of 2026 increased $197 million (7%) compared to the second quarter of 2025 driven primarily by new business opportunities, a favorable renewal rate environment and increased exposures. Overall average renewal rates increased approximately 4% in the second quarter of 2026. Excluding the workers’ compensation businesses, renewal pricing increased approximately 5%.

Property and transportation Gross written premiums increased $104 million (8%) in the second quarter of 2026 compared to the second quarter of 2025. This increase was primarily attributable to growth in crop insurance products that are heavily ceded, along with new business opportunities, higher exposures and a favorable rate environment in several of the transportation businesses. Average renewal rates increased approximately 8% for this group in the second quarter of 2026. Reinsurance premiums ceded as a percentage of gross written premiums increased 2 percentage points in the second quarter of 2026 compared to the second quarter of 2025, reflecting growth in the heavily ceded crop insurance products and growth in certain alternative risk transfer products in the transportation businesses, which cede a higher percentage of premiums than some of the other businesses in this sub-segment.

Specialty casualty Gross written premiums increased $57 million (5%) in the second quarter of 2026 compared to the second quarter of 2025. The primary drivers of growth included new business opportunities, increased exposures and favorable renewal pricing in multiple Specialty casualty businesses. Average renewal rates increased approximately 2% for this group in the second quarter of 2026. Excluding the workers’ compensation businesses, renewal rates for this

AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q

Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Continued

group increased approximately 4%. Reinsurance premiums ceded as a percentage of gross written premiums in the second quarter of 2026 were comparable to the second quarter of 2025.

Specialty financial Gross written premiums increased $36 million (10%) in the second quarter of 2026 compared to the second quarter of 2025, due primarily to growth in the financial institutions business. Average renewal rates decreased less than 1% for this group in the second quarter of 2026. Reinsurance premiums ceded as a percentage of gross written premiums were comparable in the second quarter of 2026 and the second quarter of 2025.

Combined Ratio

The table below (dollars in millions) details the components of the combined ratio:

The Specialty property and casualty insurance operations generated an underwriting profit of $144 million in the second quarter of 2026 compared to $114 million in the second quarter of 2025, an increase of $30 million (26%), due primarily to higher year-over-year underwriting profit in the Property and transportation group. Overall catastrophe losses were $31 million (1.8 points on the combined ratio) in the second quarter of 2026 compared to $38 million (2.3 points) in the second quarter of 2025.

Property and transportation Underwriting profit for this group was $57 million for the second quarter of 2026 compared to $27 million for the second quarter of 2025, an increase of $30 million (111%), reflecting higher underwriting profit in the transportation and agricultural businesses. Catastrophe losses were $12 million (2.1 points on the combined ratio) in the second quarter of 2026 compared to $12 million (2.0 points) in the second quarter of 2025.

AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q

Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Continued

Specialty casualty Underwriting profit for this group was $45 million for the second quarter of 2026 compared to $49 million for the second quarter of 2025, a decrease of $4 million (8%). Higher underwriting profit in the general liability businesses focused on energy, construction and environmental risks, along with higher underwriting profit in the excess and surplus and targeted markets businesses was more than offset by lower underwriting profit in the workers’ compensation and executive and professional liability businesses. Catastrophe losses were $9 million (1.0 points on the combined ratio) in the second quarter of 2026 compared to catastrophe losses of $7 million (0.9 points) in the second quarter of 2025.

Specialty financial Underwriting profit for this group was $42 million for the second quarter of 2026 compared to $38 million in the second quarter of 2025, an increase of $4 million (11%), reflecting higher underwriting profit in the financial institutions, fidelity and crime and surety businesses. Catastrophe losses were $10 million (3.4 points on the combined ratio) in the second quarter of 2026 compared to $19 million (7.3 points) in the second quarter of 2025.

Aggregate Aggregate underwriting results for AFG’s property and casualty insurance segment includes adverse prior year reserve development of $2 million in the second quarter of 2026 and $1 million in the second quarter of 2025 related to business outside of the Specialty group that AFG no longer writes.

AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q

Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Continued

Losses and Loss Adjustment Expenses

AFG’s overall loss and LAE ratio was 59.0% for the second quarter of 2026 compared to 61.1% for the second quarter of 2025, a decrease of 2.1 percentage points. The components of losses and LAE amounts and ratio are detailed below (dollars in millions):

Current accident year losses and LAE, excluding catastrophe losses

The current accident year loss and LAE ratio, excluding catastrophe losses, for AFG’s Specialty property and casualty insurance operations was 60.5% for the second quarter of 2026 compared to 59.5% for the second quarter of 2025, an increase of 1.0 percentage point.

Property and transportation The 0.1 percentage points increase in the loss and LAE ratio for the current year, excluding catastrophe losses, reflects growth in the crop and transportation businesses, both of which have a higher loss and LAE ratio than some of the other businesses in this sub-segment, partially offset by lower claim frequency in the commercial auto businesses, lower claim severity in the aviation business and growth in the inland marine and ocean marine businesses, both of which have a lower loss and LAE ratio than some of the other businesses in this sub-segment.

Specialty casualty The 1.3 percentage points increase in the loss and LAE ratio for the current year, excluding catastrophe losses, reflects growth in the workers’ compensation and public sector businesses, both of which have a

AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q

Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Continued

higher loss and LAE ratio than some of the other businesses in this sub-segment, and a decrease in net earned premiums in the executive liability and certain excess and surplus lines businesses, both of which have a lower loss and LAE ratio than some of the other businesses in this sub-segment.

Specialty financial The 3.3 percentage points increase in the loss and LAE ratio for the current year, excluding catastrophe losses, reflects growth in AFG’s European operations, which has a higher loss and LAE ratio than some of the other businesses in this sub-segment and a decrease in net earned premiums in the surety business, which has a lower loss and LAE ratio than some of the other businesses in this sub-segment. These increases were partially offset by growth in the financial institutions business, which has a lower loss and LAE ratio than some of the other businesses in this sub-segment.

Net prior year reserve development

AFG’s Specialty property and casualty insurance operations recorded net favorable reserve development related to prior accident years of $57 million in the second quarter of 2026 compared to $12 million in the second quarter of 2025, an increase of $45 million (375%).

Property and transportation Net favorable reserve development of $42 million in the second quarter of 2026 reflects lower than anticipated losses in the crop business and lower than expected claim severity in the inland marine, commercial auto and equine businesses. Net favorable reserve development of $13 million in the second quarter of 2025 reflects lower than anticipated severity in the aviation, agribusiness and ocean marine businesses.

Specialty casualty Net favorable reserve development of $1 million in the second quarter of 2026 reflects lower than anticipated claim severity in the workers’ compensation businesses, partially offset by higher than anticipated claim severity in certain social inflation exposed businesses. Net adverse reserve development of $10 million in the second quarter of 2025 reflects higher than anticipated claim severity in the excess and surplus and social services businesses, partially offset by lower than anticipated claim severity in the workers' compensation businesses.

Specialty financial Net favorable reserve development of $14 million in the second quarter of 2026 reflects lower than anticipated claim frequency and severity in the fidelity and crime business and lower than expected claim severity in the surety and financial institutions businesses. Net favorable reserve development of $9 million in the second quarter of 2025 reflects lower than expected claim frequency in the financial institutions business and lower than anticipated claim severity in the surety and trade credit businesses.

Aggregate Aggregate net prior accident years reserve development for AFG’s property and casualty insurance segment includes net adverse reserve development of $2 million in the second quarter of 2026 and $1 million in the second quarter of 2025 related to business outside of the Specialty group that AFG no longer writes.

Catastrophe losses

AFG generally seeks to reduce its exposure to catastrophes through individual risk selection, including minimizing coastal and known fault-line exposures, and the purchase of reinsurance. AFG currently has comprehensive property catastrophe reinsurance coverage in place (including a $70 million per occurrence net retention) for losses up to $625 million in the vast majority of circumstances. This coverage consists of a combination of $205 million from traditional reinsurance and $350 million of coverage through a fully collateralized catastrophe bond. Based on data available at December 31, 2025, management estimates that AFG’s exposure to a catastrophic earthquake or windstorm that industry models indicate should statistically occur once in every 500 years is less than 3% of AFG’s Shareholders’ Equity.

Catastrophe losses of $31 million in the second quarter of 2026 resulted primarily from convective storms in multiple regions of the United States. Catastrophe losses of $38 million in the second quarter of 2025 resulted primarily from storms in multiple regions of the United States.

Commissions and Other Underwriting Expenses

Commissions and other underwriting expenses (“U/W Exp”) were $552 million in the second quarter of 2026 compared to $527 million for the second quarter of 2025, an increase of $25 million (5%). AFG’s underwriting expense ratio, calculated as commissions and other underwriting expenses divided by net premiums earned, was 32.6% for the second quarter of

AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q

Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Continued

2026 compared to 32.0% for the second quarter of 2025, an increase of 0.6 percentage points. Detail of commissions and other underwriting expenses and underwriting expense ratios is shown below (dollars in millions):

Property and transportation Commissions and other underwriting expenses as a percentage of net earned premiums decreased 0.3 percentage points in the second quarter of 2026 compared to the second quarter of 2025. This decrease reflects growth in the crop and commercial auto businesses, both of which have a lower commissions and other underwriting expense ratio than some of the other businesses in this sub-segment, partially offset by higher costs for software and other expenses associated with certain initiatives in IT security, customer experience and data analytics.

Specialty casualty Commissions and other underwriting expenses as a percentage of net earned premiums increased 0.5 percentage points in the second quarter of 2026 compared to the second quarter of 2025 reflecting higher costs for software and other expenses associated with certain initiatives in IT security, customer experience and data analytics and the impact of changes in the mix of business.

Specialty financial Commissions and other underwriting expenses as a percentage of net earned premiums increased 2.0 percentage points in the second quarter of 2026 compared to the second quarter of 2025 due primarily to higher costs for software and other expenses associated with certain initiatives in IT security, customer experience and data analytics and higher profit-based commissions to agents in the financial institutions business.

Property and Casualty Net Investment Income

Net investment income in AFG’s property and casualty insurance operations was $221 million in the second quarter of 2026 compared to $179 million in the second quarter of 2025, an increase of $42 million (23%). The average invested assets and overall yield earned on investments held by AFG’s property and casualty insurance operations are provided below (dollars in millions):

The increase in the property and casualty insurance segment’s net investment income for the second quarter of 2026 compared to the second quarter of 2025 reflects the impact of higher returns on AFG’s alternative investment portfolio (partnerships and similar investments and AFG-managed CLOs).

AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q

Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Continued

Property and Casualty Other Income and Expenses, Net

Other income and expenses, net for AFG’s property and casualty insurance operations was a net expense of $13 million for the second quarter of 2026 compared to $19 million for the second quarter of 2025, an improvement of $6 million (32%). The table below details the items included in other income and expenses, net for AFG’s property and casualty insurance operations (in millions):

Holding Company, Other and Unallocated — Results of Operations

AFG’s net pretax loss outside of its property and casualty insurance segment (excluding realized gains and losses) totaled $50 million in the second quarter of 2026 compared to $46 million in the second quarter of 2025, an increase of $4 million (9%).

The following table details AFG’s loss before income taxes from operations outside of its property and casualty insurance segment for the three months ended June 30, 2026 and 2025 (dollars in millions):

Holding Company and Other — P&C Fees and Related Expenses

Summit, a workers’ compensation insurance subsidiary, collects fees from a small group of unaffiliated insurers for providing underwriting, policy administration and claims services. In addition, certain of AFG’s property and casualty insurance businesses collect fees from customers for ancillary services such as workplace safety programs and premium financing. In the second quarter of 2026, AFG collected $24 million in fees for these services compared to $23 million in the second quarter of 2025. Management views this fee income, net of expenses incurred to generate such fees of $16 million in both the second quarter of 2026 and 2025, as a reduction in the cost of underwriting its property and casualty insurance policies. The expenses related to providing such services are embedded in property and casualty underwriting and claims servicing expenses. Consistent with internal management reporting, these fees and the related expenses are netted and recorded as a reduction of commissions and other underwriting expenses and loss adjustment expenses in AFG’s segmented results.

AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q

Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Continued

Holding Company and Other — Other Income

Other income in the table above includes $3 million and $2 million in the second quarter of 2026 and the second quarter of 2025, respectively, in management fees paid to AFG by the AFG-managed CLOs (AFG’s consolidated managed investment entities). The management fees are eliminated in consolidation — see the other income line in the Consolidate MIEs column under “Results of Operations — Segmented Statement of Earnings.”

Holding Company and Other — Interest Charges on Borrowed Money

AFG’s holding companies and other operations outside of its property and casualty insurance segment recorded interest expense of $24 million in the second quarter of 2026 compared to $19 million in the second quarter of 2025, an increase of $5 million (26%), reflecting the issuance of $350 million principal amount of 5.00% Senior Notes in September 2025.

Realized Gains (Losses) on Securities

AFG’s realized gains (losses) on securities were net gains of $16 million in the second quarter of 2026 compared to $2 million in the second quarter of 2025, an increase of $14 million (700%). Realized gains (losses) on securities consisted of the following (in millions):

The $30 million net realized gain from the change in the fair value of equity securities in the second quarter of 2026 includes gains of $18 million on investments in manufacturing companies and $11 million on investments in banks and financing companies. The $10 million net realized gain from the change in the fair value of equity securities in the second quarter of 2025 includes gains of $10 million on investments in manufacturing companies and $6 million on investments in banks and financing companies, partially offset by losses of $2 million on investments in energy companies, $2 million on investments in media companies and $2 million on investments in natural gas companies.

Consolidated Income Taxes

AFG’s consolidated provision for income taxes was $68 million for the second quarter of 2026 compared to $55 million for the second quarter of 2025, an increase of $13 million (24%). See Note J — “Income Taxes” to the financial statements for an analysis of items affecting AFG’s effective tax rate.

AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q

Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Continued

RESULTS OF OPERATIONS — SIX MONTHS ENDED JUNE 30, 2026 AND 2025

Segmented Statement of Earnings

AFG reports its operations as two segments: (i) Property and casualty insurance (“P&C”) and (ii) Other, which includes holding company costs and income and expenses related to the managed investment entities (“MIEs”).

AFG’s net earnings, determined in accordance with GAAP, include certain items that may not be indicative of its ongoing core operations. The following tables for the six months ended June 30, 2026 and 2025 identify such items by segment and reconcile net earnings to core net operating earnings, a non-GAAP financial measure that AFG believes is a useful tool for investors and analysts in analyzing ongoing operating trends (in millions):

AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q

Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Continued

(*)See the reconciliation of core earnings to GAAP net earnings under “Results of Operations — General” for details on the tax impacts of these reconciling items.

Property and Casualty Insurance Segment — Results of Operations

AFG’s property and casualty insurance operations contributed $659 million in pretax earnings in the first six months of 2026 compared to $519 million in the first six months of 2025, an increase of $140 million (27%), reflecting higher underwriting profit and higher net investment income.

AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q

Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Continued

The following table details AFG’s earnings before income taxes from its property and casualty insurance operations for the six months ended June 30, 2026 and 2025 (dollars in millions):

AFG reports the underwriting performance of its Specialty property and casualty insurance business in the following sub-segments: (i) Property and transportation, (ii) Specialty casualty and (iii) Specialty financial.

Gross Written Premiums

Gross written premiums (“GWP”) were $5.29 billion for the first six months of 2026 compared to $4.94 billion for the first six months of 2025, an increase of $341 million (7%). Detail of gross written premiums is shown below (dollars in millions):

AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q

Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Continued

Reinsurance Premiums Ceded

Reinsurance premiums ceded (“Ceded”) were 32% of gross written premiums in the first six months of 2026 compared to 31% of gross written premiums for the first six months of 2025, an increase of 1.0 percentage point. Detail of reinsurance premiums ceded is shown below (dollars in millions):

Net Written Premiums

Net written premiums (“NWP”) were $3.58 billion for the first six months of 2026 compared to $3.41 billion for the first six months of 2025, an increase of $165 million (5%). Detail of net written premiums is shown below (dollars in millions):

Net Earned Premiums

Net earned premiums (“NEP”) were $3.30 billion for the first six months of 2026 compared to $3.23 billion for the first six months of 2025, an increase of $76 million (2%). Detail of net earned premiums is shown below (dollars in millions):

Gross written premiums for the first six months of 2026 increased $341 million (7%) compared to the first six months of 2025. The Specialty property and casualty insurance operations continue to achieve year-over-year premium growth as a result of new business opportunities, a favorable renewal rate environment and increased exposures. Overall average renewal rates increased approximately 4% in the first six months of 2026. Excluding the workers’ compensation businesses, renewal pricing increased approximately 5%.

Property and transportation Gross written premiums increased $206 million (10%) in the first six months of 2026 compared to the first six months of 2025. This increase was due primarily to growth in crop insurance products that are heavily ceded, and to a lesser extent, new business opportunities, higher exposures and a favorable rate environment in the transportation businesses. Average renewal rates increased approximately 7% for this group in the first six months of 2026. Reinsurance premiums ceded as a percentage of gross written premiums increased 3 percentage points in the first six months of 2026 compared to the first six months of 2025, reflecting growth in the heavily ceded crop insurance products and growth in certain alternative risk transfer products in the transportation businesses, which cede a higher percentage of premiums than some of the other businesses in this sub-segment.

Specialty casualty Gross written premiums increased $78 million (4%) in the first six months of 2026 compared to the first six months of 2025, reflecting new business opportunities and favorable renewal pricing in the targeted markets and workers’ compensation businesses, higher year-over-year premiums in the mergers and acquisitions liability business and growth across several other businesses in this sub-segment. Average renewal rates increased approximately 2% for this group in the first six months of 2026. Excluding the workers’ compensation businesses, renewal rates for this group

AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q

Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Continued

increased approximately 5%. Reinsurance premiums ceded as a percentage of gross written premiums in the first six months of 2026 were comparable to the first six months of 2025.

Specialty financial Gross written premiums increased $57 million (9%) in the first six months of 2026 compared to the first six months of 2025, due primarily to growth in the lender services businesses. Average renewal rates were flat for this group in the first six months of 2026. Reinsurance premiums ceded as a percentage of gross written premiums increased 3 percentage points in the first six months of 2026 compared to the first six months of 2025, reflecting higher cessions of catastrophe exposed business in the financial institutions business.

Combined Ratio

The table below (dollars in millions) details the components of the combined ratio:

The Specialty property and casualty insurance operations generated an underwriting profit of $300 million for the first six months of 2026 compared to $208 million for the first six months of 2025, an increase of $92 million (44%), reflecting higher year-over-year underwriting profit in each of the Specialty sub-segments. Overall catastrophe losses were $66 million (2.0 points on the combined ratio) in the first six months of 2026 compared to catastrophe losses of $110 million (3.4 points) in the first six months of 2025.

Property and transportation Underwriting profit for this group was $122 million for the first six months of 2026 compared to $64 million for the first six months of 2025, an increase of $58 million (91%), reflecting higher underwriting profit in the agricultural and transportation businesses. Catastrophe losses were $24 million (2.2 points on the combined ratio) in the first six months of 2026 compared to $22 million (2.1 points) in the first six months of 2025.

Specialty casualty Underwriting profit for this group was $79 million for the first six months of 2026 compared to $69 million for the first six months of 2025, an increase of $10 million (14%). Higher underwriting profit in the general

AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q

Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Continued

liability businesses focused on energy, construction and environmental risks as well as the targeted markets and excess and surplus businesses was partially offset by lower underwriting profit in the workers’ compensation and the mergers and acquisitions liability business. Catastrophe losses were $20 million (1.3 points on the combined ratio) in the first six months of 2026 compared to catastrophe losses of $34 million (2.1 points) in the first six months of 2025.

Specialty financial Underwriting profit for this group was $99 million for the first six months of 2026 compared to $75 million for the first six months of 2025, an increase of $24 million (32%), reflecting higher underwriting profit in the financial institutions and fidelity and crime businesses. Catastrophe losses were $22 million (3.8 points on the combined ratio) in the first six months of 2026 compared to $54 million (9.7 points) in the first six months of 2025.

Aggregate Aggregate underwriting results for AFG’s property and casualty insurance segment includes adverse prior year reserve development of $2 million in the first six months of 2026 and $1 million in the first six months of 2025 related to business outside of the Specialty group that AFG no longer writes.

Losses and Loss Adjustment Expenses

AFG’s overall loss and LAE ratio was 57.7% for the first six months of 2026 compared to 61.1% for the first six months of 2025, a decrease of 3.4 percentage points. The components of losses and LAE amounts and ratio are detailed below (dollars in millions):

AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q

Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Continued

Current accident year losses and LAE, excluding catastrophe losses

The current accident year loss and LAE ratio, excluding catastrophe losses, for AFG’s Specialty property and casualty insurance operations was 59.5% for the first six months of 2026 compared to 58.7% for the first six months of 2025, an increase of 0.8 percentage points.

Property and transportation The 0.1 percentage points increase in the loss and LAE ratio for the current year, excluding catastrophe losses, reflects growth in the crop and transportation businesses, both of which have a higher loss and LAE ratio than some of the other businesses in this sub-segment, partially offset by lower claim frequency in the commercial auto businesses, lower claim severity in the aviation business and growth in the inland marine and ocean marine businesses, both of which have a lower loss and LAE ratio than some of the other businesses in this sub-segment.

Specialty casualty The 0.8 percentage points increase in the loss and LAE ratio for the current year, excluding catastrophe losses, reflects growth in the workers’ compensation and public sector businesses, both of which have a higher loss and LAE ratio than some of the other businesses in this sub-segment, and a decrease in net earned premiums in the executive liability and certain excess and surplus lines businesses, both of which have a lower loss and LAE ratio than some of the other businesses in this sub-segment.

Specialty financial The 2.3 percentage points increase in the loss and LAE ratio for the current year, excluding catastrophe losses, reflects growth in AFG’s European operations, which has a higher loss and LAE ratio than some of the other businesses in this sub-segment, and a decrease in net earned premiums in the surety business, which has a lower loss and LAE ratio than some of the other businesses in this sub-segment. These increases were partially offset by growth in the financial institutions business, which has a lower loss and LAE ratio than some of the other businesses in this sub-segment.

Net prior year reserve development

AFG’s Specialty property and casualty insurance operations recorded net favorable reserve development related to prior accident years of $127 million in the first six months of 2026 compared to $32 million in the first six months of 2025, an increase of $95 million (297%).

Property and transportation Net favorable reserve development of $89 million in the first six months of 2026 reflects lower than anticipated losses in the crop business, lower than expected claim severity and frequency in the inland marine business and lower than anticipated claim severity in the commercial auto, aviation and ocean marine businesses. Net favorable reserve development of $32 million in the first six months of 2025 reflects lower than anticipated losses in the crop business, lower than anticipated claim severity in the aviation and agribusiness operations and lower than expected claim frequency in the inland marine business.

Specialty casualty Net favorable reserve development of $1 million in the first six months of 2026 reflects lower than anticipated claim severity in the workers’ compensation businesses, partially offset by higher than anticipated severity in certain social inflation exposed businesses. Net adverse reserve development of $22 million in the first six months of 2025 reflects higher than anticipated claim severity in the excess and surplus and social services businesses, partially offset by lower than anticipated claim severity in the workers’ compensation businesses.

Specialty financial Net favorable reserve development of $37 million in the first six months of 2026 reflects lower than anticipated claim frequency and severity in the fidelity and crime business and lower than expected claim severity in the surety and financial institutions businesses. Net favorable reserve development of $22 million in the first six months of 2025 reflects lower than anticipated claim frequency in the financial institutions business and lower than expected claim severity in the trade credit, surety and fidelity businesses.

Aggregate Aggregate net prior accident years reserve development for AFG’s property and casualty insurance segment includes net adverse reserve development of $2 million in the first six months of 2026 and $1 million in the first six months of 2025 related to business outside the Specialty group that AFG no longer writes.

Catastrophe losses

Catastrophe losses of $66 million in the first six months of 2026 resulted primarily from winter and convective storms in multiple regions of the United States. Catastrophe losses of $110 million in the first six months of 2025 resulted primarily from California wildfires and storms in multiple regions of the United States.

AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q

Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Continued

Commissions and Other Underwriting Expenses

Commissions and other underwriting expenses (“U/W Exp”) were $1.10 billion in the first six months of 2026 compared to $1.05 billion for the first six months of 2025, an increase of $51 million (5%). AFG’s underwriting expense ratio was 33.3% for the first six months of 2026 compared to 32.5% for the first six months of 2025, an increase of 0.8 percentage points. Detail of commissions and other underwriting expenses and underwriting expense ratios is shown below (dollars in millions):

Property and transportation Commissions and other underwriting expenses as a percentage of net earned premiums decreased 0.1 percentage points in the first six months of 2026 compared to the first six months of 2025. This decrease reflects growth in the crop and commercial auto businesses, both of which have a lower commissions and other underwriting expense ratio than some of the other businesses in this sub-segment, partially offset by higher costs for software and other expenses associated with certain initiatives in IT security, customer experience and data analytics.

Specialty casualty Commissions and other underwriting expenses as a percentage of net earned premiums increased 0.8 percentage points in the first six months of 2026 compared to the first six months of 2025 reflecting higher costs for software and other expenses associated with certain initiatives in IT security, customer experience and data analytics and the impact of changes in the mix of business.

Specialty financial Commissions and other underwriting expenses as a percentage of net earned premiums increased 2.5 percentage points in the first six months of 2026 compared to the first six months of 2025 due primarily to higher costs for software and other expenses associated with certain initiatives in IT security, customer experience and data analytics and higher profit-based commissions to agents in the financial institutions business.

Property and Casualty Net Investment Income

Net investment income in AFG’s property and casualty insurance operations was $389 million in the first six months of 2026 compared to $349 million in the first six months of 2025, an increase of $40 million (11%). The average invested assets and overall yield earned on investments held by AFG’s property and casualty insurance operations are provided below (dollars in millions):

The increase in the property and casualty insurance segment’s net investment income for the first six months of 2026 compared to the first six months of 2025 reflects the impact of higher returns on AFG’s alternative investment portfolio (partnerships and similar investments and AFG-managed CLOs) and higher balances of invested assets.

AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q

Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Continued

Property and Casualty Other Income and Expenses, Net

Other income and expenses, net for AFG’s property and casualty insurance operations was a net expense of $28 million for the first six months of 2026 compared to $37 million for the first six months of 2025, an improvement of $9 million (24%). The table below details the items included in other income and expenses, net for AFG’s property and casualty insurance operations (in millions):

Holding Company, Other and Unallocated — Results of Operations

AFG’s net pretax loss outside of its property and casualty insurance segment (excluding realized gains and losses) totaled $102 million in the first six months of 2026 compared to $98 million in the first six months of 2025, an increase of $4 million (4%).

The following table details AFG’s loss before income taxes from operations outside of its property and casualty insurance segment for the six months ended June 30, 2026 and 2025 (dollars in millions):

Holding Company and Other — Net Investment Income

AFG recorded net investment income on investments held outside of its property and casualty insurance segment of $15 million in the first six months of 2026 compared to $12 million in the first six months of 2025, an increase of $3 million (25%) reflecting the impact of higher average investment balances.

Holding Company and Other — P&C Fees and Related Expenses

Summit, a workers’ compensation insurance subsidiary, collects fees from a small group of unaffiliated insurers for providing underwriting, policy administration and claims services. In addition, certain of AFG’s property and casualty insurance businesses collect fees from customers for ancillary services such as workplace safety programs and premium financing. In the first six months of 2026, AFG collected $49 million in fees for these services compared to $48 million in the first six months of 2025. Management views this fee income, net of expenses incurred to generate such fees of $32 million in both the first six months of 2026 and 2025, as a reduction in the cost of underwriting its property and casualty insurance policies. The expenses related to providing such services are embedded in property and casualty

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Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Continued

underwriting and claims servicing expenses. Consistent with internal management reporting, these fees and the related expenses are netted and recorded as a reduction of commissions and other underwriting expenses and loss adjustment expenses in AFG’s segmented results.

Holding Company and Other — Other Income

Other income in the table above includes $5 million in both the first six months of 2026 and the first six months of 2025 in management fees paid to AFG by the AFG-managed CLOs (AFG’s consolidated managed investment entities). The management fees are eliminated in consolidation — see the other income line in the Consolidate MIEs column under “Results of Operations — Segmented Statement of Earnings.” Excluding amounts eliminated in consolidation, AFG recorded other income outside of its property and casualty insurance segment of $2 million in the first six months of 2026 compared to $3 million in the first six months of 2025, a decrease of $1 million (33%).

Holding Company and Other — Other Expenses

AFG’s holding companies and other operations outside of its property and casualty insurance segment recorded other expenses of $77 million in the first six months of 2026 compared to $80 million in the first six months of 2025, a decrease of $3 million (4%). Other expenses in the first six months of 2025 include a $4 million charge to increase liabilities related to AFG’s former railroad and manufacturing operations.

Holding Company and Other — Interest Charges on Borrowed Money

AFG’s holding companies and other operations outside of its property and casualty insurance segment recorded interest expense of $47 million in the first six months of 2026 compared to $38 million in the first six months of 2025, an increase of $9 million (24%), reflecting the issuance of $350 million principal amount of 5.00% Senior Notes in September 2025.

Realized Gains (Losses) on Securities

AFG’s realized gains (losses) on securities were net losses of $2 million in the first six months of 2026 compared to net gains of $5 million in the first six months of 2025, a change of $7 million (140%). Realized gains (losses) on securities consisted of the following (in millions):

The $18 million net realized gain from the change in the fair value of equity securities in the first six months of 2026 includes gains of $15 million on manufacturing companies, $8 million on investments in banks and financing companies, $6 million on investments in natural gas companies and $5 million on investments in energy companies, partially offset by losses of $7 million on investments in media companies and $4 million on investments in asset managers. The $19 million net realized gain from the change in the fair value of equity securities in the first six months of 2025 includes gains of $10 million on investments in manufacturing companies, $6 million on investments in banks and financing companies and $3 million on investments in media companies.

Consolidated Income Taxes

AFG’s consolidated provision for income taxes was $116 million for the first six months of 2026 compared to $98 million for the first six months of 2025, an increase of $18 million (18%). See Note J — “Income Taxes” to the financial statements for an analysis of items affecting AFG’s effective tax rate.

ACCOUNTING STANDARDS TO BE ADOPTED

In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU No. 2024-03 (“ASU 2024-03”), Income Statement — Reporting Comprehensive Income — Expense Disaggregation Disclosures (Subtopic 220-40): Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses. ASU 2024-03 requires additional information and disaggregation of specified expense categories in the notes to financial

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Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Continued

statements. ASU 2024-03 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2026, and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2027, with early adoption permitted and applied either prospectively or retrospectively. As of June 30, 2026, AFG has not adopted ASU 2024-03. Management is evaluating the impact of the standard to AFG’s income statement expense disclosures. Since ASU 2024-03 only requires additional disclosures, the adoption of this guidance will not have an impact on AFG’s results of operations or financial condition.