Bank First Corporation BFC Form 10-Q filing Q1 FY2026

​

​

​

​

​

PART I – FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Item 1. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS:

BANK FIRST CORPORATION

Consolidated Balance Sheets

(In thousands, except share and per share data)

​

​

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

​

​

ITEM 1. Financial Statements Continued:

BANK FIRST CORPORATION

Consolidated Statements of Income

(In thousands, except per share data) (Unaudited)

​

​

See accompanying notes to unaudited consolidated financial statements.

​

​

ITEM 1. Financial Statements Continued:

BANK FIRST CORPORATION

Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income

(In thousands) (Unaudited)

​

​

See accompanying notes to unaudited consolidated financial statements.

​

​

ITEM 1. Financial Statements Continued:

BANK FIRST CORPORATION

Consolidated Statement of Stockholders’ Equity

(In thousands, except share and per share data) (Unaudited)

​

​

See accompanying notes to unaudited consolidated financial statements.

​

​

ITEM 1. Financial Statements Continued:

BANK FIRST CORPORATION

Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

(In thousands) (Unaudited)

​

​

​

​

ITEM 1. Financial Statements Continued:

BANK FIRST CORPORATION

Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (Continued)

(In thousands) (Unaudited)

​

​

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

​

​

BANK FIRST CORPORATION

NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(in thousands, except share and per share data)

NOTE 1 – BASIS OF PRESENTATION

Bank First Corporation (the “Company”) provides a variety of financial services to individual and corporate customers through its wholly-owned subsidiary, Bank First, N.A. (the “Bank”). The Bank operates as a full-service financial institution with a primary market area including, but not limited to, the counties in which the Bank’s branches are located. The Bank has thirty-eight locations located in Brown, Columbia, Dane, Door, Fond du Lac, Green, Jefferson, Manitowoc, Monroe, Outagamie, Ozaukee, Rock, Shawano, Sheboygan, Walworth, Waupaca, Waushara, and Winnebago counties in the State of Wisconsin and Winnebago county in the State of Illinois. The Company and Bank are subject to the regulations of certain federal agencies and undergo periodic examinations by those regulatory authorities.

These interim unaudited consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America (“GAAP”) for interim financial information and with the instructions to Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and Article 10 of Regulation S-X. Accordingly, certain information and footnote disclosures required by GAAP have been omitted or abbreviated. These unaudited consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the Company’s audited consolidated financial statements and footnotes included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2025 (“Annual Report”).

The unaudited consolidated financial statements include all adjustments, consisting of normal recurring adjustments, necessary for a fair presentation of the results for the interim periods. The results for interim periods are not necessarily indicative of results for a full year.

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

The accounting and reporting policies of the Company conform to GAAP in the United States and general practices within the financial institution industry. To prepare financial statements in conformity with GAAP, management makes estimates, assumptions and judgments based on available information. These estimates, assumptions and judgments are based on information available as of the date of the financial statements and, as this information changes, actual results could differ from the estimates, assumptions and judgments reflected in the financial statement. As disclosed in the Company’s Annual Report, management has identified several accounting policies that, due to the estimates, assumptions and judgments inherent in those policies, are critical in understanding our financial statements. These include accounting for business combinations (primarily related to core deposit intangibles and acquired loans) and accounting for the ACL-Loans.

​

There have been no material changes or developments with respect to the assumptions or methodologies that the Company uses when applying what management believes are critical accounting policies and developing critical accounting estimates as previously disclosed in the Company’s Annual Report.

Reclassifications

Certain 2025 amounts have been reclassified to conform to the presentation used in 2026. These reclassifications had no effect on the operations, financial condition or cash flows of the Company.

Updates to Significant Accounting Policies

Effective January 1, 2026, the Company adopted Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2025-08, Financial Instruments—Credit Losses (Topic 326): Purchased Financial Assets. Any financial assets purchased after January 1, 2026 (including those acquired as part of the acquisition of Centre 1 Bancorp. Inc. (“Centre”) on January 1, 2026) reflect the application of ASU 2025-08, while financial assets purchased prior to this date will continue to be reported in accordance with previously applicable accounting standards.

​

Recently Issued Not Yet Effective Accounting Standards

In October 2023, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued ASU 2023-06, Disclosure Improvements. This ASU modifies the disclosure or presentation requirements of a variety of Topics in the Codification. The amendments in this ASU are expected to clarify or improve disclosure and presentation requirements for certain codification topics. The effective date for each amendment will be the date on which the Security and Exchange Commission’s removal of that related disclosure from Regulation S-X or Regulation S-K becomes effective, with early adoption prohibited. If, by June 30, 2027, the Securities and Exchange Commission has not removed the applicable requirement from Regulation S-X or Regulation S-K, the pending content of the related amendment will be removed from the Codification and will not become effective for any entity. The Company does not anticipate a significant impact to its financial statement disclosures as a result of this ASU.

In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU 2024-03, Income Statement – Reporting Comprehensive Income – Expense Disaggregation Disclosures (Topic 220): Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses. This ASU is intended to improve the disclosures about a public entity’s income statement expense categories and addresses requests from investors and other decision makers for additional, more detailed information about income statement expense categories. The amendment applies to all public entities that are required to report income statement categories in accordance with Topic 280. The effective date for this update was amended by ASU 2025-01, Income Statement – Reporting Comprehensive Income – Expense Disaggregation Disclosures (Subtopic 220-40): Clarifying the Effective Date, and is now effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2026, and interim reporting periods within annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2027.

In December 2025, the FASB issued ASU 2025-11, Interim Reporting (Topic 270) – Narrow Scope Improvements. This ASU is intended to better clarify interim disclosure requirements and the applicability of Topic 270 by improving the navigability of the required interim disclosures and clarifying what guidance is applicable. The amendments also provide additional guidance on what disclosures would be provided in interim reporting periods. This update is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2027, with early adoption permitted. The Company anticipates that this standard may impact the specific disclosures it utilizes in interim reports but will not cause any change in the accounting for operational results.

​

​

​

NOTE 2 – ACQUISITION

On January 1, 2026, the Company completed a merger with Centre, a bank holding company headquartered in Beloit, Wisconsin, pursuant to the merger agreement, dated as of July 17, 2025, by and between the Company and Centre, whereby Centre merged with and into the Company, and First National Bank and Trust, Centre’s wholly-owned banking subsidiary, merged with and into the Bank. Centre’s principal activity was the ownership and operation of First National Bank and Trust, a federal-chartered banking institution that operated seventeen (17) branches in Wisconsin and Illinois at the time of closing. The merger consideration totaled approximately $168.8 million.

​

Pursuant to the Merger Agreement, Centre shareholders were entitled to receive, for each share of Centre common stock that was outstanding immediately prior to the merger, 0.9200 shares of the Company’s common stock and cash in lieu of fractional shares. Company stock issued totaled 1,382,940 shares valued at approximately $168.5 million, with cash of $0.3 million comprising the remainder of merger consideration. After close the combined company had total assets of approximately $6.2 billion, loans of approximately $4.6 billion, and deposits of approximately $5.0 billion.

​

​

​

The fair value of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed on January 1, 2026 was as follows:

​

​

The Company purchased loans through the acquisition of Centre for which there was, at the date of acquisition, more than insignificant deterioration of credit quality since origination (PCD Loans). The carrying amount of these loans at acquisition was as follows:

​

All other loans purchased through this acquisition were classified as Purchased Seasoned Loans under the guidance of ASU 2025-08.

​

The following unaudited pro forma information is presented for illustrative purposes only. The pro forma information should not be relied upon as being indicative of the historical results of operations the Company would have had if the Centre merger had occurred before such periods or the future results of operations that the Company will experience as a result of the merger. The pro forma information, although helpful in illustrating the financial characteristics of the combined company under one set of assumptions, does not reflect the benefits of expected cost savings, opportunities to earn additional revenue, the impact of restructuring and merger-related expenses, or other factors that may result as a consequence of the merger and, accordingly, does not attempt to predict or suggest future results. The unaudited pro forma information set forth below gives effect to the merger as if it had occurred on January 1, 2025, the beginning of the earliest period presented.

​

​

The Company accounted for this transaction under the acquisition method of accounting, and thus, the financial position and results of operations of Centre prior to the consummation dates were not included in the accompanying consolidated financial statements. The accounting required assets purchased and liabilities assumed to be recorded at their respective fair values at the date of acquisition. The Company determined the fair value of core deposit intangibles, securities, premises and equipment, loans, other assets and liabilities and deposits with the assistance of third-party valuations, appraisals and third-party advisors. The acquisition accounting is provisional for up to one year after the acquisition and could be adjusted in subsequent quarters during 2026 if additional relevant information to the fair values listed above becomes available.

​

​

​

NOTE 3 – EARNINGS PER SHARE

The two-class method is used in the calculation of basic and diluted earnings per share. Under the two-class method, earnings available to common shareholders for the period are allocated between common shareholders and participating securities according to dividends declared (or accumulated) and participation rights in undistributed earnings. There were no anti-dilutive stock options for the three months ended March 31, 2026 or 2025.

The following table presents the factors used in the earnings per share computations for the period indicated:

​

(1) Participating securities are restricted stock awards whereby the stock certificates have been issued, are included in outstanding shares, receive dividends and can be voted, but have not vested.

​

​

​

NOTE 4 – SECURITIES

The following is a summary of available for sale securities:

​

The following is a summary of held to maturity securities:

​

​

The following table shows the fair value and gross unrealized losses of securities with unrealized losses, aggregated by investment category and length of time that individual securities have been in a continuous unrealized loss position:

​

​

As of March 31, 2026, and December 31, 2025, no allowance for credit losses has been recognized on available for sale securities in an unrealized loss position as the Company does not believe any of the debt securities are credit impaired. This is based on the Company’s analysis of the risk characteristics, including credit ratings, and other qualitative factors related to these securities. The issuers of these securities continue to make timely principal and interest payments under the contractual terms of the securities. As of March 31, 2026, the Company did not intend to sell these securities and it was more likely than not that the Company would not be required to sell the debt securities before recovery of their amortized cost, which may be at maturity. The unrealized losses have occurred as a result of changes in interest rates, market spreads and market conditions subsequent to purchase, not credit deterioration.

Furthermore, based on its analysis the Company has determined that held to maturity securities have zero expected credit losses. U.S. Treasury securities have the full faith and credit backing of the United States Government.

​

The following is a summary of amortized cost and estimated fair value of securities by contractual maturity as of March 31, 2026. Contractual maturities will differ from expected maturities for mortgage-backed securities because borrowers may have the right to call or prepay obligations without penalties.

​

​

As of March 31, 2026 and December 31, 2025, the carrying values of securities pledged to secure public deposits and for other purposes required or permitted by law were approximately $268.1 million and $249.7 million, respectively.

​

Sales of securities available for sale produced $8.9 million in proceeds with immaterial gross gains and losses for the three months ended March 31, 2026. There were no sales of securities available for sale during the three months ended March 31, 2025.

​

​

​

NOTE 5 – LOANS, ALLOWANCE FOR CREDIT LOSSES, AND CREDIT QUALITY

The following table presents total loans by portfolio segment and class of loan as of March 31, 2026 and December 31, 2025:

​

​

The ACL - Loans is based on the Company’s evaluation of historical default and loss experience, current and projected economic conditions, asset quality trends, known and inherent risks in the portfolio, adverse situations that may affect the borrowers’ ability to repay a loan, the estimated value of any underlying collateral, composition of the loan portfolio and other relevant factors. More information regarding the Company’s methodology related to the ACL-Loans can be found in the Company’s Annual Report.

​

The Company utilized the high-end range of the Federal Reserve Bank Open Market Committee forecast for national unemployment and the low-end range for national GDP growth at March 31, 2026 and December 31, 2025. As of March 31, 2026, the Company anticipates the national unemployment rate to rise during the forecast period and the national GDP growth rate to rise nominally. The Company utilized long-term averages for the remaining loss drivers. Due to increased geopolitical and economic uncertainty, the qualitative adjustment to individual loan pools related to risk from changes in economic conditions was increased during the first quarter of 2026.

​

A roll forward of the ACL-Loans is summarized as follows:

​

​

​

A summary of the activity in the ACL - Loans by loan type for the three months ended March 31, 2026 is summarized as follows:

​

​

A summary of the activity in the ACL – Loans by loan type for the three months ended March 31, 2025 is summarized as follows:

​

​

In addition to the ACL-Loans, the Company has established an allowance for credit losses on unfunded commitments (“ACL-Unfunded Commitments”), classified in other liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets. This allowance is maintained to absorb losses arising from unfunded loan commitments, and is determined quarterly based on methodology similar to the methodology for determining the ACL-Loans. The ACL - Unfunded Commitments was $4.0 million and $3.0 million at March 31, 2026 and December 31, 2025, respectively. See Note 11 for further information on commitments.

​

The provision for credit losses is determined by the Company as the amount to be added to the ACL accounts for various types of financial instruments including loans, investment securities, and off-balance sheet credit exposures after net charge-offs have been deducted to bring the ACL to a level that, in management’s judgment, is necessary to absorb expected credit losses over the lives of the respective financial instruments. The following table presents the components of the provision for credit losses.

​

​

​

The Company’s past due and non-accrual loans as of March 31, 2026 is summarized as follows:

​

​

The Company’s past due and non-accrual loans as of December 31, 2025 is summarized as follows:

​

​

Interest recognized on non-accrual loans is considered immaterial to the consolidated financial statements for the three months ended March 31, 2026 and 2025.

​

A loan is considered to be collateral dependent when, based upon management’s assessment, the borrower is experiencing financial

difficulty and repayment is expected to be provided substantially through the operation or sale of the collateral. For collateral dependent loans, expected credit losses are based on amortized cost of the loan less the estimated fair value of the collateral at the balance sheet date, with consideration for estimated selling costs if satisfaction of the loan depends on the sale of the collateral.

​

​

​

The following tables present collateral dependent loans by portfolio segment and collateral type, including those loans with and without a related allowance allocation. Real estate collateral primarily consists of operating facilities of the underlying borrowers. Other business assets collateral primarily consists of equipment, receivables and inventory of the underlying borrowers.

​

​

​

​

The Company utilizes a numerical risk rating system for commercial relationships. All other types of relationships (ex: residential, consumer, other) are assigned a “Pass” rating, unless they have fallen 90 days past due or more, at which time they are assessed for a rating of 5, 6 or 7. The Company uses split ratings for government guaranties on loans. The portion of a loan that is supported by a government guaranty is included with other Pass credits.

The determination of a commercial loan risk rating begins with completion of a matrix, which assigns scores based on the strength of the borrower’s debt service coverage, collateral coverage, balance sheet leverage, industry outlook, and customer concentration. A weighted average is taken of these individual scores to arrive at the overall rating. This rating is subject to adjustment by the loan officer based on facts and circumstances pertaining to the borrower. Risk ratings are subject to independent review.

Commercial borrowers with ratings between 1 and 5 are considered Pass credits, with 1 being most acceptable and 5 being just above the minimum level of acceptance. Commercial borrowers rated 6 have potential weaknesses which may jeopardize repayment ability. Borrowers rated 7 have a well-defined weakness or weaknesses such as the inability to demonstrate significant cash flow for debt service based on analysis of the company’s financial information. These loans remain on accrual status provided full collection of principal and interest is reasonably expected. Otherwise they are deemed impaired and placed on nonaccrual status. Borrowers rated 8 are the same as 7 rated credits with one exception: collection or liquidation in full is not probable.

​

The following tables present total loans by risk ratings and year of origination. Loans acquired from other previously acquired institutions have been included in the table based upon the actual origination date.

​

​

​

​

​

​

Loans that were both experiencing financial difficulty and were modified during the three months ended March 31, 2026 and 2025, were insignificant to these consolidated financial statements.

​

​

​

​

NOTE 6 – MORTGAGE SERVICING RIGHTS

Loans serviced for others are not included in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets. MSRs are recognized as separate assets when loans sold in the secondary market are sold with servicing retained. The Company utilizes a third-party consulting firm to assist with determining an accurate assessment of the MSRs fair value. The third-party firm collects relevant data points from numerous sources. Some of these data points relate directly to the pricing level or relative value of the mortgage servicing while other data points relate to the assumptions used to derive fair value. In addition, the valuation evaluates specific collateral types, and current and historical performance of the collateral in question. The valuation process focuses on the non-distressed secondary servicing market, common industry practices and current regulatory standards. The primary determinants of the fair value of MSRs are servicing fee percentage, ancillary income, expected loan life or prepayment speeds, discount rates, costs to service, delinquency rates, foreclosure losses and recourse obligations. The valuation data also contains interest rate shock analyses for monitoring fair value changes in differing interest rate environments.

Following is an analysis of activity in the MSR asset:

​

​

The primary economic assumptions utilized by the Company in measuring the value of MSRs were constant prepayment speeds of 9.0% and 8.5% and discount rates of 10.14% and 10.17% as of March 31, 2026 and December 31, 2025, respectively. The constant prepayment speeds are obtained from publicly available sources for each of the loan programs the Company originates under.

NOTE 7 – NOTES PAYABLE

The Company utilizes FHLB advances to fund liquidity. The Company had outstanding balances borrowed from the FHLB of $100.0 million and $110.0 million at March 31, 2026 and December 31, 2025, respectively. The advances, rate, and maturities of FHLB advances were as follows:

​

​

​

Future maturities of borrowings were as follows:

​

As of March 31, 2026, the Company had borrowing availability at the FHLB totaling $226.4 million in addition to the existing borrowings noted in the tables above. The Company has also issued $102.8 million in letters of credit through the FHLB with expiration dates through November 2026. ​

The Company assumed $65.0 million of FHLB borrowings as part of the Centre acquisition on January 1, 2026. The Company repaid these borrowings in full on January 23, 2026, prior to the contractual maturity. As a result, the Company recognized $1.3 million of purchase accounting fair value adjustment related to the borrowings, which reduced interest expense from borrowed funds, and incurred a $1.1 million prepayment penalty paid to the FHLB which is reflected in other noninterest expense.

​

NOTE 8 – SUBORDINATED NOTES AND JUNIOR SUBORDINATED DEBENTURES

During July 2020, the Company entered into subordinated note agreements with two separate commercial banks. The Company had through December 31, 2020, to borrow funds up to a maximum availability of $6.0 million under each agreement, or $12.0 million total. These notes were issued with 10-year maturities, carried interest at a fixed rate of 5.0% through June 30, 2025, and carry a variable rate thereafter, payable quarterly. These notes became callable by the Company on January 1, 2026 and qualify for Tier 2 capital for regulatory purposes. The Company had outstanding balances of $6.0 million under these agreements at March 31, 2026 and December 31, 2025.

​

During August 2022, the Company entered into subordinated note agreements with an individual. The Company had outstanding balances of $6.0 million under these agreements as of March 31, 2026 and December 31, 2025. These notes were issued with 10-year maturities, carry interest at a fixed rate of 5.25% through August 6, 2027, and at a variable rate thereafter, payable quarterly. These notes are callable on or after August 6, 2027 and qualify for Tier 2 capital for regulatory purposes.

​

The Company assumed $4.5 million in subordinated note agreements with an individual as part of the Centre acquisition January 1, 2026. These notes were entered into by Centre during January 2025. They contain 10-year maturities and carry interest at a fixed rate of 6.75% through January 1, 2030, and at a variable rate thereafter, payable quarterly. These notes are callable on or after January 2030 and qualify for Tier 2 capital for regulatory purposes.

​

As a result of the acquisition of Centre on January 1, 2026, the Company acquired all of the common securities of Centre’s wholly-owned subsidiary, Centre 1 Capital Trust I (“Trust I”). The Company also assumed an adjustable rate junior subordinated note agreement with this trust. The junior subordinated debenture issued to Trust I totals $8.3 million, carries interest at a floating rate resetting on each quarterly payment date, and is due in January 2039. The junior subordinated debenture is redeemable by the Company, subject to prior approval by the Federal Reserve Bank, on any quarterly payment date. The junior subordinated debenture represents the sole asset of Trust I. The trust is not included in the consolidated financial statements. The net effect of all agreements assumed with respect to Trust I is that the Company, through payments on its debenture, is liable for the distributions and other payments required on the trust’s preferred securities. Trust I also provides the Company with $8.0 million in Tier 1 capital for regulatory capital purposes.

​

​

NOTE 9 – REGULATORY MATTERS

Banks and certain bank holding companies are subject to regulatory capital requirements administered by federal banking agencies. Capital adequacy guidelines and, additionally for banks, prompt corrective action regulations involve quantitative measures of assets, liabilities, and certain off-balance sheet items calculated under regulatory accounting practices. Capital amounts and classifications are also subject to qualitative judgments by regulators. Failure to meet capital requirements can initiate regulatory action.

Under regulatory guidance for non-advanced approaches institutions, the Bank and Company are required to maintain minimum amounts and ratios of common equity Tier I capital to risk-weighted assets, including an additional conservation buffer determined by banking regulators. As of March 31, 2026 and December 31, 2025, this buffer was 2.5%. The Bank met all capital adequacy requirements to which they are subject as of March 31, 2026 and December 31, 2025.

Actual and required capital amounts and ratios are presented below at period-end:

​

​

​

​

​

​

NOTE 10 – SEGMENT INFORMATION

The Company’s single reportable segment is determined by the Chief Executive Officer, who is the designated chief operating decision maker, based upon information provided by the Company’s products and services offered, primarily banking operations. The segment is also distinguished by the level of information provided to the chief operating decision maker, who uses such information to review the performance of various components of the business such as branches, which are then aggregated as operating performance, products and services, and customers are similar. The chief operating decision maker will then evaluate the financial performance of the Company’s business components such as by evaluating significant revenues and expenses and budget to actual results in assessing the Company’s segment and in the determination of allocating resources. The chief decision maker uses revenue streams to evaluate product pricing and significant expenses to assess performance and evaluate return on assets. The chief decision maker uses consolidated net income and return on assets to benchmark the Company against its competitors. The benchmarking analysis, coupled with monitoring of budget to actual results, are used in the assessment of performance and in establishing compensation. Loans, investments, service charges, and deposits in other banks provide the significant revenues in the banking operation. Interest expense, provisions for credit losses, data processing and payroll provide the significant expenses in the banking operation. All operations are domestic. Information reported internally for performance assessment by the chief operating decision maker is identical to that which is shown in the Consolidated Statements of Income.

NOTE 11 – COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES

The Company enters into commitments to originate loans whereby the interest rate on the loan is determined prior to funding (rate-lock commitments). Rate-lock commitments on mortgage loans that are intended to be sold are considered to be derivatives. Accordingly, such commitments, along with any related fees received from potential borrowers, are recorded at fair value in derivative assets or liabilities, with changes in fair value recorded in the net gain or loss on sale of mortgage loans. Fair value is based on fees currently charged to enter into similar agreements and for fixed rate commitments also considers the difference between current levels of interest rates and committed rates. The notional amount of rate-lock commitments at March 31, 2026 and December 31, 2025 was approximately $24.8 million and $16.9 million, respectively. The fair value of these rate-lock commitments are not material to these financial statements.

The Company is party to financial instruments with off-balance sheet risk in the normal course of business to meet the financing needs of its customers. These instruments involve, to varying degrees, elements of credit risk in excess of the amount recognized in the consolidated balance sheets.

The Company’s exposure to credit loss is represented by the contractual or notional amount of these commitments. The Company follows the same credit policies in making commitments as it does for on-balance-sheet instruments. Since some of the commitments are expected to expire without being drawn upon and some of the commitments may not be drawn upon to the total extent of the commitment, the notional amount of these commitments does not necessarily represent future cash requirements.

The following commitments were outstanding:

​

​

​

NOTE 12 – FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS

Accounting guidance establishes a fair value hierarchy to maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs when measuring fair value. The standard describes three levels of inputs that may be used to measure fair value.

Level 1: Quoted prices (unadjusted) or identical assets or liabilities in active markets that the entity has the ability to access as of the measurement date.

Level 2: Significant other observable inputs other than Level 1 prices such as quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities; quoted prices in markets that are not active; or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data.

Level 3: Significant unobservable inputs that reflect a reporting entity’s own assumptions about the assumptions that market participants would use in pricing an asset or liability.

​

Information regarding the fair value of assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis is as follows:

​

​

There were no assets measured on a recurring basis using significant unobservable inputs (Level 3) during these periods. Furthermore, there were no liabilities measured on a recurring basis during the periods.

​

​

Information regarding the fair value of assets measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis is as follows:

​

​

The following is a description of the valuation methodologies used by the Company for the items noted in the table above, including the general classification of such instruments in the fair value hierarchy. For loans individually evaluated, the amount of reserve is based upon the present value of expected future cash flows discounted at the loan’s effective interest rate, the estimated fair value of the underlying collateral for collateral-dependent loans, or the estimated liquidity of the note. For OREO, the fair value is based upon the estimated fair value of the underlying collateral adjusted for the expected costs to sell.

The following table shows significant unobservable inputs used in the fair value measurement of Level 3 assets:

​

​

​

The carrying value and estimated fair value of financial instruments not measured and reported at fair value on a recurring or non-recurring basis at March 31, 2026 and December 31, 2025 are as follows:

​

​

​

​

The fair value of a financial instrument is the current amount that would be exchanged between willing parties, other than in a forced liquidation. Fair value is best determined based upon quoted market prices. However, in many instances, there are no quoted market prices for the Company’s various financial instruments. In cases where quoted market prices are not available, fair values are based on estimates using present value or other valuation techniques. Those techniques are significantly affected by the assumptions used, including the discount rate and estimates of future cash flows. Accordingly, the fair value estimates may not be realized in an immediate settlement of the instrument. Consequently, the aggregate fair value amounts presented may not necessarily represent the underlying fair value of the Company.

Fair value estimates are made at a specific point in time based on relevant market information and information about the financial instrument. These estimates do not reflect any premium or discount that could result from offering for sale at one time the Company’s entire holdings of a particular instrument. Because no market exists for a significant portion of the Company’s financial instruments, fair value estimates are based on judgments regarding future expected loss experience, current economic conditions, risk characteristics of various financial instruments, and other factors. These estimates are subjective in nature and involve uncertainties and matters that could affect the estimates. Fair value estimates are based on existing on- and off-balance-sheet financial instruments without attempting to estimate the value of anticipated future business and the value of assets and liabilities that are not considered financial instruments.

Deposits with no stated maturities are defined as having a fair value equivalent to the amount payable on demand. This prohibits adjusting fair value derived from retaining those deposits for an expected future period of time. This component, commonly referred to as a deposit base intangible, is neither considered in the above amounts nor is it recorded as an intangible asset on the consolidated balance sheet. Significant assets and liabilities that are not considered financial assets and liabilities include premises and equipment. In addition, the tax ramifications related to the realization of the unrealized gains and losses can have a significant effect on fair value estimates and have not been considered in the estimates.

​

​

NOTE 13 – STOCK BASED COMPENSATION

The Company has made restricted share grants pursuant to the Bank First Corporation 2011 Equity Plan and the Bank First Corporation 2020 Equity Plan, which replaced the 2011 Plan. The purpose of the Plan is to provide financial incentives for selected employees and for the non-employee Directors of the Company, thereby promoting the long-term growth and financial success of the Company. The number of shares of Company stock that may be issued pursuant to awards under the 2020 Plan shall not exceed, in the aggregate, 700,000. As of March 31, 2026, 150,499 shares of Company stock have been awarded under the 2020 Plan. Compensation expense for restricted stock is based on the fair value of the awards of Bank First Corporation common stock at the time of grant. The value of restricted stock grants that are expected to vest is amortized into expense over the vesting periods. For the three months ended March 31, 2026 and 2025, compensation expense of $0.6 million and $0.6 million, respectively, was recognized related to restricted stock awards.

As of March 31, 2026, there was $5.1 million of unrecognized compensation cost related to non-vested restricted stock awards granted under the plan. That cost is expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of 2.4 years. The aggregate grant date fair value of restricted stock awards that vested during the three months ended March 31, 2026, was approximately $2.2 million.

​

​

​

​

​

re

​

​

ITEM 2. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with our audited consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2025, included in our Annual Report and with our unaudited condensed accompanying notes set forth in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarterly period March 31, 2026.

OVERVIEW

Bank First Corporation is a Wisconsin corporation that was organized primarily to serve as the holding company for Bank First, N.A. Bank First, N.A., which was incorporated in 1894, is a nationally-chartered bank headquartered in Manitowoc, Wisconsin. It is a member of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (“Federal Reserve”), and is regulated by the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency (“OCC”). Including its headquarters in Manitowoc, Wisconsin, the Bank has thirty-eight banking locations in Brown, Columbia, Dane, Door, Fond du Lac, Green, Jefferson, Manitowoc, Monroe, Outagamie, Ozaukee, Rock, Shawano, Sheboygan, Walworth, Waupaca, Waushara, and Winnebago counties in the State of Wisconsin and Winnebago county in the State of Illinois. The Bank offers loan, deposit, treasury management, trust, and wealth management services at each of its banking locations.

​

As with most community banks, the Bank derives a significant portion of its income from interest received on loans and investments. The Bank’s primary source of funding is deposits, both interest-bearing and noninterest-bearing. In order to maximize the Bank’s net interest income, or the difference between the income on interest-earning assets and the expense of interest-bearing liabilities, the Bank must not only manage the volume of these balance sheet items, but also the yields earned on interest-earning assets and the rates paid on interest-bearing liabilities. To account for credit risk inherent in all loans, the Bank maintains an ACL - Loans to absorb possible losses on existing loans that may become uncollectible. The Bank establishes and maintains this allowance by charging a provision for credit losses against operating earnings. Beyond its net interest income, the Bank further receives income through the net gain on sale of loans held for sale as well as servicing income which is retained on those sold loans. In order to maintain its operations and bank locations, the Bank incurs various operating expenses which are further described within the “Results of Operations” later in this section.

On January 1, 2026, the Company consummated its merger with Centre pursuant to the Agreement and Plan of Bank Merger, dated as of July 17, 2025, by and among the Company and Centre, whereby Centre was merged with and into the Company, and First National Bank and Trust, Centre’s wholly owned banking subsidiary, was merged with and into the Bank. Eleven branches of First National Bank and Trust opened on January 2, 2026, operating under the First National Bank and Trust name as a division of Bank First, expanding the Bank’s presence in Rock County in Wisconsin and Winnebago County in Illinois. These branches will be rebranded under the Bank First name when core systems are consolidated during the second quarter of 2026.

​

The Company accounted for this transaction under the acquisition method of accounting, and thus, the financial position and results of operations of the acquired institution prior to the consummation date are not included in the accompanying consolidated financial statements. The acquisition method of accounting required assets purchased and liabilities assumed to be recorded at their respective fair values at the date of acquisition. The Company determines the fair value of core deposit intangibles, securities, premises and equipment, loans, other assets and liabilities, deposits and borrowings with the assistance of third-party valuations, appraisals, and third-party advisors. The acquisition accounting is provisional for up to one year after the acquisition and could be adjusted in subsequent quarters during 2026 if additional relevant information to the fair values becomes available.

​

​

SELECTED HISTORICAL CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL DATA

The following tables present certain selected historical consolidated financial data as of the dates or for the period indicated:

​

(1) These measures are not measures prepared in accordance with GAAP, and are therefore considered to be non-GAAP financial measures. See “GAAP reconciliation and management explanation of non-GAAP financial measures” for a reconciliation of these measures to their most comparable GAAP measures.

(2) Income statement-related ratios for partial year periods are annualized.

GAAP RECONCILIATION AND MANAGEMENT EXPLANATION OF NON-GAAP FINANCIAL MEASURES

We identify certain financial measures discussed in the Report as being “non-GAAP financial measures.” The non-GAAP financial measures presented in this Report are tangible book value per common share and tangible equity to tangible assets.

In accordance with the SEC’s rules, we classify a financial measure as being a non-GAAP financial measure if that financial measure excludes or includes amounts, or is subject to adjustments that have the effect of excluding or including amounts, that are included or excluded, as the case may be, in the most directly comparable measure calculated and presented in accordance with GAAP as in effect from time to time in the United States in our statements of income, balance sheets or statements of cash flows.

The non-GAAP financial measures that we discuss in this Report should not be considered in isolation or as a substitute for the most directly comparable or other financial measures calculated in accordance with GAAP. Moreover, the manner in which we calculate the non-GAAP financial measures that we discuss in our selected historical consolidated financial data may differ from that of other companies reporting measures with similar names. You should understand how such other banking organizations calculate their financial measures similar or with names similar to the non-GAAP financial measures we have presented in our selected historical consolidated financial data when comparing such non-GAAP financial measures. The following discussion and reconciliations provide a more detailed analysis of these non-GAAP financial measures.

​

Tangible book value per common share and tangible equity to tangible assets are non-GAAP measures that exclude the impact of goodwill and other intangibles used by the Company’s management to evaluate capital adequacy. Because intangible assets such as goodwill and other intangibles vary extensively from company to company, we believe that the presentation of this information allows investors to more easily compare the Company’s capital position to other companies. The most directly comparable financial measures calculated in accordance with GAAP are book value per common share, return on average common equity and stockholders’ equity to total assets.

​

​

RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

Results of Operations for the Three Months Ended March 31, 2026 and March 31, 2025

General**.** Net income increased $1.8 million to $20.0 million for three months ended March 31, 2026, compared to $18.2 million for the same period in 2025. This increase is primarily due to the added scale of operations resulting from the Centre acquisition at the beginning of the first quarter of 2026.

Net Interest Income**.** The management of interest income and expense is fundamental to our financial performance. Net interest income, the difference between interest income and interest expense, is the largest component of the Company’s total revenue. Management closely monitors both total net interest income and the net interest margin (net interest income divided by average earning assets). We seek to maximize net interest income without exposing the Company to an excessive level of interest rate risk through our asset and liability policies. Interest rate risk is managed by monitoring the pricing, maturity and repricing options of all classes of interest-bearing assets and liabilities. Our net interest margin can also be adversely impacted by the reversal of interest on nonaccrual loans and the reinvestment of loan payoffs into lower yielding investment securities and other short-term investments.

Net interest and dividend income increased by $16.7 million to $53.2 million for the three months ended March 31, 2026 compared to $36.5 million for three months ended March 31, 2025. The increase in net interest income was primarily due to growth in interest earning assets over the last three months, resulting from the acquisition of Centre. Total average interest-earning assets were $5.49 billion for the three months ended March 31, 2026, up from $4.10 billion for the same period in 2025. In addition, growth of $0.9 million in interest-bearing liabilities, from $2.84 billion for the three months ended March 31, 2025 to $3.75 billion for the three months ended March 31, 2026, was partially offset by average rates paid on these liabilities declining from 2.65% for the three months ended March 31, 2025, to 2.20% for the three months ended March 31, 2026. Bank First repaid $65.0 million in FHLB borrowings assumed from Centre during the first quarter of 2026, triggering the recognition of $1.3 million in purchase accounting fair value adjustments, reducing interest expense and causing the rate paid on other borrowings to decrease to 0.95% on an annualized basis during the first quarter of 2026. Net interest margin and net interest income are influenced by internal and external factors. Internal factors include balance sheet changes on both volume and mix and pricing decisions, and external factors include changes in market interest rates, competition and the shape of the interest rate yield curve.

​

​

​

Interest Income. Total interest income increased $18.6 million, or 33.7%, to $73.6 million for the three months ended March 31, 2026 compared to $55.0 million for the same period in 2025. The increase in total interest income was primarily due to the aforementioned growth in interest earnings assets resulting from the acquisition of Centre. The average balance of interest-earning assets increased by $1.39 billion during the three months ended March 31, 2026 compared to the same period in 2025. Interest income from the accretion of purchase accounting fair value marks increased by $2.7 million in the first quarter of 2026 compared to the prior-year first quarter.

Interest Expense. Interest expense increased $1.9 million, or 10.2%, to $20.4 million for the three months ended March 31, 2026 compared to $18.5 million for the same period in 2025.

Interest expense on interest-bearing deposits increased by $3.2 million to $20.0 million for the three months ended March 31, 2026 compared to $16.9 million for the same period in 2025. The increase in interest expense was primarily due to elevated interest-bearing liabilities from the Centre acquisition. The average balance and rate of interest-bearing deposits was $3.61 billion and 2.26% for the three months ended March 31, 2026, compared to $2.69 billion and 2.54% for the same period in 2025.

Other borrowed funds, the Company’s highest-cost source of funding, saw average balances decline by $2.3 million to $144.6 million during the first quarter of 2026 compared to $147.0 million during the same period in the prior year. Rates paid on these funds declined due to the aforementioned recognition of $1.3 million in purchase accounting fair value adjustments on acquired balances that were paid off prior to contractual maturity.

Provision for Credit Losses. Credit risk is inherent in the business of making loans. We establish an allowance for credit losses through charges to earnings, which are shown in the statements of operations as the provision for credit losses. The provision for credit losses and level of allowance for each period are dependent upon many factors, including loan growth, net charge-offs, changes in the composition of the loan portfolio, delinquencies, management’s assessment of the quality of the loan portfolio, the valuation of problem loans and the general economic conditions in our market area. The determination of the amount is complex and involves a high degree of judgment and subjectivity.

We did not record a provision for credit loss during the three months ended March 31, 2026 compared to recording a $0.4 million provision for credit loss during the same period in 2025. Economic forecasts, primarily US gross domestic product projections, increased slightly during the first quarter of 2026 while projections for unemployment also increased. We incurred $0.1 million net charge-offs during the three months ended March 31, 2026 compared to net charge-offs of $0.8 million during the three months ended March 31, 2025. The Bank’s loan portfolio continues to exhibit very little credit stress. The acquisition of Centre led to an increase of $12.8 million of ACL – Loans related to the acquired portfolio. The ACL - Loans was $57.1 million, or 1.26% of total loans, at March 31, 2026 compared to $43.7 million, or 1.23% of total loans at March 31, 2025.

Noninterest Income. Noninterest income is an important component of our total revenues. A significant portion of our noninterest income has historically been associated with service charges and income from the Bank’s unconsolidated subsidiary, Ansay. The Centre acquisition introduced a new Trust and Wealth Management business line in the first quarter of 2026. Other sources of noninterest income include loan servicing fees and gains on sales of mortgage loans.

Noninterest income increased $3.9 million to $10.5 million for the three months ended March 31, 2026 compared to $6.6 million for the same period in 2025. This increase was primarily the result of higher service charge and loan servicing income provided by added operational scale from the acquisition of Centre. Income provided by the Bank’s investment in Ansay totaled $1.0 million during the first quarter of 2026, down $0.2 million from the prior-year first quarter. Income provided by Trust and Wealth Management was $1.6 million during the first quarter of 2026. Assets under management of this department totaled $798.4 million as of March 31, 2026. Finally, gains on sales of mortgage loans totaled $1.1 million during the first quarter of 2026, up from $0.3 million in the prior-year first quarter.

​

​

​

The major components of our noninterest income are listed below:

​

Noninterest Expense. Noninterest expense increased $18.5 million to $39.1 million for the three months ended March 31, 2026 compared to $20.6 million for the same period in 2025. Most areas of noninterest expense were elevated in the most recent quarter due to the added operating scale from Centre acquisition. Expenses directly related to the Bank’s acquisition of Centre totaled $6.5 million during the first quarter of 2026. These expenses were primarily incurred in the areas of personnel expense, outside service fees and data processing. Occupancy expense was significantly elevated due to eleven new operating locations added to the Bank’s footprint as part of the Centre acquisition. This acquisition also created a core deposit intangible asset of $31.9 million. Amortization related to this intangible asset, which will be amortized over the next 10 years, led to the elevated amortization expense during the first quarter of 2026. As mentioned, the Bank incurred a $1.1 million prepayment penalty when it repaid $65.0 million in FHLB borrowings during the first quarter of 2026.

​

​

The major components of our noninterest expense are listed below:

​

​

Income Tax Expense. We recorded a provision for income taxes of $4.7 million for the three months ended March 31, 2026 compared to a provision of $3.9 million for the same period during 2025, reflecting effective tax rates of 19.1% for the first quarter of 2026 compared to 17.5% during first quarter 2025. The effective tax rates were reduced from the statutory federal and state income tax rates during both periods as a result of tax-exempt interest income produced by certain qualifying loans and investments in the Bank’s portfolios. Tax-exempt income during the first quarter of 2025 resulted from a death benefit on life insurance, further reducing the effective tax rate for that quarter.

​

NET INTEREST MARGIN

Net interest income represents the difference between interest earned, primarily on loans and investments, and interest paid on funding sources, primarily deposits and borrowings. Interest rate spread is the difference between the average rate earned on total interest-earning assets and the average rate paid on total interest-bearing liabilities. Net interest margin is the amount of net interest income, on a fully taxable-equivalent basis, expressed as a percentage of average interest-earning assets. The average rate earned on earning assets is the amount of annualized taxable-equivalent interest income expressed as a percentage of average earning assets. The average rate paid on interest-bearing liabilities is equal to annualized interest expense as a percentage of average interest-bearing liabilities.

The following tables set forth the distribution of our average assets, liabilities and stockholders’ equity, and average rates earned or paid on a fully taxable equivalent basis for each of the periods indicated:

(1). Annualized on a fully taxable equivalent basis calculated using a federal tax rate of 21% for the three months ended March 31, 2026 and 2025.

(2). Nonaccrual loans are included in average amounts outstanding.

(3). Interest rate spread represents the difference between the weighted average yield on interest-earning assets and the weighted average cost of interest-bearing liabilities.

(4). Net interest margin represents net interest income on a fully tax equivalent basis as a percentage of average interest-earning assets.

​

Rate/Volume Analysis

The following tables describe the extent to which changes in interest rates and changes in the volume of interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities have affected our interest income and interest expense during the periods indicated. Information is provided in each category with respect to: (i) changes attributable to changes in volumes (changes in average balance multiplied by prior year average rate) and (ii) changes attributable to changes in rate (change in average interest rate multiplied by prior year average balance), while (iii) changes attributable to the combined impact of volumes and rates have been allocated proportionately to separate volume and rate categories.

​

• Three Months Ended March 31, 2025
• (dollars in thousands)_

​

CHANGES IN FINANCIAL CONDITION

Total Assets. Total assets increased $1.56 billion, or 34.7%, to $6.07 billion at March 31, 2026, from $4.51 billion at December 31, 2025, primarily as a result of the Centre acquisition on January 1, 2026.

Cash and Cash Equivalents. Cash and cash equivalents increased by $155.4 million to $398.6 million at March 31, 2026, from $243.2 million at December 31, 2025.

Investment Securities. The carrying value of total investment securities increased by $333.0 million to $601.2 million at March 31, 2026, from $268.1 million at December 31, 2025. The increase in investments was primarily attributed to the investment portfolio acquired from Centre during the first quarter of 2026.

Loans. Net loans increased by $898.3 million, totaling $4.46 billion at March 31, 2026 compared to $3.56 billion at December 31, 2025. The fair value of loans acquired as part of the acquisition of Centre at the beginning of the first quarter of 2026 totaled $968.7 million.

​

​

Deposits. Deposits increased $1.39 billion, or 37.6%, to $5.09 billion at March 31, 2026 from $3.70 billion at December 31, 2025. The fair value of deposits acquired as part of the acquisition of Centre at the beginning of the first quarter of 2026 totaled $1.38 billion.

Borrowings. At March 31, 2026, borrowings consisted of advances from the FHLB and subordinated debt to other banks and an individual. FHLB borrowings decreased $10.0 million, or 9.1%, to $100.0 million at March 31, 2026 from $110.0 million at December 31, 2025. Junior subordinated debentures, all of which were assumed as part of the acquisition of Centre, totaled $8.3 million at March 31, 2026. The Company assumed $4.5 million of subordinated debt at fair value in the Centre transaction, increasing total subordinated debt to $16.6 million at March 31, 2026, up from $12.0 million at December 31, 2025.

​

Stockholders’ Equity. Total stockholders’ equity increased $176.0 million, or 27.3%, to $819.9 million at March 31, 2026 from $643.8 million at December 31, 2025. Repurchases of the Company’s common stock totaling $3.1 million and dividends declared totaling $5.6 million offset the positive impact of earnings totaling $20.0 million during the first three months of the 2026. The largest contributor to this increase was the Centre acquisition, which added $168.5 million to stockholders’ equity.

​

LOANS

Our lending activities are principally conducted in the states of Wisconsin and Illinois. The Bank makes commercial and industrial loans, commercial real estate loans, construction and development loans, residential real estate loans, and a variety of consumer loans and other loans. Much of the loans made by the Bank are secured by real estate collateral. The Bank’s commercial business loans are primarily made based on the cash flow of the borrower and secondarily on the underlying collateral provided by the borrower, with liquidation of the underlying real estate collateral typically being viewed as the primary source of repayment in the event of borrower default. Although commercial business loans are also often collateralized by equipment, inventory, accounts receivable, or other business assets, the liquidation of collateral in the event of default is often an insufficient source of repayment. Repayment of the Bank’s residential loans are generally dependent on the health of the employment market in the borrowers’ geographic areas and that of the general economy with liquidation of the underlying real estate collateral being typically viewed as the primary source of repayment in the event of borrower default.

Our loan portfolio is our most significant earning asset, comprising 74.6% and 80.1% of our total assets as of March 31, 2026 and December 31, 2025, respectively. Our strategy is to grow our loan portfolio by originating quality commercial and consumer loans that comply with our credit policies and that produce revenues consistent with our financial objectives. We believe our loan portfolio is well-balanced, which provides us with the opportunity to grow while monitoring our loan concentrations.

Loans increased $911.0 million, or 25.3%, to $4.51 billion as of March 31, 2026, compared to $3.60 billion as of December 31, 2025. This increase was primarily driven by the acquisition of Centre, which included approximately $1.0 billion in loan balances, and was comprised of an increase of $157.2 million or 24.3% in commercial and industrial loans, an increase of $76.6 million or 8.7% in owner occupied commercial real estate loans, an increase of $209.9 million or 42.6% in non-owner occupied commercial real estate loans, an increase of $240.1 million or 59.7% in multifamily loans, an increase of $40.4 million or 18.8% in construction and development loans, an increase of $262.6 million or 29.3% in residential 1-4 family loans and an increase of $11.9 million or 16.6% in consumer and other loans.

​

​

The following table presents the balance and associated percentage of each major category in our loan portfolio:

​

​

Loan categories

The principal categories of our loan portfolio are discussed below:

Commercial and Industrial (C&I). Our C&I portfolio totaled $821.2 million and $647.1 million at March 31, 2026 and December 31, 2025, respectively, and represented 18% of our total loans as of March 31, 2026 and December 31, 2025.

Our C&I loan customers represent various small and middle-market established businesses involved in professional services, accommodation and food services, health care, financial services, wholesale trade, manufacturing, distribution, retailing and non-profits. Most clients are privately owned with markets that range from local to national in scope. Many of the loans to this segment are secured by liens on corporate assets and the personal guarantees of the principals. The regional economic strength or weakness impacts the relative risks in this loan category. There is little concentration in any one business sector, and loan risks are generally diversified among many borrowers. We actively communicate with our C&I loan customers regarding their operations, including the impacts of recently implemented tariffs on their input costs and customer relationships. We have not noted significant pressure on our customer base from the current uncertain economic environment, but we will continue to monitor the impact of these items on our loan portfolio and its credit quality.

Commercial Real Estate (CRE). Our CRE loan portfolio totaled $2.25 billion and $1.78 billion at March 31, 2026 and December 31, 2025, respectively, and represented 50% and 49% of our total loans at those dates

Our CRE loans are secured by a variety of property types including multi-family dwellings, retail facilities, office buildings, commercial mixed use, lodging and industrial and warehouse properties. We do not have any specific industry or customer concentrations in our CRE portfolio. Our commercial real estate loans are generally for terms up to ten years, with loan-to-values that generally do not exceed 80%. Amortization schedules are long term and thus a balloon payment is generally due at maturity. Under most circumstances, the Bank will offer to rewrite or otherwise extend the loan at prevailing interest rates.

Construction and Development (C&D). Our C&D loan portfolio totaled $259.4 million and $215.5 million at March 31, 2026 and December 31, 2025, respectively, and represented 6% of our total loans as of March 31, 2026 and December 31, 2025.

Our C&D loans are generally for the purpose of creating value out of real estate through construction and development work, and also include loans used to purchase recreational use land. Borrowers typically provide a copy of a construction or development contract which is subject to bank acceptance prior to loan approval. Disbursements are handled by a title company. Borrowers are required to inject their own equity into the project prior to any note proceeds being disbursed. These loans are, by their nature, intended to be short term and are refinanced into other loan types at the end of the construction and development period. This short term and transitory nature causes the total balances in this loan category to increase and decrease from period-to-period.

Residential 1 – 4 Family. Residential 1 – 4 family loans held in portfolio amounted to $1.10 billion and $895.0 million at March 31, 2026 and December 31, 2025, respectively, and represented 24% of our total loans as of March 31, 2026 and 25% of our total loans as of December 31, 2025.

​

We offer fixed and adjustable-rate residential mortgage loans with maturities up to 30 years. One-to-four family residential mortgage loans are generally underwritten according to Fannie Mae guidelines, and we refer to loans that conform to such guidelines as “conforming loans.” We generally originate both fixed and adjustable-rate mortgage loans in amounts up to the maximum conforming loan limits as established by the Federal Housing Finance Agency, which is generally $806,500 for one-unit properties. In addition, we also offer loans above conforming lending limits typically referred to as “jumbo” loans. These loans are typically underwritten to the same guidelines as conforming loans; however, we may choose to hold a jumbo loan within its portfolio with underwriting criteria that does not exactly match conforming guidelines.

We do not offer reverse mortgages nor do we offer loans that provide for negative amortization of principal, such as “Option ARM” loans, where the borrower can pay less than the interest owed on his loan, resulting in an increased principal balance during the life of the loan. We also do not offer “subprime loans” (loans that are made with low down payments to borrowers with weakened credit histories typically characterized by payment delinquencies, previous charge-offs, judgments, bankruptcies, or borrowers with questionable repayment capacity as evidenced by low credit scores or high debt-burden ratios) or Alt-A loans (defined as loans having less than full documentation).

Residential real estate loans are originated both for sale to the secondary market as well as for retention in the Bank’s loan portfolio. The decision to sell a loan to the secondary market or retain within the portfolio is determined based on a variety of factors including but not limited to our asset/liability position, the current interest rate environment, and customer preference. Servicing rights are retained on all loans sold to the secondary market.

We were servicing mortgage loans sold to others without recourse of approximately $1.54 billion and $1.20 billion at March 31, 2026 and December 31, 2025, respectively.

Loans sold with the retention of servicing assets result in the capitalization of servicing rights. Loan servicing rights are carried at fair value. The net balance of capitalized servicing rights amounted to $17.5 million at March 31, 2026 and $13.7 million December 31, 2025.

Consumer Loans. Our consumer loan portfolio totaled $61.4 million and $54.8 million at March 31, 2026 and December 31, 2025, respectively, and represented 1% of our total loans as of March 31, 2026 and 2% of our total loans as of December 31, 2025. Consumer loans include secured and unsecured loans, lines of credit and personal installment loans.

Consumer loans generally have greater risk compared to longer-term loans secured by improved, owner-occupied real estate, particularly consumer loans that are secured by rapidly depreciable assets. In these cases, any repossessed collateral for a defaulted loan may not provide an adequate source of repayment of the outstanding loan balance. As a result, consumer loan repayments are dependent on the borrower’s continuing financial stability and thus are more likely to be adversely affected by job loss, divorce, illness or personal bankruptcy.

Other Loans. Our other loans totaled $22.4 million and $16.9 million at March 31, 2026 and December 31, 2025, respectively, and are immaterial to the overall loan portfolio. The other loans category consists primarily of over-drafted depository accounts, loans utilized to purchase or carry securities and loans to nonprofit organizations.

​

Loan Portfolio Maturities.

The following tables summarize the dollar amount of loans maturing in our portfolio based on their loan type, fixed or variable rate of interest, and contractual terms to maturity at March 31, 2026. The tables do not include any estimate of prepayments, which can significantly shorten the average life of all loans and may cause our actual repayment experience to differ from that shown below. Demand loans, loans having no stated repayment schedule or maturity, and overdraft loans are reported as being due in one year or less.

​

​

NONPERFORMING ASSETS

In order to operate with a sound risk profile, we focus on originating loans that we believe to be of high quality. We have established loan approval policies and procedures to assist us in maintaining the overall quality of our loan portfolio. When delinquencies in our loans exist, we rigorously monitor the levels of such delinquencies for any negative or adverse trends. From time to time, we may modify loans to extend the term or make other concessions to help a borrower with a deteriorating financial condition stay current on their loan and to avoid foreclosure. We generally do not forgive principal or interest on loans or modify the interest rates on loans to rates that are below market rates. Furthermore, we are committed to collecting on all of our loans and, as a result, at times have lower net charge-offs compared to many of our peer banks. We believe that our commitment to collecting on all of our loans results in higher loan recoveries.

​

Our nonperforming assets consist of nonperforming loans and foreclosed real estate. Nonperforming loans are those on which the accrual of interest has stopped, as well as loans that are contractually 90 days past due on which interest continues to accrue. The composition of our nonperforming assets is as follows:

​

​

Nonaccrual Loans

Loans are typically placed on nonaccrual status when any payment of principal and/or interest is 90 days or more past due, unless the collateral is sufficient to cover both principal and interest and the loan is in the process of collection. Loans are also placed on nonaccrual status when management believes, after considering economic and business conditions, that the principal or interest will not be collectible in the normal course of business. We monitor closely the performance of our loan portfolio. In addition to the monitoring and review of loan performance internally, we have also contracted with an independent organization to review our commercial and retail loan portfolios. The status of delinquent loans, as well as situations identified as potential problems, are reviewed on a regular basis by senior management. The increase in nonaccrual loans through the first three months of 2026 was primarily due to the deterioration of one customer relationship, which resulted in several loans being moved to nonaccrual status.

​

ALLOWANCE FOR CREDIT LOSSES - LOANS

The Company assesses the adequacy of its ACL - Loans at the end of each calendar quarter. The level of ACL - Loans is based on the Company’s evaluation of historical default and loss experience, current and projected economic conditions, asset quality trends, known and inherent risks in the portfolio, adverse situations that may affect the borrowers’ ability to repay a loan, the estimated value of any underlying collateral, composition of the loan portfolio and other relevant factors. The ACL - Loans is increased by a provision for credit losses, which is charged to expense, when the analysis shows that an increase is warranted. The ACL – Loans is reduced by charge-offs, net of recoveries, when they occur. The ACL is believed adequate to absorb all expected future losses to be recognized over the contractual life of the loans in the portfolio.

For further details on the Company’s ACL – Loans, refer to the footnotes along with the consolidated financial statements elsewhere in this report.

At March 31, 2026, the ACL - Loans was $57.1 million (representing 1.26% of period end loans). The Bank did not record a provision for credit losses during the first quarter of 2026. In addition, the ACL - Loans increased due to the acquisition of Centre, which required a $5.1 million allowance for credit losses on non-PCD loans and a $7.7 million reserve related to PCD loans. The ACL – Loans has remained consistent over recent quarters as economic conditions have remained stable and the Company’s overall asset quality remain strong. The Company recorded net charge-offs totaling $0.1 million during the first three months of 2026.

The following table summarizes the changes in our ACL - Loans for the periods indicated:

​

​

​

The following table summarizes an allocation of the ACL - Loans and the related percentage of loans outstanding in each category for the periods below.

​

​

SOURCES OF FUNDS

General. Deposits have traditionally been our primary source of funds for our investment and lending activities. We also borrow from the FHLB of Chicago to supplement cash needs, to lengthen the maturities of liabilities for interest rate risk management purposes and to manage our cost of funds. Our additional sources of funds are scheduled payments and prepayments of principal and interest on loans and investment securities and fee income and proceeds from the sales of loans and securities.

Deposits. Our current deposit products include non-interest bearing and interest-bearing checking accounts, savings accounts, money market accounts, and certificate of deposits. As of March 31, 2026, deposit liabilities accounted for approximately 83.8% of our total liabilities and equity. We accept deposits primarily from customers in the communities in which our branches and offices are located, as well as from small businesses and other customers throughout our lending area. We rely on our competitive pricing and products, quality customer service, and convenient locations and hours to attract and retain deposits. Deposit rates and terms are based primarily on current business strategies, market interest rates, liquidity requirements and our deposit growth goals.

​

Total deposits were $5.09 billion and $3.70 billion as of March 31, 2026 and December 31, 2025, respectively. Noninterest-bearing deposits at March 31, 2026 and December 31, 2025, were $1.50 billion and $1.00 billion, respectively, while interest-bearing deposits were $3.59 billion and $2.69 billion at March 31, 2026 and December 31, 2025, respectively.

​

At March 31, 2026, we had a total of $822.4 million in certificates of deposit, including $15.1 million of brokered deposits. Based on historical experience and our current pricing strategy, we believe we will retain a majority of these accounts upon maturity, although our long-term strategy is to minimize reliance on certificates of deposits by increasing relationship deposits in lower earning savings and demand deposit accounts.

​

The following tables set forth the average balances of our deposits for the periods indicated:

​

​

​

The following table provides information on maturities of certificates of deposits which exceed FDIC insurance limits of $250,000 as of March 31, 2026:

​

​

Borrowings

The Company’s borrowings have historically consisted primarily of FHLB advances collateralized by a blanket pledge agreement on the Company’s FHLB capital stock and retail and commercial loans held in the Company’s portfolio. There were $100.0 million and $110.0 million of advances outstanding from the FHLB at March 31, 2026 and December 31, 2025, respectively.

​

The total loans pledged as collateral were $839.3 million and $1.10 billion at March 31, 2026 and December 31, 2025. There were $102.8 million letters of credit from the FHLB at March 31, 2026 compared to no letters of credit at December 31, 2025.

​

The following table summarizes borrowings from the FHLB, and the weighted average interest rates paid:

​

​

Lines of credit and other borrowings.

During July 2020, the Company entered into subordinated note agreements with two separate commercial banks. As of March 31, 2026 and December 31, 2025, outstanding balances under these agreements totaled $6.0 million. These notes were issued with 10-year maturities, carried interest at a fixed rate of 5.0% through June 30, 2025, and carry a variable rate, payable quarterly. These notes are callable on or after January 1, 2026 and qualify for Tier 2 capital for regulatory purposes.

During August 2022, the Company entered into subordinated note agreements with an individual. As of March 31, 2026 and December 31, 2025, outstanding balances under these agreements totaled $6.0 million. These notes were issued with 10-year maturities, will carry interest at a fixed rate of 5.25% through August 6, 2027, and at a variable rate thereafter, payable quarterly. These notes are callable on or after August 6, 2027 and qualify for Tier 2 capital for regulatory purposes.

The Company assumed $4.5 million in subordinated note agreements with an individual as part of the Centre acquisition January 1, 2026. These notes were entered into by Centre during January 2025. They contain 10-year maturities and carry interest at a fixed rate of 6.75% through January 1, 2030, and at a variable rate thereafter, payable quarterly. These notes are callable on or after January 2030 and qualify for Tier 2 capital for regulatory purposes.

As a result of the acquisition of Centre on January 1, 2026, the Company acquired all of the common securities of Centre’s wholly-owned subsidiary, Centre 1 Capital Trust I (“Trust I”). The Company also assumed an adjustable rate junior subordinated note agreement with this trust. The junior subordinated debenture issued to Trust I totals $8.3 million, carries interest at a floating rate resetting on each quarterly payment date, and is due in January 2039. The junior subordinated debenture is redeemable by the Company, subject to prior approval by the Federal Reserve Bank, on any quarterly payment date. The junior subordinated debenture represents the sole asset of Trust I. The trust is not included in the consolidated financial statements. The net effect of all agreements assumed with respect to Trust I is that the Company, through payments on its debenture, is liable for the distributions and other payments required on the trust’s preferred securities. Trust I also provides the Company with $8.0 million in Tier 1 capital for regulatory capital purposes.

​

INVESTMENT SECURITIES

Our securities portfolio consists of securities available for sale and securities held to maturity. Securities are classified as held to maturity or available for sale at the time of purchase. Obligations of states and political subdivisions, obligations of U.S. government sponsored agencies, and mortgage-backed securities, all of which are issued by U.S. government agencies or U.S. government-sponsored enterprises, along with U.S. Treasuries make up the largest components of the securities portfolio. We manage our investment portfolio to provide an adequate level of liquidity as well as to maintain neutral interest rate-sensitive positions, while earning an adequate level of investment income without taking undue or excessive risk.

Securities available for sale consist of U.S. Treasuries, U.S. government sponsored agencies, obligations of states and political subdivision, mortgage-backed securities, and corporate notes. Securities classified as available for sale, which management has the intent and ability to hold for an indefinite period of time, but not necessarily to maturity, are carried at fair value, with unrealized gains and losses, net of related deferred income taxes, included in stockholders’ equity as a separate component of other comprehensive income. The fair value of securities available for sale totaled $483.2 million and included negligible gross unrealized gains and gross unrealized losses of $13.0 million at March 31, 2026. At December 31, 2025, the fair value of securities available for sale totaled $164.4 million and included $0.4 million gross unrealized gains and gross unrealized losses of $7.8 million.

​

Securities classified as held to maturity consist of U.S. treasury securities and obligations of states and political subdivisions. These securities, which management has the intent and ability to hold to maturity, are reported at amortized cost. Securities held to maturity totaled $117.9 million at March 31, 2026 and $103.7 million at December 31, 2025.

​

The Company had recognized net losses of $0.03 million on sales of securities during the three months ended March 31, 2026. The Company had recognized net losses on sales of securities of zero during the three months ended March 31, 2025.

​

The following tables set forth the composition and maturities of investment securities as of March 31, 2026 and December 31, 2025. Actual maturities may differ from contractual maturities because borrowers may have the right to call or prepay obligations with or without call or prepayment penalties.

​

​

​

(1) Weighted Average Yield is shown on a fully taxable equivalent basis using a federal tax rate of 21% and includes the amortization of premiums and discounts.

As of March 31, 2026 and December 31, 2025, no allowance for credit losses on securities AFS was recognized. The Company does not consider its securities AFS with unrealized losses to be attributable to credit-related factors, as the unrealized losses in each category have occurred as a result of changes in noncredit-related factors such as changes in interest rates, market spreads and market conditions subsequent to purchase, not credit deterioration. Furthermore, as of March 31, 2026, the Company did not have the intent to sell any of these securities AFS and believes that it is more likely than not that we will not have to sell any such securities before a recovery of cost.

The Company does not believe there are any expected credit losses in its HTM securities portfolio at March 31, 2026 or December 31, 2025. All U.S. Treasury securities have the full faith and credit backing of the United States government.

As of March 31, 2026, 278 debt securities had gross unrealized losses, with an aggregate depreciation of 2.2% from our amortized cost basis. The largest unrealized loss percentage of any single security was 21.2% (or $0.4 million) of its amortized cost. The largest unrealized dollar loss of any security was $0.7 million (or 19.1%).

As of December 31, 2025, 180 debt securities had gross unrealized losses, with an aggregate depreciation of 2.2% from our amortized cost basis. The largest unrealized loss percentage of any single security was 19.1% (or $0.4 million) of its amortized cost. The largest unrealized dollar loss of any single security was $0.6 million (or 11.0%).

The unrealized losses on these debt securities arose primarily due to changing interest rates and are considered to be temporary.

​

LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES

Impact of Inflation and Changing Prices. Our consolidated financial statements and related notes have been prepared in accordance with GAAP. GAAP generally requires the measurement of financial position and operating results in terms of historical dollars without consideration of changes in the relative purchasing power of money over time due to inflation. The impact of inflation is reflected in the increased cost of our operations. Unlike industrial companies, our assets and liabilities are primarily monetary in nature. As a result, changes in market interest rates have a greater impact on our performance than they would on industrial companies.

Liquidity. Liquidity is defined as the Company’s ability to generate adequate cash to meet its needs for day-to-day operations and material long and short-term commitments. Liquidity is the risk of potential loss if we were unable to meet our funding requirements at a reasonable cost. We are expected to maintain adequate liquidity at the Bank to meet the cash flow requirements of customers who may be either depositors wishing to withdraw funds or borrowers needing assurance that sufficient funds will be available to meet their credit needs. Our asset and liability management policy is intended to cause the Bank to maintain adequate liquidity and, therefore, enhance our ability to raise funds to support asset growth, meet deposit withdrawals and lending needs, maintain reserve requirements and otherwise sustain our operations.

We continuously monitor our liquidity position to ensure that assets and liabilities are managed in a manner that will meet all of our short-term and long-term cash requirements. We manage our liquidity based on demand and specific events and uncertainties to meet current and future financial obligations of a short-term nature. We also monitor our liquidity requirements in light of interest rate trends, changes in the economy and the scheduled maturity and interest rate sensitivity of the investment and loan portfolios and deposits. Our objective in managing liquidity is to respond to the needs of depositors and borrowers as well as to increase earnings enhancement opportunities in a changing marketplace.

Our liquidity is maintained through our investment portfolio, deposits, borrowings from the FHLB, and lines available from correspondent banks. Our highest priority is placed on growing noninterest bearing deposits through strong community involvement in the markets that we serve. Borrowings and brokered deposits are considered short-term supplements to our overall liquidity but are not intended to be relied upon for long-term needs. We believe that our present position is adequate to meet our current and future liquidity needs, and management knows of no trend or event that will have a material impact on the Company’s ability to maintain liquidity at satisfactory levels.

Capital Adequacy. Total stockholders’ equity was $819.9 million at March 31, 2026 compared to $643.8 million at December 31, 2025.

Our capital management consists of providing adequate equity to support our current and future operations. The Bank is subject to various regulatory capital requirements administered by state and federal banking agencies, including the Federal Reserve and the OCC. Failure to meet minimum capital requirements may prompt certain actions by regulators that, if undertaken, could have a direct material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations. Under capital adequacy guidelines and the regulatory framework for prompt corrective action, the Bank must meet specific capital guidelines that involve quantitative measure of their assets, liabilities, and certain off-balance sheet items as calculated under regulatory accounting practices. The capital amounts and the classifications are also subject to qualitative judgment by the regulator in regard to components, risk weighting and other factors.

​

The Bank is subject to the following risk-based capital ratios: a common equity Tier 1 (“CET1”) risk-based capital ratio, a Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio, which includes CET1 and additional Tier 1 capital, and a total capital ratio, which includes Tier 1 and Tier 2 capital. CET1 is primarily comprised of the sum of common stock instruments and related surplus net of treasury stock, retained earnings, and certain qualifying minority interests, less certain adjustments and deductions, including with respect to goodwill, intangible assets, mortgage servicing assets and deferred tax assets subject to temporary timing differences. Additional Tier 1 capital is primarily comprised of noncumulative perpetual preferred stock, tier 1 minority interests and grandfathered trust preferred securities. Tier 2 capital consists of instruments disqualified from Tier 1 capital, including qualifying subordinated debt, other preferred stock and certain hybrid capital instruments, and a limited amount of loan loss reserves up to a maximum of 1.25% of risk-weighted assets, subject to certain eligibility criteria. The capital rules also define the risk-weights assigned to assets and off-balance sheet items to determine the risk-weighted asset components of the risk-based capital rules, including, for example, certain “high volatility” commercial real estate, past due assets, structured securities and equity holdings.

The leverage capital ratio, which serves as a minimum capital standard, is the ratio of Tier 1 capital to quarterly average assets net of goodwill, certain other intangible assets, and certain required deduction items. The required minimum leverage ratio for all banks is 4%.

Failure to be well-capitalized or to meet minimum capital requirements could result in certain mandatory and possible additional discretionary actions by regulators that, if undertaken, could have an adverse material effect on our operations or financial condition. For example, only a well-capitalized depository institution may accept brokered deposits without prior regulatory approval. Failure to be well-capitalized or to meet minimum capital requirements could also result in restrictions on the Bank’s ability to pay dividends or otherwise distribute capital or to receive regulatory approval of applications or other restrictions on its growth.

The Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation Improvement Act of 1991 (“FDICIA”), among other things, requires the federal bank regulatory agencies to take “prompt corrective action” regarding depository institutions that do not meet minimum capital requirements. FDICIA establishes five regulatory capital tiers: “well capitalized”, “adequately capitalized”, “undercapitalized”, “significantly undercapitalized”, and “critically undercapitalized”. A depository institution’s capital tier will depend upon how its capital levels compare to various relevant capital measures and certain other factors, as established by regulation. FDICIA generally prohibits a depository institution from making any capital distribution (including payment of a dividend) or paying any management fee to its holding company if the depository institution would thereafter be undercapitalized. The FDICIA imposes progressively more restrictive restraints on operations, management and capital distributions, depending on the category in which an institution is classified. Undercapitalized depository institutions are subject to restrictions on borrowing from the Federal Reserve System. In addition, undercapitalized depository institutions may not accept brokered deposits absent a waiver from the FDIC, are subject to growth limitations and are required to submit capital restoration plans for regulatory approval. A depository institution’s holding company must guarantee any required capital restoration plan, up to an amount equal to the lesser of 5 percent of the depository institution’s assets at the time it becomes undercapitalized or the amount of the capital deficiency when the institution fails to comply with the plan. Federal banking agencies may not accept a capital plan without determining, among other things, that the plan is based on realistic assumptions and is likely to succeed in restoring the depository institution’s capital. If a depository institution fails to submit an acceptable plan, it is treated as if it is significantly undercapitalized. All of the federal bank regulatory agencies have adopted regulations establishing relevant capital measures and relevant capital levels for federally insured depository institutions. The Bank was well capitalized at March 31, 2026, and brokered deposits are not restricted.

​

To be well-capitalized, the Bank must maintain at least a 6.5% CET1 to risk-weighted assets ratio, an 8.0% Tier 1 capital to risk-weighted assets ratio, a 10.0% Total capital to risk-weighted assets ratio, and a 5.0% leverage ratio.

The Bank’s regulatory capital ratios were above the applicable well-capitalized standards and met the then-applicable capital conservation buffer. Based on current estimates, we believe that the Bank will continue to exceed all applicable well-capitalized regulatory capital requirements and the capital conservation buffer in 2026.

As a result of the Economic Growth Act, the federal banking agencies were required to develop a “Community Bank Leverage Ratio” (the ratio of a bank’s Tier 1 capital to average total consolidated assets) for financial institutions with assets of less than $10 billion. A “qualifying community bank” that exceeds this ratio will be deemed to be in compliance with all other capital and leverage requirements, including the capital requirements to be considered “well capitalized” under prompt corrective action statutes. The federal banking agencies may consider a financial institution’s risk profile when evaluation whether it qualifies as a community bank for purposes of the capital ratio requirement. The federal banking agencies set the minimum capital for the new Community Bank Leverage Ratio at 9%. The Bank does not intend to opt into the Community Bank Leverage Ratio Framework.

On December 21, 2018, federal banking agencies issued a joint final rule to revise their regulatory capital rules to (i) address the upcoming implementation of CECL accounting standard under GAAP; (ii) provide an optional three-year phase-in period for the day-one adverse regulatory capital effects that banking organizations are expected to experience upon adopting CECL; and (iii) require the use of CECL in stress tests beginning with the 2020 capital planning and stress testing cycle for certain banking organizations. For more information regarding Accounting Standards Update No. 2016-13, which introduced CECL as the methodology to replace the current “incurred loss” methodology for financial assets measured at amortized cost, and changed the approaches for recognizing and recording credit losses on available-for-sale debt securities and purchased credit impaired financial assets, including the required implementation date for the Company, see the Company’s Annual Report.

Federal banking regulators have issued risk-based capital guidelines, which assign risk factors to asset categories and off-balance-sheet items. The following table reflects capital ratios computed utilizing the implemented Basel III regulatory capital framework discussed above:

​

As previously mentioned, the Company carried $16.6 million of subordinated debt as of March 31, 2026 and December 31, 2025, which qualifies as Tier II capital. These amounts are included in total capital for the Company in the tables above.

​

FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS WITH OFF-BALANCE-SHEET RISK

We are party to financial instruments with off-balance-sheet risk in the normal course of business to meet the financing needs of our customers. These financial instruments primarily include commitments to originate and sell loans, standby and direct pay letters of credit, unused lines of credit and unadvanced portions of construction and development loans. The instruments involve, to varying degrees, elements of credit and interest rate risk in excess of the amount recognized in the consolidated balance sheet. The contract or notional amounts of those instruments reflect the extent of involvement the Company has in these particular classes of financial instruments.

Our exposure to credit loss in the event of nonperformance by the other party to the financial instrument for loan commitments, standby and direct pay letters of credit and unadvanced portions of construction and development loans is represented by the contractual amount of those instruments. The Company uses the same credit policies in making commitments and conditional obligations as it does for on-balance-sheet instruments.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements. Our significant off-balance-sheet arrangements consist of the following:

• Unused lines of credit
• Standby and direct pay letters of credit
• Credit card arrangements

Off-balance sheet arrangement means any transaction, agreement or other contractual arrangement to which an entity unconsolidated with the registrant is a party, under which the registrant has (1) any obligation under a guarantee contract, (2) retained or contingent interest in assets transferred to an unconsolidated entity or similar arrangement, (3) any obligation, including a contingent obligation, under a contract that would be accounted for as a derivative instrument, or (4) any obligation, including a contingent obligation, arising out of a variable interest.

Loan commitments are made to accommodate the financial needs of our customers. Standby and direct pay letters of credit commit us to make payments on behalf of customers when certain specified future events occur. Both arrangements have credit risk essentially the same as that involved in extending loans to clients and are subject to our normal credit policies. Collateral (e.g., securities, receivables, inventory, equipment, etc.) is obtained based on management’s credit assessment of the customer.

Loan commitments and standby and direct pay letters of credit do not necessarily represent our future cash requirements because while the borrower has the ability to draw upon these commitments at any time, these commitments often expire without being drawn upon. Our off-balance sheet arrangements as of March 31, 2026, were as follows:

​

​

​

​

​

​