Filings
Oracle ORCL Form 10-K filing FY2026
- Filed
- Jun 22, 2026, 4:12 PM EDT
- Fiscal year
- FY2026
- Accession
- 0001193125-26-277521
Item 16. Form 10-K Summary 106
PART I
None.
Our properties consist of owned and leased facilities for cloud operations, sales, support, research and development, services, manufacturing and administrative and other functions. Our headquarters facility consists of approximately 0.9 million square feet in Austin, Texas, all of which we own. We also own or lease office facilities for current use consisting of approximately 25.4 million square feet in various other locations in the U.S. and abroad. Approximately 11.9 million square feet, or 45%, of our total owned and leased office facilities are sublet or are being actively marketed for sublease or disposition. We lease our principal internal manufacturing facility for our hardware products in Hillsboro, Oregon. Additionally, we have approximately 181 data center locations globally, substantially all of which are leased and used to deliver our Oracle Cloud offerings. We believe that our facilities are in good condition and suitable for the conduct of our business.
The material set forth in Note 12 (pertaining to information regarding contingencies related to our income taxes) and Note 15 (pertaining to information regarding legal contingencies) of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in Item 15 of this Annual Report is incorporated herein by reference.
Not applicable.
PART II
The response to this item is submitted as a separate section of this Annual Report. See Part IV, Item 15.
None.
As of the end of the period covered by this Annual Report on Form 10-K, we carried out an evaluation under the supervision and with the participation of our Disclosure Committee and our management, including our Principal Executive Officers and Principal Financial Officer, of the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures pursuant to Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e).
Based on our management’s evaluation (with the participation of our Principal Executive Officers and Principal Financial Officer), as of the end of the period covered by this report, our Principal Executive Officers and Principal Financial Officer have concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of May 31, 2026 to provide reasonable assurance that information required to be disclosed by us in reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is (i) recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC rules and forms and (ii) accumulated and communicated to our management, including our Principal Executive Officers and Principal Financial Officer as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.
Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting, as such term is defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f). Under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our Principal Executive Officers and Principal Financial Officer, we conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of May 31, 2026 based on the guidelines established in Internal Control—Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission’s 2013 framework. Our internal control over financial reporting includes policies and procedures that provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external reporting purposes in accordance with U.S. GAAP.
Based on the results of our evaluation, our management concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was effective as of May 31, 2026. We reviewed the results of management’s assessment with the F&A Committee.
The effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of May 31, 2026 has been audited by Ernst & Young LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm, as stated in their report which is included in Part IV, Item 15 of this Annual Report.
There were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting identified in connection with the evaluation required by paragraph (d) of Exchange Act Rules 13a-15 or 15d-15 that occurred during our last fiscal quarter that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.
Our management, including our Principal Executive Officers and Principal Financial Officer, believes that our disclosure controls and procedures and internal control over financial reporting are designed to provide reasonable assurance of achieving their objectives and are effective at the reasonable assurance level. However, our management does not expect that our disclosure controls and procedures or our internal control over financial reporting will prevent all errors and all fraud. A control system, no matter how well-conceived and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the objectives of the control system are met. Further, the design of a control system must reflect the fact that there are resource constraints and the benefits of controls must be considered relative to their costs. Because of the inherent limitations in all control systems, no evaluation of controls can provide absolute assurance that all control issues and instances of fraud, if any, have been detected. These inherent limitations include the realities that judgments in decision making can be faulty and that breakdowns
can occur because of a simple error or mistake. Additionally, controls can be circumvented by the individual acts of some persons, by collusion of two or more people or by management override of the controls. The design of any system of controls also is based in part upon certain assumptions about the likelihood of future events and there can be no assurance that any design will succeed in achieving its stated goals under all potential future conditions; over time, controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or the degree of compliance with policies or procedures may deteriorate. Because of the inherent limitations in a cost-effective control system, misstatements due to error or fraud may occur and not be detected.
During the quarter ended May 31, 2026, none of our directors or officers (as defined in Rule 16a-1(f) of the Exchange Act) adopted or terminated a “Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement” or “non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement,” as those terms are defined in Item 408 of Regulation S-K.
Not applicable.
PART III
Pursuant to General Instruction G(3) of Form 10-K, the information required by this item relating to our executive officers is included under the caption “Information About Our Executive Officers” in Part I of this Annual Report.
The other information required by this Item 10 is incorporated herein by reference from the information contained in our Proxy Statement to be filed with the SEC in connection with the solicitation of proxies for our 2026 Annual Meeting of Stockholders (2026 Proxy Statement).
The information required by this Item 11 is incorporated herein by reference from the information to be contained in our 2026 Proxy Statement.
The information required by this Item 12 is incorporated herein by reference from the information to be contained in our 2026 Proxy Statement.
The information required by this Item 13 is incorporated herein by reference from the information to be contained in our 2026 Proxy Statement.
The information required by this Item 14 is incorporated herein by reference from the information to be contained in our 2026 Proxy Statement.
PART IV
(a)
The following financial statements are filed as a part of this report:
Line item Page
114
Our common stock is traded on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol “ORCL.” According to the records of our transfer agent, we had 6,219 stockholders of record as of May 31, 2026.
For equity compensation plan information, please refer to Item 12 in Part III of this Annual Report.
Our Board has approved a program for us to repurchase shares of our common stock. As of May 31, 2026, approximately $6.3 billion remained available for stock repurchases pursuant to our stock repurchase program. There was no stock repurchase activity for the three months ended May 31, 2026.
Our stock repurchase authorization does not have an expiration date and the pace of any future repurchase activity will depend on factors such as our working capital needs, our cash requirements for capital expenditures, acquisitions and dividend payments, our debt repayment obligations or repurchases of our debt, our stock price and economic and market conditions. Our stock repurchases may be effected from time to time through open market purchases or pursuant to a Rule 10b5-1 trading plan. Our stock repurchase program may be accelerated, suspended, delayed or discontinued at any time.
The graph below compares the cumulative total stockholder return on our common stock with the cumulative total return of the S&P 500 Index and the Dow Jones U.S. Technology Total Return Index for each of the last five fiscal years ended May 31, 2026, assuming an investment of $100 at the beginning of such period and the reinvestment of any dividends. The comparisons in the graphs below are based upon historical data and are not indicative of, nor intended to forecast, future performance of our common stock.
Among Oracle Corporation, the S&P 500 Index and the Dow Jones U.S. Technology Total Return Index
*$100 INVESTED ON MAY 31, 2021 IN STOCK OR
INDEX-INCLUDING REINVESTMENT OF DIVIDENDS
| 5/21 | 5/22 | 5/23 | 5/24 | 5/25 | 5/26 | |
| Oracle Corporation | 100.0 | 92.7 | 138.9 | 155.9 | 222.7 | 306.8 |
| S&P 500 Index | 100.0 |
As described under “Constant Currency Presentation” above, our international operations have provided and are expected to continue to provide a significant portion of our consolidated revenues and expenses that we report in U.S. Dollars. As a result, our consolidated revenues and expenses are affected and will continue to be affected by changes in the U.S. Dollar against major foreign currencies. Fluctuations in foreign currencies impact the amount of total assets, liabilities, earnings and cash flows that we report for our foreign subsidiaries upon the translation of these amounts into U.S. Dollars for, and as of the end of, each reporting period. For example, the strengthening of the U.S. Dollar will reduce the reported amount of our foreign subsidiaries' cash, cash equivalents, trade receivables, deferred revenues, current and non-current liabilities, total revenues and total expenses that we translate into U.S. Dollars and report in our consolidated financial statements for, and as of the end of, each reporting period.
We transact business in various foreign currencies. Our foreign currency exposures primarily arise from various intercompany transactions. Our principal currency exposures include the Australian Dollar, Brazilian Real, British Pound, Euro, Indian Rupee, Japanese Yen and Saudi Riyal. We have established a program that primarily utilizes foreign currency forward contracts to partially offset the risks that arise from the aforementioned transactions. Under this program, our strategy is to enter into foreign currency forward contracts for currencies in which we have significant exposure so that increases or decreases in our foreign currency exposures are offset by gains or losses on the foreign currency forward contracts which mitigate the risks and volatility associated with our foreign currency transactions. We may suspend this program from time to time. Our foreign currency forward contracts are generally short-term in duration and we do not use them for trading purposes.
Realized gains or losses with respect to our foreign currency exposures, net of gains or losses from our foreign currency forward contracts, including costs incurred to enter into these foreign currency forward contracts, are included in non-operating income, net in our consolidated financial statements. Our ultimate realized gain or loss with respect to foreign currency exposures will generally depend on the size and type of cross-currency transactions that we enter into, the currency exchange rates associated with these exposures and changes in those rates, the net realized gain or loss on our foreign currency forward contracts and other factors. Furthermore, as a large portion of our consolidated operations are international, we could experience additional foreign currency volatility in the future, in which the amounts and timing are unknown. Refer to Note 1 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report for additional details about our foreign currency forward contracts.
The following table sets forth the hypothetical potential losses that we consider to be the most material to the reported fair values and/or future earnings of our foreign currency influenced holdings, prior to any income tax effects, resulting from hypothetical changes in relevant market rates as of or for the reporting periods below:
| (in millions) | Hypothetical Change | Impact | Year Ended May 31, 2026 | Year Ended May 31, 2025 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Foreign currency risk: | ||||
| Total revenues | 10% decrease in foreign currency exchange rates | Earnings |
| 99.7 |
| 102.6 |
| 131.5 |
| 149.3 |
| 193.8 |
| Dow Jones U.S. Technology Total Return Index | 100.0 | 96.0 | 114.1 | 160.0 | 184.0 | 289.9 |
| $(2,767) |
| $(2,379) |
| Cash, cash equivalents and trade receivables, net | 10% decrease in foreign currency exchange rates | Fair values | $(2,384) | $(1,788) |
Oracle provides products and services that build, run and support enterprise information technology (IT) frameworks. Our products and services include enterprise applications and infrastructure offerings that incorporate and are enhanced by artificial intelligence (AI) technologies, including embedded AI-driven automation and analytics and generative AI capabilities. These offerings are delivered worldwide through a variety of flexible and interoperable IT deployment models. These models include cloud-based, on-premise and hybrid deployments, such as Oracle Exadata Cloud@Customer and multicloud options that enable customers to use Oracle cloud offerings in conjunction with other public clouds. We provide choice and flexibility to our customers as to when and how they deploy Oracle applications and infrastructure technologies. We believe that offering customers broad, comprehensive, flexible and interoperable deployment models for Oracle applications and infrastructure technologies is important to our growth strategy, an important element of our corporate strategy and better addresses customer needs relative to our competitors.
Oracle cloud offerings include Oracle Cloud Applications (OCA) and Oracle Cloud Infrastructure (OCI, and collectively with OCA, Oracle Cloud), which provide comprehensive and integrated applications and infrastructure services, enabling our customers to choose the best option that meets their specific business needs. Oracle Cloud integrates IT components in a cloud-based IT environment that Oracle deploys and manages for customers and is accessible by utilizing common web browsers via a broad spectrum of devices. AI technologies embedded in Oracle Cloud offerings are designed to support the improvement of our customers’ existing and new workflows and business processes, including automation and data analyses. Oracle Cloud is designed to be:
Oracle software offerings include Oracle Applications, Oracle AI Database and Oracle Middleware software license offerings, among others, which customers deploy using IT infrastructure from the Oracle Cloud or their own IT environments. Substantially all customers opt to purchase software support contracts when they purchase an Oracle software license.
Oracle hardware products include Oracle Engineered Systems, servers, storage and industry-specific products, among others. Customers generally opt to purchase hardware support contracts when they purchase Oracle hardware products.
Oracle also offers professional services to assist our customers and partners to maximize the performance of their investments in Oracle products and services.
Our global customer base includes businesses of various sizes and industries, government agencies, educational institutions and resellers that we market and sell to directly through our worldwide sales force or indirectly through the Oracle Partner Network. Using Oracle technologies, our customers build, deploy, run, manage and support their products and services and critical business operations. We feature a wide range of customer success stories using Oracle technologies to modernize and transform their businesses at www.oracle.com/customers.
Our investments in and innovation with respect to Oracle products and services that we offer through our three businesses (cloud and software, hardware and services businesses, described further below) are another important element of our corporate strategy. In fiscal 2026, 2025 and 2024, we invested $10.3 billion, $9.9 billion and $8.9 billion, respectively, in research and development to enhance our existing portfolio of offerings and to develop new technologies and services. We have a deep understanding of how applications and infrastructure technologies interact and function with one another, including using OCI to power our OCA, which we and our customers use to run internal business processes. We focus our development efforts on improving the performance, security, reliability, operation, integration and cost-effectiveness of our offerings relative to our competitors; facilitating the ease with which organizations are able to deploy, use, manage and maintain our offerings; and incorporating emerging technologies, such as AI, within our offerings to enable leaner business processes, automation and innovation.
After an initial purchase of Oracle products and services, our customers can continue to benefit from our offerings, research and development efforts and deep IT expertise by electing to purchase and renew Oracle support offerings for their software and hardware deployments, which may include unspecified product upgrades and enhancements that we periodically deliver to our products, and by renewing their Oracle Cloud contracts with us.
We have three businesses: cloud and software (formerly referred to as cloud and license); hardware; and services. Each business is comprised of a single operating segment. Item 7 Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations and Note 13 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, both included elsewhere in this Annual Report, provide additional information related to our businesses and operating segments.
Oracle applications and infrastructure technologies, including database and middleware software as well as enterprise applications, virtualization, clustering, large-scale systems management and related infrastructure products and services, are based upon industry standards and are designed to be enterprise-grade, reliable, scalable and secure. These technologies are the building blocks of Oracle Cloud, our partners’ cloud services and our customers’ cloud IT environments. Oracle applications and infrastructure offerings are marketed and sold through our cloud and software and hardware businesses, and are delivered through the Oracle Cloud or other IT deployment models chosen by our customers.
We believe that our Oracle Cloud offerings, which have built-in AI capabilities, represent opportunities for us to continue to expand our business. We believe that our customers increasingly recognize the value of access to the latest versions of Oracle cloud-based applications and infrastructure capabilities via a cost-effective, rapidly deployable, flexible and interoperable services model that Oracle provisions, manages, upgrades and maintains on our customers’ behalf. We believe that we can market and sell our Oracle Cloud offerings together to help new and existing customers migrate their extensive installed base of on-premise and cloud-based applications and infrastructure technologies to the Oracle Cloud and we believe we are in the early stages of what we expect will be a material migration of our existing Oracle customer base from on-premise applications and infrastructure products and services to the Oracle Cloud. The proportion of our cloud revenues relative to our total revenues has increased, and our cloud revenues represented 51%, 43% and 37% of our total revenues during fiscal 2026, 2025 and 2024, respectively. We expect these trends to continue. During the past three fiscal years, customers with annual software
support contracts that migrated to the Oracle Cloud contributed to the increase in annualized cloud revenue by $5.4 billion. In addition, we also believe we can market our Oracle Cloud offerings to a broader ecosystem of small and medium-sized businesses, non-IT lines of business purchasers, developers and partners due to the highly performant and available, intuitive design, ease-of-access, low touch and cost-effective characteristics of the Oracle Cloud.
In recent periods, customer demand for our applications and infrastructure technologies delivered through our Oracle Cloud deployment models has increased. To address customer demand and enable customer choice, we have introduced certain programs for customers to pivot their applications and infrastructure software licenses and software support contracts to the Oracle Cloud for new deployments and to migrate to and expand with the Oracle Cloud for their existing workloads.
Customers, partners and other interested parties may elect to subscribe to Oracle applications and infrastructure training and certification programs through learning subscriptions offered by Oracle University. Learners generally have unlimited access to course content delivered during the subscription period.
Oracle applications technologies are marketed, sold, delivered and supported through our cloud and software business. Oracle applications offerings include our OCA offerings, which are available for customers as a subscription, and Oracle applications software license offerings, which are available for customers to purchase for use within the Oracle Cloud and other cloud-based and on-premise IT environments, and include the option to purchase related software support. Our applications technologies are designed to reduce the risk, cost and complexity of our customers’ IT infrastructures, while supporting customer choice with flexible deployment models that readily enable performance, agility, compatibility and extendibility. The applications technologies that we offer are generally designed using industry standard architectures to manage and automate core business functions across the enterprise and a broad range of industries, as well as to help customers differentiate and innovate in those processes unique to their industries or organizations. We also offer industry-specific applications, which provide solutions to customers in the automotive, communications, construction and engineering, consumer packaged goods, defense and intelligence, education, financial services, government, healthcare, high technology, hospitality, industrial manufacturing, life sciences, media and entertainment, oil and gas, professional services, public safety, restaurant, retail, travel and logistics, utilities and wholesale distribution industries, among others.
The broad spectrum of OCA offerings provides customers with a choice of software applications delivered via a cloud-based IT environment that we deploy and manage and that customers purchase by entering into a subscription agreement with us for a stated period. Our OCA offerings represent an industry-leading business innovation platform leveraging OCI and include a broad suite of modular, next-generation cloud software applications spanning all core business functions. Our OCA offerings include:
In addition, we offer several cloud-based industry solutions to address specific customer needs within certain industries including communications, construction and engineering, education, financial services, government, healthcare, hospitality, utilities and retail, among others.
OCA offerings are built upon open industry standards such as SQL, Java and HTML5 for easier application accessibility, integration and development. Customers access OCA offerings utilizing common web browsers via a broad spectrum of devices.
Our cloud applications revenues represented 47%, 58% and 65% of our total cloud revenues during fiscal 2026, 2025 and 2024, respectively. We believe that the comprehensiveness and breadth of our cloud applications offerings differentiate us from many of our competitors that offer more limited or specialized applications. Our cloud applications offerings are designed to support connected business processes in the cloud and are centered on an intuitive and conversational user experience, a responsive, open and flexible business core and a common data model. We believe Oracle Fusion Cloud ERP is a strategic suite of applications that is foundational to facilitating and extracting more business value out of the adoption of other OCA offerings, such as Oracle Fusion Cloud HCM and Oracle Fusion Cloud CX, as customers realize the value of a common data model that spans across core business applications. We believe our cloud applications offerings together remove business boundaries between front- and back-office activities. Our cloud applications offerings are designed to deliver a secure data isolation architecture and flexible upgrades; self-service access controls for users; a Service-Oriented Architecture; built-in social, mobile and business insight capabilities (analytics); and a high performance, high availability infrastructure based on OCI. These cloud applications capabilities are designed to simplify customer IT environments, reduce time to implement and upgrade, enable agility, reduce risk and provide a user-friendly experience. Our cloud applications offerings incorporate advanced technologies such as AI, machine learning, blockchain, digital assistants and advances in the “human interface” and how users interact with OCA offerings within a business context or to augment human capabilities to enhance productivity.
Customers have the ability to buy software licenses for Oracle Applications, including Oracle E-Business Suite, PeopleSoft, JD Edwards and Siebel applications, among others, for use within the Oracle Cloud or within their own cloud-based or on-premise IT environments. These applications are designed to manage and automate core business functions across the enterprise, including HCM, ERP, EPM, SCM, CX and industry-specific applications, as described above, among others.
Oracle infrastructure technologies are marketed, sold and delivered through our cloud and software and hardware businesses. Our infrastructure technologies are designed to be flexible, cost-effective, standards-based, secure and highly-performant to facilitate the development, deployment, integration, management and extension across an organization’s cloud-based, on-premise and hybrid IT environments. Our infrastructure technologies offerings include Oracle AI Database and MySQL Database, the world’s most popular database management systems; Java, the computer industry’s most widely used language for cloud-native development; and middleware development tools and a range of hardware products, such as Oracle Engineered Systems, enterprise servers, storage solutions and industry-specific hardware. We also offer a portfolio of operating systems, including Oracle Linux, virtualization and other hardware-related software and a range of management technologies and products, including Oracle Enterprise Manager and the Oracle Cloud Observability and Management platform. These infrastructure technologies are available either through subscriptions to our OCI offerings or through the purchase of software licenses and hardware products and related support, giving customers the flexibility to deploy in cloud-based,
on-premise or hybrid IT environments. Our customers leverage these comprehensive offerings to run their internal business operations and to deliver products and services to their customers. Our cloud infrastructure revenues represented 53%, 42% and 35% of our total cloud revenues during fiscal 2026, 2025 and 2024, respectively.
We design our infrastructure technologies to work in our customers’ on-premise IT environments that may include other Oracle or non-Oracle hardware or software components. Our flexible and open approach also provides Oracle customers with a choice as to how they can utilize and deploy Oracle infrastructure technologies: through the use of Oracle Cloud offerings; on-premise in our customers’ data centers; or a hybrid combination of these two deployment models, such as in the Oracle Exadata Cloud@Customer deployment model (described further below). We focus on the operation and integration of Oracle infrastructure technologies to make them easier to deploy, extend, interconnect, manage and maintain for our customers and to improve computing performance relative to our competitors’ offerings. For example, the Oracle Exadata Database Machine integrates multiple Oracle technology components to work together to deliver improved performance, availability, scalability, security and operational efficiency of Oracle AI Database workloads relative to our competitors’ products. Our primary infrastructure offerings are further described below.
OCI offerings are designed to deliver our infrastructure technologies, including compute, storage, networking, and cloud-native services, along with new and innovative solutions such as AI Infrastructure, generative AI and agentic AI. OCI offerings include our Oracle Autonomous AI Database offerings, among others, that Oracle runs, manages, upgrades and supports on behalf of the customer. We also offer a portfolio of specialized databases to address specific customer requirements, including MySQL, the world’s most popular open source database, as a cloud service with Oracle MySQL HeatWave. By utilizing OCI, customers can leverage the Oracle Cloud for enterprise-grade, high-performance, scalable, cost-effective and secure infrastructure technologies that are designed to be rapidly deployable and provide real-time elasticity while reducing the amount of time and resources normally consumed by IT processes within on-premise environments. OCI is designed to be differentiated from other cloud vendors to provide better security by separating cloud control code computers from customer compute nodes. Customers use OCI to build and operate new applications ranging from low-code to AI-powered cloud-native applications, to run new workloads and to move their existing Oracle or non-Oracle workloads to the Oracle Cloud from their on-premise data centers or other cloud-based IT environments, among other uses. We continue to invest in OCI to improve features and performance; to expand the catalog of cloud-based infrastructure tools and services that we provide; to increase the capacity and geographic footprint to deliver these services; to simplify the processes for migrating workloads to the Oracle Cloud; and to provide customers with the ability to run workloads across different IT environments, the Oracle Cloud as well as other third-party clouds in both multicloud and hybrid deployment models.
Oracle customers and partners utilize OCI offerings for platform-related services that are based upon the Oracle AI Database, Java and Oracle Middleware, including open source and other tools for a variety of use cases across data management (including the use of Oracle Autonomous AI Database and Oracle MySQL HeatWave), applications development, integration, content management, analytics, IT management and governance, security and rapidly emerging technologies such as AI and machine learning. OCI AI services are designed to be embedded into customer applications for a variety of predictive use cases, including, among others, the servicing of machine parts that are at risk of failing, using generative AI for fault detection on an assembly line, improving customer experiences in the purchasing of consumer products, managing the supply chain to keep retailer store shelves refreshed, credit fraud detection and financial modeling to stay within a business’ forecasts.
OCI compute services range from virtual machines and graphics processing unit (GPU)-based offerings to bare metal servers, with options for high I/O workloads and high-performance computing to run traditional compute-intensive workloads and AI model training and inference. OCI storage offerings include block, file, object and archive storage services. In addition, our OCI offerings include networking, connectivity and edge services that help connect
customers’ data centers and third-party clouds with our OCI services for the creation of distributed and multicloud architectures.
To complement the full suite of OCI offerings delivered by Oracle public cloud regions across the globe, we provide our customers with additional flexibility by offering certain OCI services in a number of deployment options, such as:
Oracle Autonomous AI Database
Oracle Autonomous AI Database is designed to deliver performance and scale for enterprise AI, analytics, and transaction processing workloads with automated database operations and policy- and AI- and machine learning-driven optimization by combining certain Oracle infrastructure technologies, including the Oracle AI Database, OCI, Oracle Exadata and native AI and machine learning capabilities, among others. Oracle Autonomous AI Database is designed to be self-driving, automating routine database administration tasks, including maintenance, tuning, patching, scaling, security and backup. Oracle Autonomous AI Database is engineered to lower labor costs and reduce human error while using machine learning-driven diagnostics for fault prediction and error handling and is also engineered to provide automatic threat detection and remediation.
Oracle Autonomous AI Database is designed to enable on-demand, automatic scaling of database resources combined with consumption-based pricing in order to help organizations lower costs by paying only for resources used. Oracle Autonomous AI Database includes Oracle APEX low-code application development service with AI Assistant, along with open interfaces and integrations, and is designed to provide developers with a modern, open platform to develop new and innovative cloud-native applications. Oracle Autonomous AI Database is available on OCI for serverless or dedicated deployments, as a hybrid deployment with Oracle Exadata Cloud@Customer and OCI Dedicated Region. In addition, Oracle Autonomous AI Database is available in multicloud deployments on other hyperscale cloud IT environments.
For analytics workloads, Oracle Autonomous AI Database is designed to provide customers with easy-to-use analytics tools, machine learning and AI-driven capabilities that are accelerated using Oracle Exadata’s scale-out infrastructure and work with Oracle Analytics Cloud and third-party analytics tools. We believe Oracle Autonomous AI Database’s built-in developer capabilities and automation can enable organizations to quickly deploy new data marts and data warehouses; move existing ones to the cloud; and create data lakes. All of these capabilities are designed to enable organizations to gain new insights into customer behavior, more accurately anticipate future
demand, align workforce deployment with business activity forecasts and accelerate the pace of operations, among other benefits.
For transaction processing workloads, Oracle Autonomous AI Database is designed to enable organizations to securely run a mix of high-performance transactions of ranging complexity. It is also designed to enable organizations to efficiently support dynamic workloads, conduct real-time analysis of transactional data and lower administration costs.
We offer advanced AI functionality, such as AI Vector Search, Select AI and Private AI Agent Factory, in our recent releases of Oracle AI Database, which enables customers to leverage their data for advanced generative AI functionality without needing to duplicate and maintain such data securely in other databases or external systems, while also providing customers with an option to utilize generative AI large language models (LLMs) of their choice.
Our primary infrastructure software license offerings include licenses to Oracle AI Database, Oracle Middleware and Java. Oracle AI Database is the world’s most popular enterprise database and is designed to enable reliable and secure storage, retrieval and manipulation of all forms of data. Oracle AI Database is licensed throughout the world by businesses and organizations of all sizes for a multitude of purposes, including, among others, for use within the Oracle Cloud to deliver our OCA, OCI and AI offerings; for use as a software license by a number of cloud-based vendors as a component of their respective cloud offerings; for packaged and custom applications for transaction processing; and for AI, data warehousing and business intelligence. Oracle AI Database may be deployed in various IT environments, including Oracle Public Cloud, Oracle Exadata Cloud@Customer, OCI Dedicated Region, Oracle Alloy, Oracle multicloud, other cloud-based IT environments and on-premise data centers, among others.
Oracle Middleware, which is a broad family of integrated application infrastructure software, is designed to enable customers to design and integrate Oracle and non-Oracle business applications, automate business processes, scale applications to meet customer demand, simplify security and compliance, manage lifecycles of documents and get actionable, targeted business intelligence. Built with Oracle’s Java technology platform, Oracle Middleware products are designed to be a foundation for custom, packaged and composite applications, thereby simplifying and reducing time-to-deployment. Oracle Middleware is designed to protect customers’ IT investments and work with both Oracle and non-Oracle databases, middleware and applications software through an open architecture and adherence to industry standards. In addition, Oracle Middleware supports multiple development languages and tools, which enables developers to flexibly build once and deploy applications globally across websites, portals and cloud-based applications utilizing a variety of IT environments. Among our other middleware software license offerings, we license development tools, such as Oracle WebLogic Server for Java application development and Oracle Identity Manager, which automates user identity provisioning and allows enterprises to manage the end-to-end lifecycle of user identities across all enterprise resources.
Java is the world’s most popular programming language in enterprise use and is used to deliver cloud development and deployment services, microservices, analytics, data management, blockchain, security and continuous integration tools for numerous platforms and technologies, including websites, enterprise and consumer applications, embedded devices and large-scale systems. Java has been adopted by both independent software vendors (ISVs) that have built their products using Java and by enterprise organizations building custom applications or consuming Java-based ISV products.
Oracle Engineered Systems are core to our cloud-based and on-premise data center infrastructure offerings. Oracle Engineered Systems are pre-built products, combining multiple unique Oracle technology components, that may include database, storage, operating system, virtualization and management software with server, storage, networking hardware and other technologies. Oracle Engineered Systems are designed to deliver improved performance, scalability, availability, security and operational efficiency relative to our competitors’ products; to be upgraded effectively and efficiently; and to simplify maintenance cycles and improve security by providing a single solution for patching. For example, Oracle Exadata Database Machine and its cloud-based analogs, are integrated platforms optimized for Oracle AI Database to achieve higher performance, scalability and availability at a lower
cost by combining operating system and management software with Oracle server, storage and networking hardware. We offer our Oracle Engineered Systems through flexible deployment options, including on-premise, as a cloud offering in OCI, as a platform for Oracle AI Database services in Oracle multicloud partner data centers and as a hybrid cloud offering in customer data centers.
We provide customers the option to purchase software support contracts in connection with the purchase of Oracle applications and infrastructure software licenses. Substantially all of our customers opt to purchase software support contracts when they purchase these software licenses. We believe our software support offerings protect and enhance our customers’ investments in Oracle applications and infrastructure technologies because they provide proactive and personalized support services and unspecified license upgrades and enhancements during the term of the support period. Substantially all software support customers renew their support contracts with us upon expiration in order to continue to benefit from technical support services and the periodic issuance of unspecified updates and enhancements, which current software support customers are entitled to receive.
Oracle hardware support offerings provide customers with unspecified software updates for software components that are essential to the functionality of our hardware products such as for Oracle operating systems and firmware. These offerings can also include product repairs, maintenance services and technical support services. We continue to evolve hardware support processes that are intended to proactively identify and solve quality issues.
We offer services to help customers and partners maximize the performance of their investments in Oracle applications and infrastructure technologies. We believe that our services are differentiated based on our expertise in Oracle technologies, extensive experience and broad sets of intellectual property and best practices. Our services offerings substantially include, among others:
Oracle Cloud Operations deliver our Oracle Cloud offerings to customers through a secure, reliable, scalable, enterprise grade cloud infrastructure platform managed by Oracle employees within a global network of data centers. The Oracle Cloud enables secure and isolated cloud-based instances for each of our customers to access the functionality of Oracle Cloud offerings via a broad spectrum of devices. Oracle Cloud Operations leverage automated software tools to enable the rapid delivery of the latest cloud technology capabilities to the Oracle Cloud as they become available and provide Oracle customers access to the latest Oracle releases. We have invested in the rapid expansion of the Oracle Cloud by increasing existing data center capacity and adding data centers in new geographic locations to meet current and expected customer demand. We expect this trend will continue.
We rely on third-party manufacturing partners to produce most of our hardware products that we market and sell to customers and utilize internally to deliver Oracle Cloud offerings, and we distribute most of our hardware products from these partners’ facilities. Our manufacturing processes are substantially based on standardization of components across product types and centralization of assembly and distribution centers. Production of our
hardware products requires that we purchase materials, supplies, product subassemblies and full assemblies from a number of suppliers. For most of our hardware products, we have existing alternative sources of supply or such sources are readily available. However, we do rely on sole and/or single sources for certain hardware components. We monitor and evaluate potential risks of disruption within our supply chain operations. Refer to Risk Factors included in Item 1A within this Annual Report for additional discussion of the challenges we encounter with respect to the sources and availability of supplies for our hardware products and the related risks to our businesses.
We directly market and sell our cloud, software, hardware, support and services offerings globally to businesses of many sizes and in many industries, government agencies and educational institutions. We also market and sell our offerings globally through indirect channels.
In the United States (U.S.), our sales and services employees are based throughout the country. Outside the U.S., our international subsidiaries sell, support and service our offerings in their local countries as well as within other foreign countries where we do not operate through a direct sales subsidiary. Our geographic coverage allows us to draw on business and technical expertise from a global workforce, provides stability to our operations and revenue streams to offset geography-specific economic trends and offers us an opportunity to take advantage of new markets for our offerings. Our international operations subject us to certain risks, which are more fully described in Risk Factors included in Item 1A of this Annual Report. A summary of our domestic and international revenues and long-lived assets is set forth in Note 13 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report.
We also market our product offerings worldwide through indirect channels. The companies that comprise our indirect channel network are members of the Oracle Partner Network. The Oracle Partner Network is a global program that manages our business relationships with a large, broad-based network of companies, including cloud and software, hardware and services suppliers, system integrators and resellers that deliver innovative solutions and services based upon and in conjunction with our product offerings. By offering our partners access to our product offerings, educational information, technical services, marketing and sales support, the Oracle Partner Network program extends our market reach by providing our partners with the resources they need to be successful in delivering solutions to customers globally.
We develop the substantial majority of our products and services offerings internally utilizing the skills and diversity of a global workforce. In addition, we have extended our products and services offerings and intellectual property through acquisitions of businesses and technologies. We also purchase or license intellectual property rights in certain circumstances. Internal development allows us to maintain technical control over the design and development of our products. We have a number of U.S. and foreign patents and pending applications that relate to various aspects of our products and technology. However, although we believe that our patents have value, neither our business as a whole nor any of our principal businesses are materially dependent on a single patent. Rapid technological advances in cloud, software and hardware development, evolving standards in computer hardware and software technology, changing customer needs and frequent new product introductions, offerings and enhancements characterize the markets in which we compete. We plan to continue to dedicate a significant amount of resources to research and development efforts to develop new products and services offerings, as well as maintain and improve our current offerings. We may not receive significant revenues from our current research and development efforts for several years, if at all, and this risk is further described in Risk Factors included in Item 1A of this Annual Report.
At Oracle, our success is driven by the quality of our people, who we believe are among the best and brightest in the industry. We strive to attract and retain talented employees, to support our employees’ success and well-being and to foster a culture of inclusion where everyone is empowered to have a voice in driving innovation. The
Compensation Committee of our Board of Directors (the Compensation Committee) is responsible for reviewing and monitoring matters related to human capital management, including talent acquisition and retention.
As of May 31, 2026, we employed approximately 141,000 full-time employees, of which approximately 49,000 were employed in the U.S. and approximately 92,000 were employed internationally. Our approximate employee counts by lines of business are:
| 26,000 | Cloud and software | 34,000 | Services |
| 25,000 | Sales and marketing | 43,000 | Research and development |
| 2,000 | Hardware | 11,000 | General and administrative |
The average tenure of our employees is approximately eight years and 31% of our employees have been employed with Oracle for ten or more years.
None of our employees in the U.S. are represented by labor unions; however, in certain foreign subsidiaries, labor unions or workers’ councils represent some of our employees.
In order to attract and retain high quality talent, Oracle strives to deliver a great employee experience, anchored by an inclusive culture where employees can thrive, engage in meaningful work, leverage growth opportunities and focus on their well-being. We support employee well-being from multiple dimensions, including flexible benefits, economic, health, development, lifestyle and compensation.
We believe that one of the primary reasons candidates join Oracle is for the opportunity to develop their career and participate in our global inclusive culture. We have programs and resources to help our employees explore, build and achieve their career goals. By promoting an inclusive culture that leverages a broad range of perspectives and fosters a sense of belonging, we inspire and engage our workforce to solve complex problems to help our customers across the globe.
We promote regular career conversations between leaders and employees, focused on helping employees identify and take steps to grow their careers. Our Talent Review process, which runs on Oracle Fusion Cloud HCM, provides the mechanism for leaders to review and discuss opportunities and action plans to develop employees. 20% of our open non-entry level positions were filled internally in fiscal 2026, providing growth opportunities and retaining critical knowledge and talent.
We believe that helping our employees learn and apply new skills is key to retaining and engaging them. It is also critical to our ability to innovate and rapidly evolve. We believe that our easily accessible learning resources enable us to improve our employees’ learning experience and better measure learning consumption. Oracle employees received more than 4.2 million hours of training in fiscal 2026 and accessed online learning content at an average rate of approximately 2.6 million views per month. Our employees take advantage of instructor-led classes, virtual library content and online learning resources on AI, sales, business, product, market/industry, leadership, technical and compliance skills, well-being and personal development related topics.
We believe that an important aspect of creating a workforce that supports employee, customer and business success is listening to employee feedback. We share the results of our annual employee engagement survey with leaders, including members of our Board of Directors (the Board). In fiscal 2026, more than 105,000 employees participated in the annual survey. Leaders listen to employees, evaluate feedback and prioritize actions to enhance employee, business and customer success.
Each year, through our volunteering and giving programs, Oracle employees donate tens of thousands of volunteer hours and millions of dollars (matched by Oracle) to a wide variety of causes. Oracle and our employees also rise to the occasion in times of crisis.
During fiscal 2026, Oracle donated tens of millions of dollars to advance education, promote health, strengthen communities and protect the environment. We also have two nonprofit foundations that focus on children and young people. Oracle Health Foundation makes pediatric case grants available around the world that fund medical care ranging from hearing aids to major surgeries. Oracle Education Foundation teaches young people how to innovate, solve problems with technology and shape a better future. Oracle Academy, our global philanthropic educational program, is helping build a scalable, job-ready talent pipeline for data centers by aligning education with industry needs through targeted curriculum, partnerships and educator support. Since 2014, Oracle has also partnered with Design Tech High School, a public charter school for which we built a home at our Redwood Shores, California campus in 2016. Most recently, Oracle has brought its philanthropic efforts to the communities near its data center sites, funding local nonprofit organizations that deliver a range of programs, including education, food security, housing and health.
Our quarterly revenues have historically been affected by a variety of seasonal factors, including the structure of our sales force incentive compensation plans, which are common in the IT industry. In each fiscal year, our total revenues and operating margins are typically highest in our fourth fiscal quarter and lowest in our first fiscal quarter. See “Cloud and Software Business” in Item 7 of this Annual Report for more information regarding the seasonality and cyclicality of the revenues, expenses and margins of our cloud and software business, which is our largest business.
We face intense competition in all aspects of our business. The nature of the IT industry creates a competitive landscape that is constantly evolving as firms emerge, expand or are acquired, as technology evolves and as customer demands and competitive pressures otherwise change.
Our customers are demanding less complexity, more cost-effective and higher performance and availability in the implementation, sourcing, integration and ongoing maintenance of their IT environments. Our enterprise cloud, software and hardware offerings compete directly with certain offerings from some of the largest and most competitive companies in the world, including Adobe Systems Incorporated, Alphabet Inc., Amazon.com, Inc., Cisco Systems, Inc., Intel Corporation, International Business Machines Corporation, Microsoft Corporation, Salesforce, Inc. and SAP SE, as well as other companies like Hewlett-Packard Enterprise and Workday, Inc. In addition, due to the low barriers to entry in many of our market segments, new technologies and new and growing competitors frequently emerge to challenge our offerings. Our competitors range from companies offering broad IT solutions across many of our lines of business to vendors providing point solutions, or offerings focused on a specific functionality, product area or industry. In addition, as we expand into new market segments, we face increased competition as we compete with existing competitors, as well as firms that may be partners in other areas of our business and other firms with whom we have not previously competed. For example, following our acquisition of Cerner Corporation, we also face competition from large healthcare IT providers such as Allscripts Healthcare Solutions, Inc., Arcadia Solutions, athenahealth, Inc., Epic Systems Corporation and InterSystems Corporation, among others. Moreover, we or our competitors may take certain strategic actions—including acquisitions, partnerships and joint ventures or repositioning of product lines—which invite even greater competition in one or more product offering categories.
Key competitive factors in each of the segments in which we currently compete and may compete in the future include: total cost of ownership, performance, scalability, reliability, security, functionality, efficiency, ease of use, speed to production and quality of technical support. Our products and services sales and the relative strength of our products and services versus those of our competitors are also directly and indirectly affected by the following, among other factors:
For more information about the competitive risks we face, refer to Item 1A Risk Factors included elsewhere in this Annual Report.
We operate globally and are subject to numerous U.S. federal, state and foreign laws and regulations covering a wide variety of subject matters. For information about governmental regulations applicable to our business, refer to Item 1A Risk Factors included elsewhere in this Annual Report.
Our Annual Reports on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, Current Reports on Form 8-K and amendments to those reports filed pursuant to Sections 13(a) and 15(d) of the Exchange Act are available, free of charge, on the SEC website at www.sec.gov and our Investor Relations website at www.oracle.com/investor as soon as reasonably practicable after we electronically file such materials with, or furnish them to, the SEC. We use our Investor Relations website as a means of disclosing material non-public information. Accordingly, investors should monitor our Investor Relations website, in addition to following our press releases, SEC filings and public conference calls and webcasts. In addition, information regarding our environmental policy and global sustainability initiatives and solutions are also available on our website at www.oracle.com/social-impact.
This Annual Report includes several website addresses and references to additional company reports found on those websites. These website addresses are intended to provide inactive, textual references only. The information on these websites, including the information contained in the reports found on those websites, is not part of this Annual Report and is not incorporated by reference.
Our executive officers are listed below:
Name Office(s)
Lawrence J. Ellison Executive Chair of the Board of Directors and Chief Technology Officer
Clayton M. Magouyrk Chief Executive Officer and Director
Michael D. Sicilia Chief Executive Officer and Director
Mark Hura President, Global Field Operations
Hilary Maxson Chief Financial Officer
Safra A. Catz Executive Vice Chair of the Board of Directors
Jeffrey O. Henley Executive Vice Chair of the Board of Directors
Stuart Levey Executive Vice President, Chief Legal Officer
Maria Smith Executive Vice President, Chief Accounting Officer
Mr. Ellison, 81, has been our Executive Chair of the Board and Chief Technology Officer since September 2014. He served as our Chief Executive Officer from June 1977, when he founded Oracle, until September 2014. He has served as a Director since June 1977. He previously served as our Chairman of the Board from May 1995 to January 2004.
Mr. Magouyrk, 39, has been our Chief Executive Officer since September 2025. He served as our President, Oracle Cloud Infrastructure from June to September 2025. From December 2019 to June 2025, he served as an Executive Vice President in various roles, including Executive Vice President, Cloud Infrastructure and Executive Vice President, Oracle Cloud Infrastructure Engineering. Prior to being named Executive Vice President, Mr. Magouyrk held various other positions with us since joining Oracle in 2014. Prior to joining Oracle, he was a senior engineer at Amazon and Amazon Web Services from 2008 to 2014.
Mr. Sicilia, 55, has been our Chief Executive Officer since September 2025. He served as our President, Industries from June to September 2025. From October 2019 to June 2025, he served as an Executive Vice President in various roles, including Executive Vice President, Industries and Executive Vice President, Global Business Units. Prior to being named Executive Vice President, Mr. Sicilia held various other positions with us since joining Oracle in 2009. Prior to joining Oracle, he was Chief Technology Officer at Primavera Systems and held other positions from 1993 to 2008.
Mr. Hura, 52, has been our President, Global Field Operations since September 2025. He served as Executive Vice President and General Manager of North America Cloud Infrastructure Sales from June 2023 to August 2025. He previously served as our Executive Vice President of Cloud & Technology Sales from June 2021 to June 2023. Mr. Hura held various other positions since joining Oracle in 2013. Prior to joining Oracle, Mr. Hura served as General Manager of Sales for the Digital Energy business at General Electric.
Ms. Maxson, 48, has been our Chief Financial Officer since April 2026. She served as Executive Vice President and Group Chief Financial Officer of Schneider Electric SE (Schneider) from 2020 until April 2026. Prior to that, she was Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer, Energy Management of Schneider from 2019 to 2020 and Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer, Building and IT of Schneider from 2017 to the end of 2018. Ms. Maxson serves on the board of directors of Anglo American plc.
Ms. Catz, 64, has been our Executive Vice Chair of the Board since September 2025. She served as our Chief Executive Officer from September 2014 to September 2025, President from January 2004 to September 2014, our Chief Financial Officer most recently from April 2011 until September 2014 and a Director since October 2001. She was previously our Chief Financial Officer from November 2005 until September 2008 and our Interim Chief Financial Officer from April 2005 until July 2005. Prior to being named our President, she held various other positions with us since joining Oracle in 1999. She currently serves as a director of Paramount Skydance Corporation and she previously served as a director of The Walt Disney Company.
Mr. Henley, 81, has been our Executive Vice Chair of the Board since September 2014. He served as our Chairman of the Board from January 2004 to September 2014 and has served as a Director since June 1995. He served as our Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer from March 1991 to July 2004.
Mr. Levey, 63, has been our Executive Vice President, Chief Legal Officer since October 2022. Prior to joining Oracle, Mr. Levey served as Chief Executive Officer of Diem Association from August 2020 until June 2022, and as Chief Legal Officer of HSBC Holdings, plc from January 2012 to August 2020.
Ms. Smith, 60, has been our Executive Vice President, Chief Accounting Officer since December 2022. She served as our Senior Vice President, Corporate Controller from December 2020 to December 2022, as our Senior Vice President, Assistant Corporate Controller from September 2017 to December 2020 and as our Vice President, Global Controllers Organization and Mergers and Acquisitions from November 2012 to September 2017. She held various other positions with us since joining Oracle in 1999.
We operate in rapidly changing economic and technological environments that present numerous risks, many of which are driven by factors that we cannot control or predict. The following discussion, as well as our discussion in Item 7 Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations, highlights some of these risks. The risks described below are not exhaustive and you should carefully consider these risks and uncertainties before investing in our securities. Additional risks and uncertainties not currently known to us or that we currently deem to be insignificant also may materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition or operating results in the future. If any of the following risks occur, our business, operating results, financial condition, and prospects could be materially and adversely affected.
We may be unsuccessful in developing and selling new products and services, integrating acquired products and services and enhancing our existing products and services. Our industry is characterized by rapid technological advances, intense competition, changing delivery models, evolving standards in communications infrastructure, increasingly sophisticated customer needs and frequent new product introductions and enhancements. We have continued to refresh and release new offerings of our cloud products and services, but if we are unable to develop new or sufficiently differentiated products and services, enhance and improve our product offerings and support services in a timely manner or position and price our products and services to meet demand, customers may not purchase or subscribe to our software, hardware or cloud offerings or renew software support, hardware support or cloud subscriptions contracts. Renewals of these contracts are important to our future success. In addition, we cannot provide any assurance that the standards on which we choose to develop new products will allow us to compete effectively for business opportunities in emerging areas.
In addition, our business may be adversely affected if:
In addition, our profitability and revenues could be adversely impacted if we lose one or more of our key customers for any reason, including as a result of any of the factors discussed above, or if one or more of our key customers experiences insolvency, bankruptcy or other issues impacting their creditworthiness. Any such loss could also limit or reduce our growth in future periods.
Our AI products may not operate as anticipated, which could adversely affect our reputation, revenues and profitability. Machine learning and AI, including generative AI, agentic AI and LLMs, are increasingly driving innovations in technology, and AI technology and services are highly competitive and rapidly evolving. We are building AI into many of our product offerings and we are also making AI available for our customers to use in solutions that they build. We have made significant investments in AI initiatives, including investments in infrastructure and headcount, and we expect to continue to invest significant resources to build and support our AI products in support of our growth strategy. In addition, we rely on partners and suppliers to produce some of our AI products. If we are unable to introduce new AI products, or if our AI products fail to operate as anticipated or as well as competing products or otherwise do not meet customer needs, if our competitors’ AI products achieve higher market acceptance than ours, or if we incur costs higher than expected to build and support our AI products, we may fail to recoup our investments in AI and our business and reputation may be harmed. Further, if we do not
continue to invest significant resources to develop and support our AI products, we may fall behind technological developments and evolving industry standards, which would likewise harm our ability to compete.
AI technologies are rapidly changing and present evolving legal, regulatory and ethical issues, including claims of bias, discrimination, a perceived lack of transparency, as well as sometimes unpredictable behaviors or inadvertent use or incorporation in model training or outputs of copyrighted or other protected material, such as personal and patient health information, any of which could expose us or our customers to reputational or legal risk and inhibit adoption of our AI products. Moreover, AI models and training approaches may contain errors or limitations. The data used to develop or operate AI systems may be overly broad, incomplete, or include biased or inaccurate information, which could result in outputs that are offensive, unlawful, inaccurate or otherwise harmful. If we enable or offer AI products that draw controversy due to their perceived or actual impact on society, or if we are unable to develop, implement and maintain effective internal policies and frameworks relating to the responsible development and use of AI, we may experience brand or reputational harm, competitive harm or legal liability.
Jurisdictions around the world are developing and passing new regulations that apply specifically to the use of AI. For example, the U.S. AI regulatory framework remains in development and has been introduced at the federal level through executive orders and legislation has been introduced and enacted at the state level. Additionally, obligations under the EU AI Act have gone into effect and will continue to be implemented in phases through 2030, and other jurisdictions have passed or are considering similarly focused legislation. Regulatory uncertainty, including the lack of comprehensive federal legislation and a patchwork of existing and proposed frameworks and regulatory initiatives in numerous jurisdictions, may expose us to compliance challenges, costs and uncertainties requiring us to manage varying and sometimes conflicting expectations in the U.S. and globally, including potential government restrictions on AI infrastructure, compute resources, model weights, cross-border AI services, customer access and localization or nationalization initiatives. Our failure to adapt to these changes, or any failure by our employees, contractors, partners, suppliers, customers or agents to comply with laws and regulations applicable to our AI products or our related policies and procedures, could result in legal, financial and reputational consequences including, but not limited to, being required to adjust or limit our product offerings or our use of AI in certain jurisdictions to comply with new and evolving AI laws and regulations.
If we do not successfully execute our Oracle Cloud strategy, including our offerings of Oracle Cloud, our revenues and profitability may decline. We provide our cloud and other offerings to customers worldwide via a variety of deployment models, including via our cloud-based OCA and OCI offerings. As these business models continue to evolve, we may not be able to compete effectively, generate significant revenues or maintain the profitability of our cloud offerings. Additionally, the increasing prevalence of various cloud offering models by us and our competitors may unfavorably impact the pricing of our cloud and software offerings. If we do not successfully execute our cloud computing strategy or anticipate the cloud computing needs of our customers, our reputation as a cloud services provider could be harmed and our revenues and profitability could decline.
As customer demand for our cloud offerings increases, we experience volatility in our reported revenues and operating results due to the differences in timing of revenue recognition between our software license and hardware product arrangements relative to our cloud offering arrangements. Customers predominantly purchase our cloud offerings on a subscription basis, and revenues from these offerings are generally recognized ratably or as services are consumed over the terms of the subscriptions. Consequently, any deterioration in sales activity associated with our cloud offerings may not be immediately observable in our consolidated statements of operations. This is in contrast to revenues associated with our license and hardware product arrangements, which are generally recognized in full at the time of delivery of the related licenses and hardware products. In addition, we may not be able to accurately anticipate customer transitions from, or be able to sufficiently backfill reduced customer demand for, our software, hardware and support offerings relative to the expected increase in customer adoption of and demand for our Oracle Cloud, which could adversely affect our revenues and profitability.
If we are unable to secure data center capacity at affordable rates or do not accurately plan for and manage our infrastructure capacity requirements, our profitability may decline. To grow our OCI business, which requires increased computing capacity, we must incur significant capital and operating expenditures to increase our existing data center capacity and to establish data centers in new geographic locations. In connection with these investments, we have entered, and expect to continue to enter, into long-term lease commitments with third-party data center providers and other significant commitments with suppliers of chips and other data center infrastructure. If we underestimate customer demand or our data center capacity needs, we may face shortages of available infrastructure, limiting our ability to support customer growth and potentially causing us to lose business to competitors. Conversely, if we overestimate customer demand or any of our key customers are unable to pay or
otherwise perform under their contracts with us, we could be locked into multi-year commitments for excess data center space and related capital expenditures, as well as associated financings, without receiving corresponding revenue. In addition, the terms, renewal options and pricing adjustments in our long-term data center leases typically do not align with the duration and pricing of customer contracts, and if customers do not renew their contracts, we may be unable to re-lease, repurpose or assign such capacity on acceptable terms, if at all. Our business is, and may continue to be, exposed to risks of customer non-payment and non-performance. Our customer base and our policies and procedures to manage our exposure to credit risk, including through receipt of prepayments under some of our committed contracts, credit analysis and monitoring procedures, cannot fully eliminate customer credit risk, and to the extent our policies and procedures prove to be inadequate, it could negatively affect our business, operating results and financial condition. In addition, some of our customers may be highly leveraged and subject to their own operating and regulatory risks and, even if our credit review and analysis mechanisms work properly, we may experience risks of non-payment and non-performance in our dealings with such parties. In certain OCI offerings, we are more concentrated among a number of large customers, which could increase these risks.
Our data center expansion depends on access to suitable, permitted build sites; reliable and predictable power sources; networking hardware; and server availability, including graphics processing units, memory devices and other critical components. Data centers in geographies that we rely on may be unavailable on commercially reasonable terms or at all. Government-imposed limits or moratoria on data center construction in a given market could hinder our ability to execute our expansion plans or prevent us from completing planned data center projects. Even where suitable sites and capacity are available, our data center expansion plans are complex and subject to execution risks, including, among others, delays or cost increases related to design, engineering, permitting, construction, utility interconnection, equipment delivery and contractor performance. Our ability to build and operate data centers also may be affected by existing and evolving laws, regulations and policies relating to land use and zoning, environmental permitting, energy usage, grid reliability, greenhouse gas emissions, water usage, building codes, health and safety, tax incentives and data localization. These requirements, or changes in their interpretation or enforcement, could increase our capital and operating costs, delay or prevent planned projects, limit where or how we build or operate data centers, or adversely affect our ability to meet customer commitments and anticipated demand.
In addition, we depend on third parties to develop and deliver certain data center capacity and related infrastructure, and their inability to obtain financing, complete construction on schedule or manage construction cost overruns could delay the availability of data center space or increase our costs. We have faced, and may continue to face, challenges with securing reliable and cost-effective power sources for our data center energy demands, which are constrained globally due to the significant increase in demand for and limited availability of energy to power AI compute. These constraints on available power sources could disrupt operations at affected data centers or restrict our capacity to grow, adversely impacting our business, operating results, financial condition and prospects. In addition, power prices can be volatile, including due to extreme weather events and market structure in certain regions, and increases in energy costs can adversely affect our margins, particularly where customer pricing is fixed or committed. We also may enter into long-term power supply arrangements, including power purchase agreements or similar arrangements, that may extend beyond customer contract terms and expose us to counterparty risk, pricing risk and potential collateral or credit support requirements. We also may be unable to secure sufficient energy resources on acceptable terms to meet customer expectations or our sustainability goals. These investments and commitments may require significant cash outlays before, or in excess of, the revenues or cash flows generated by the related capacity, which could adversely affect our cash flows, increase our need for external financing or require us to reduce, delay or reprioritize other investments.
We also rely on third-party suppliers to provide equipment and components required to outfit these data centers on a timely basis. We do not control the operation of these third-party data centers, and they may suffer interruptions in service from events beyond our control, including from acts of government, natural events, power loss, break-ins or misconduct by those third parties. Ongoing or future delays or the inability to meet customer demand could cause the loss of additional sales, delay our revenue recognition or increase our costs, all of which could adversely affect the margins of our business. We typically depreciate these assets over their estimated useful lives, which could be shortened should our cloud strategies change, which could adversely affect our profitability. Further, evolving customer requirements and technological changes in data center design and equipment may
require retrofits or other incremental capital expenditures, and physical damage to data centers or key energy infrastructure from natural disasters, geopolitical events, terrorist events or other catastrophic events could adversely affect our profitability.
Our cloud offerings and hardware offerings are complex, and if we cannot successfully manage this complexity, including the sourcing of technologies and components, the results of these businesses will suffer. We depend on suppliers to develop, manufacture and deliver on a timely basis the necessary technologies and components for our hardware products that we market and sell to our customers and that we use as a part of our cloud infrastructure to deliver our cloud offerings, and there are some technologies and components that can only be purchased from a single vendor due to price, quality, technology, availability or other business constraints. Our supply chain operations are affected by industry consolidation and component constraints or shortages, natural disasters, political unrest (such as conflicts in the Middle East and the tensions between China and Taiwan), public health crises, changes to trade laws or regulations, tariffs and customs controls, port stoppages, shipping interruptions or other transportation disruptions or slowdowns, and other factors affecting the countries or regions where these single source component vendors are located or where the products are being shipped. If disruption caused by one or more of the risks described above occurs, our cloud and software business and hardware business and related operating results could be materially and adversely affected.
Supply chain shortages have in some instances resulted in increases to the costs of production of our hardware products that we may not be able to pass on to our customers. In addition, we have in some instances responded to such shortages by committing to higher purchases and balances of hardware products that we market and sell to our customers and that we use as a part of our cloud infrastructure to deliver our cloud offerings, relative to our historical positions. For example, industry supply capacity for AI accelerators, including graphics processing units, as well as memory devices, is competitive, and we at times have to accept less favorable terms with suppliers to minimize supply constraints. While this permits us to secure cloud infrastructure capacity, it has increased excess and obsolescence risk of such hardware products and could adversely impact our profitability and cash flows. We expect these factors will continue to impact us in the future. In addition, the actual useful lives, performance characteristics or failure rates of certain components may differ from our expectations, and we may incur unplanned repair, replacement or refreshment costs, including in some cases outside applicable warranty coverage. Delays in delivery of critical components could cause us to incur operating costs for data center capacity that is not yet revenue-generating and, in some cases, could subject us to penalties or other contractual remedies.
We outsource most of our manufacturing, assembly, delivery and technology of, and certain component designs for, our hardware products to a variety of companies, many of which are located outside the U.S. From time to time, these partners experience production problems or delays or cannot meet our demand for products on a timely or cost-effective basis, including as a result of changes to trade laws or regulations, tariffs, sanctions and export or import controls. Ongoing or future delays or cost increases in manufacturing could cause the loss of additional sales, delayed revenue recognition or an increase in our hardware products expenses, all of which could adversely affect the margins of our cloud and software business and hardware business. These challenges could arise if we alter our manufacturing strategies, suppliers, or locations. We also store inventory and equipment in third-party logistics, warehousing or staging facilities, and these assets may be subject to damage, theft, break-ins or other losses that may not be fully covered by insurance.
We may not receive significant revenues from our current research and development efforts for several years, if at all. Developing our various product offerings is expensive and the return on investment is often long. An important element of our corporate strategy is to commit significant resources to research and development, as well as related product and service opportunities, both through internal investments and the acquisition of intellectual property from acquired companies. Accelerated product and service introductions and short lifecycles require high levels of research and development spending, which could adversely affect our operating results if not offset by revenue increases. We believe that continued investment in research and development is essential to maintaining our competitive position. However, our investments in research and development may fail to yield competitive products and services and we do not expect to receive significant revenues from these investments for several years, if at all.
Our products and services may not function properly if we experience significant coding, manufacturing or configuration errors in our cloud, software and hardware offerings. Despite testing prior to the release and throughout the lifecycle of a product or service, our cloud, software and hardware offerings sometimes contain coding, manufacturing or configuration errors that can impact their function, performance and security, and result in other negative consequences. The detection and correction of any errors in released cloud, software or hardware offerings can be time consuming and costly. Errors in our cloud, software or hardware offerings, or errors embedded in third-party software products or services incorporated into our own products, can affect their ability to properly function, integrate or operate with other cloud, software or hardware offerings; result in service interruptions, delays or outages of our cloud offerings; create security vulnerabilities in our products or services; delay the development or release of new products or services or new versions of products or services; and adversely affect market acceptance of our products or services. If we experience any of these errors, or if there are delays in releasing our cloud, software or hardware offerings or new versions of these offerings, our sales could be affected and revenues could decline. In addition, we run Oracle’s business operations as well as cloud and other services that we offer to our customers on our products and networks. Therefore, any flaws could affect our and our customers’ abilities to conduct business operations and to ensure accuracy in financial processes and reporting, and may result in unanticipated costs and interruptions. Enterprise customers rely on our cloud, software and hardware offerings and related services to run their businesses, and errors in our cloud, software and hardware offerings and related services could expose us to product liability, performance and warranty claims as well as significant harm to our brand and reputation, which could impact our future sales.
If we are unable to compete effectively, the results of operations and prospects for our business could be harmed. We face intense competition in all aspects of our business. The nature of the IT industry creates a competitive landscape that is constantly evolving as firms emerge, expand or are acquired, as technology evolves and as delivery models change. Our enterprise cloud, software and hardware offerings compete directly with certain offerings from some of the largest and most competitive companies in the world, many of which have well-developed customer bases and strong brand recognition. In addition, due to the low barriers to entry in many of our market segments, new technologies and new, agile and growing competitors frequently emerge to challenge our offerings. We believe many vendors spend amounts in excess of what Oracle spends to develop and market applications and infrastructure technologies including databases, middleware products, application development tools, business applications, collaboration products and business intelligence, compute, storage and networking products, among others, which compete with Oracle applications and infrastructure offerings.
In addition, use of our competitors’ technologies can influence a customer’s purchasing decision or create an environment that makes it less efficient to utilize or migrate to Oracle products and services. For example, we offer our customers multicloud services whereby our customers can combine cloud services from multiple clouds with the goal of optimizing cost, functionality and performance. OCI’s multicloud services work with a number of our competitors’ products, including Microsoft Azure, Amazon Web Services and Google Cloud. This multicloud strategy could lead our customers to migrate away from our cloud offerings to our competitors’ products or limit their purchases of additional Oracle products, either of which could adversely affect our revenues and profitability.
Our competitors may also seek to attract or retain customers who might otherwise purchase our products and services by offering competing products and services on terms that we may not generally find acceptable. We could lose customers if our competitors introduce new competitive products, add new functionality, acquire competitive products, reduce prices, better execute on their sales and marketing strategies, offer more flexible business practices, provide debt or equity financing to customers or form strategic alliances with other companies. Mergers, consolidations or alliances among our competitors, or acquisitions of our competitors by large companies, may result in increased competition.
If our competitors offer deep discounts on certain products or services or develop products that the marketplace considers more valuable, we may need to lower prices, introduce pricing models and offerings or offer other terms that are less favorable to us to compete successfully. Any such changes may reduce revenues and margins and could adversely affect operating results. Additionally, the increasing prevalence of cloud delivery models offered by us and our competitors may unfavorably impact the pricing of our other cloud, software, hardware and services offerings, and we have incurred increased cloud delivery expenses as we expand our cloud operations and update our infrastructure, all of which could reduce our revenues and profitability. Our software support fees and hardware support fees are generally priced as a percentage of our net software license fees and net new hardware products fees, respectively. Our competitors may offer lower pricing on their support offerings, which could put pressure on us to further discount our offerings. If we do not adapt our pricing models to reflect changes in customer use of our products, changes in customer demand or increased competition, our revenues could decrease.
Any failure to offer high-quality technical support services may adversely affect our relationships with our customers and our financial results. Our customers depend on our support organization to resolve technical issues related to our applications and infrastructure offerings. We may be unable to respond quickly enough to accommodate short-term increases in customer demand for support services or resolve issues efficiently. Increased customer demand for these services, without corresponding revenues, could increase costs and adversely affect our operating results. Any failure to maintain high-quality technical support, or even the perception that our support is insufficient, could adversely affect our reputation, negatively impact our relationships with our customers, hinder our ability to sell and renew our applications and infrastructure offerings to existing and prospective customers, and negatively impact our business, operating results and financial position.
Our periodic workforce restructurings and reorganizations can be disruptive. We have an existing restructuring plan in place under which we have made, and will continue to make, adjustments to our workforce in response to management changes, product changes, performance issues, changes in strategies, acquisitions and other internal and external considerations. We may initiate new restructuring plans in the future. In addition, the adoption and deployment of AI technologies across our operations have resulted, and may continue to result, in reductions to our workforce.
These types of restructurings have resulted, and may in the future result, in increased restructuring costs and reduced productivity. These types of restructurings may also lead to shortages of sufficiently skilled employees in certain roles, loss of valuable institutional knowledge and damage to employee morale and retention. Hiring freezes or slowdowns can also result in decreased productivity while existing employees take on additional roles and responsibilities, and may also lead to a shortage of sufficiently skilled employees in certain roles. In addition, we may not achieve or sustain the expected growth, resource redeployment or cost savings benefits of these restructurings, or may not do so within our expected timeframe. These effects could recur in connection with future acquisitions and other restructurings, and our revenues and other results of operations could be negatively affected.
We may lose key employees or may be unable to hire enough qualified employees. We rely on hiring qualified employees and retaining our senior management, including our Executive Chair of the Board, Chief Technology Officer and founder; our Chief Executive Officers; other executive team members; and key employees. In the technology industry, especially in the AI field, competition for highly skilled business, product development and technical personnel is intense and ongoing. For example, in recent years, recruiting, hiring and retaining employees with expertise in the AI computing industry has become increasingly difficult as the demand for AI computing infrastructure has increased as a result of the increase in AI and machine learning development, deployment and demand. In addition, implementation of AI tools may require new skills and capabilities, and we may not be successful in reskilling current employees.
We may also face rising compensation costs without corresponding gains in productivity or sales. We may not be successful in recruiting new personnel and in retaining and motivating existing personnel. With rare exceptions, we do not have long-term employment agreements with our employees. Members of our senior management team have left Oracle over the years for a variety of reasons, and any future departures may be disruptive to our operations.
To manage expenses, we hire personnel in countries where advanced technical and other expertise are available at lower costs. When we make adjustments to our workforce, we may incur expenses associated with workforce reductions that delay the benefit of a more efficient workforce structure. We are experiencing increased competition for employees in these countries as the trend toward globalization continues, which has affected our employee retention efforts and increased our expenses in an effort to offer a competitive compensation program. In addition, changes to immigration and labor law policies may adversely impact our access to technical and professional talent.
Our general compensation program includes restricted stock units (RSUs), stock options and performance-based equity, which are important tools in attracting and retaining employees in our industry. Our stock price has been volatile in recent periods, and if it were to stagnate or further decline, our ability to retain or attract employees may be harmed. We continually evaluate our compensation practices and consider changes from time to time, which may have an impact on our ability to retain employees and the amount of stock-based compensation expense that we record. Any changes in our compensation practices or those of our competitors could affect our ability to retain and motivate existing personnel and recruit new personnel.
There are risks associated with our cloud and software and hardware indirect sales channels which could affect our future operating results. Our cloud and software and hardware indirect channel networks consist primarily of resellers, system integrators/implementers, consultants, education providers, internet service providers, network integrators and ISVs. Our relationships with these channel participants are important elements of our cloud, software and hardware marketing and sales efforts. Our financial results could be adversely affected if:
We may not successfully maintain, expand or develop our relationships with channel participants. If we are not successful, we may lose sales opportunities, customers and revenues. In addition, we do not control channel participants, some of whom operate in jurisdictions with elevated corruption risks. Our compliance policies and procedures may fail to prevent or detect violations of anti-corruption or other laws, and channel participants may violate such laws, all of which could subject us to litigation or regulatory risk and result in liability.
Acquisitions, joint ventures and strategic alliances present many risks and we may not achieve the financial and strategic goals that were contemplated at the time of a transaction. We regularly review and consider strategic acquisitions, joint ventures and strategic alliances. These transactions present material risks and challenges, including but not limited to:
The occurrence of any of these risks could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition or cash flows, particularly in the case of a larger acquisition or several concurrent acquisitions.
We are subject to risks with respect to environmental, social and governance (ESG) matters. We are subject to evolving, and sometimes conflicting, laws, executive orders, regulations, policies and stakeholder expectations relating to matters beyond our core products and services, including ESG matters, such as environmental sustainability, climate change, human capital and workforce matters. The Nomination and Governance Committee of our Board oversees and periodically reviews our ESG programs and our management evaluates if climate or environmental risks could significantly impact our core or strategic business functions, including service delivery and support, product development and deployment, supply chain management, facility operations, employee recruitment and retention or brand reputation. Any failure to identify and address these risks could adversely affect our reputation, business, financial performance and growth.
Further, in an effort to be responsive to customer, employee and other stakeholder interests and expectations, we publicly disclose certain ESG-related goals and statistics. If we fail to meet these goals, or are perceived as failing to meet our ESG goals, our revenues, reputation and brand may be harmed. In addition, views on ESG and related matters diverge within and among different stakeholder groups, including stockholders, customers and employees, as well as government actors. Efforts to meet evolving and increasingly divergent stakeholder expectations on ESG and related matters may place a strain on our employees and systems, and if we are targeted by those who disagree with our public positions on ESG and related issues, or if we do not otherwise successfully manage ESG-related expectations across our stakeholders, it could erode stakeholder trust, impact our reputation or subject us to litigation, which could adversely affect our business and reputation.
We are subject to business, financial and reputational risks related to cybersecurity incidents and data breaches. Our products and services, including Oracle Cloud, store, retrieve, process and manage third-party data, such as our customers’ data, as well as our own data. We believe that Oracle has been and is a target for computer hackers, cyberattacks and other perpetrators or threat actors because Oracle stores and processes large amounts of data, including sensitive data such as health sciences (including patient health information), financial services, retail, hospitality, telecommunications and government data. We and our third-party vendors are regularly subject to attacks by third parties (which may include individuals or groups of hackers and sophisticated organizations, such as state-sponsored organizations, nation-states and individuals sponsored by them) designed to identify and exploit product and service vulnerabilities, penetrate or bypass our security measures, and gain unauthorized access to our or our customers’, partners’ and suppliers’ software, hardware and cloud offerings, networks and systems. Such malicious attacks can lead, and have led, to the compromise of personal information or the confidential information or data of Oracle or our customers. Attacks of this nature typically involve IT-related viruses, worms, and other malicious software programs that attack networks, systems, products and services, exploit potential security vulnerabilities of networks, systems, products and services, create system disruptions and cause shutdowns or denials of service. Third parties seek to attempt to fraudulently induce customers, partners, employees or suppliers into disclosing sensitive information such as user names, passwords or other credentials to gain access to our data, our customers’, suppliers’ or partners’ data or the IT systems of Oracle, our customers, suppliers or partners. They also seek to access or modify improperly our products and services, including our Oracle Cloud; these actions can occur in a variety of ways, including as a result of customer, partner, employee, contractor or supplier error or malfeasance.
When a cyberattack or other security event or incident results in unauthorized access to, or modification, loss, destruction or exfiltration of, our customers’ or suppliers’ data, other external data, our own data or our IT systems, or if the services we provide to our customers are disrupted, or if our products or services are reported to have (or are perceived as having) security vulnerabilities, we have incurred and may continue to incur significant expenses
and may suffer substantial damage to our brand and reputation. If our customers lose confidence in the security and reliability of our products and services, including our cloud offerings, they may reduce or terminate their spending with us. In addition, cyberattacks and other security events or incidents have resulted and could result in: significant investigation and remediation costs; loss or destruction of data; operational disruptions; inappropriate use of proprietary and sensitive data; lawsuits; indemnity obligations; regulatory investigations and financial penalties; and increased legal liability, including in some cases contractual costs for customer notification and fraud monitoring.
Because the techniques used to obtain unauthorized access to, or sabotage IT systems, constantly evolve, grow more complex over time, and often are not detected until launched against a target, we may be unable to anticipate or implement adequate measures to prevent such techniques. The increasing use of AI technologies may also introduce or accelerate existing cybersecurity and operational risks. AI systems may be susceptible to the introduction of malicious code, manipulation, or other misuse, and may be used by third parties to develop or deploy more sophisticated attacks. In addition, the rapid pace at which AI-related risks can emerge and evolve may challenge our ability to timely identify, assess and mitigate such risks. If we are unable to adapt our processes, controls and technologies effectively, our systems, data and operations could be adversely affected. Our internal IT systems continue to evolve and we are often early adopters of new technologies. However, our business policies and internal security controls may not keep pace with emerging threats. We may not detect or confirm any security breach and loss of information or fully remediate the impact for a significant period of time after the security breach. Our remediation efforts may not be successful.
Our products operate in conjunction with and are dependent on a wide variety of third-party products, components and services. If a security vulnerability exists in one of these components, a targeted exploit could lead to increased costs, liability claims, customer dissatisfaction, reduced revenues, or harm to our reputation or competitive position, including as a result of business interruption, data loss or unauthorized access to, or disclosure of, data. We also have an active acquisition, joint venture and strategic alliance program and have entered into a number of strategic transactions with respect to companies, products, services and technologies over the years. While we make significant efforts to address any IT security issues with respect to such companies, products, services and technologies, we may still face such risks and additional or unidentified vulnerabilities when we integrate such companies or partner with such third parties.
Our business practices with respect to data could give rise to operational interruption, liabilities or reputational harm as a result of governmental regulation, legal requirements or industry standards relating to privacy and data protection. As regulatory focus on privacy issues continues to increase and worldwide laws and regulations concerning the handling of personal information expand and become more complex and stringent, potential risks related to data collection and use within our business will intensify. In addition, U.S. federal and state as well as foreign governments have enacted or are considering enacting legislation or regulations, or may in the near future interpret existing legislation or regulations, in a manner that could significantly impact our ability, as well as the ability of our customers, partners and data providers, to collect, augment, analyze, use, transfer (including across national borders) and share personal and other information that is integral to certain services we provide. We are also subject to data privacy and other related regulations governing the healthcare industry and patient information, including but not limited to regulations governing electronic health data transmissions, the processing of patient information, healthcare fraud and healthcare information sharing.
Following the European Union (EU)’s General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), the rate of global consideration and adoption of privacy laws has increased, giving rise to more global jurisdictions in which regulatory inquiries and audits may be requested of Oracle, and if we are not deemed to be in compliance, could result in enforcement actions and/or fines. This is true in the U.S. where, for example, a number of states have enacted privacy laws, the U.S. Congress has been considering several privacy and security-related bills at the federal level, the federal government is pursuing a range of cybersecurity initiatives pertaining to critical infrastructure companies and government contractors, and a number of other state legislatures have passed or are considering privacy laws. Regulators globally are also imposing greater monetary fines for privacy violations. The GDPR provides for monetary penalties of up to €20 million, or up to 4% of an organization’s worldwide revenue of the preceding financial year, whichever is greater. These penalties can be significant. For example, a U.S.-based technology company was fined €1.2 billion for alleged GDPR violations in 2023. The U.S. Federal Trade Commission continues to fine companies for unfair and deceptive data protection practices, and these fines may increase in size. Taken together, the laws or regulations associated with the enhanced protection of personal and other types of data could greatly increase the size of potential fines related to data protection, and our cost of providing our products and services could result in changes to our business practices or even prevent us from offering certain services in jurisdictions in which we
operate. Although we have implemented contracts, diligence programs, policies and procedures designed to address compliance with applicable laws and regulations, there can be no assurance that our employees, contractors, partners, suppliers, data providers or agents will not violate such laws and regulations or our contracts, policies and procedures. Additionally, public perception and standards related to the privacy of personal information can shift rapidly, in ways that may affect our reputation or influence regulators to enact regulations and laws that may limit our ability to provide certain products and services. For example, numerous jurisdictions, including the EU, have passed or are considering laws and regulations that would impose additional data privacy and other compliance requirements on the use of AI and could require us to adjust or limit our product offerings in such jurisdictions.
We make statements about our use and disclosure of personal information through our privacy policy, information provided on our website and press statements. Any failure, or perceived failure, by us to comply with these public statements or with U.S. federal, state, or foreign laws and regulations, including laws and regulations regulating privacy, data security, or consumer protection, public perception, standards, self-regulatory requirements or legal obligations, could result in lost or restricted business, proceedings, actions or fines brought against us or levied by governmental entities or others, or could adversely affect our business and harm our reputation.
Third parties have claimed, and in the future may claim, infringement or misuse of intellectual property rights and/or breach of license agreement provisions. We periodically receive notices from, or have lawsuits filed against us by, third parties claiming infringement or other misuse of their intellectual property rights and/or breach of our agreements with them. These third parties include entities that do not design, manufacture, or distribute products or services or that acquire intellectual property for the sole purpose of monetization through infringement assertions. We expect to continue to receive such claims as:
Responding to any such claim, regardless of its validity, could:
We may not be able to protect our intellectual property rights. We rely on copyright, trademark, patent and trade secret laws, confidentiality procedures, controls and contractual commitments to protect our intellectual property. Despite our efforts, these protections may be limited. Unauthorized third parties may try to copy or reverse engineer our products or otherwise use our intellectual property. Our patents may be invalidated or circumvented. Any of our pending or future patent applications may not be issued with the claim scope we seek, if at all. In addition, the laws of some countries do not provide the same level of intellectual property protection as U.S. laws and courts. If we cannot protect our intellectual property against unauthorized copying or use, or other misappropriation, we may not remain competitive.
Adverse litigation results could affect our business. We are subject to various legal proceedings. Litigation can be lengthy, expensive and disruptive to our operations, and can divert our management’s attention away from running our core business. The results of our litigation also cannot be predicted with certainty. Even favorable judgments have been, and may in the future be, subject to appeals leading to protracted litigation, additional costs and the prospect that our desired outcome will be overturned. An adverse decision could result in monetary damages or injunctive relief that could affect our business, operating results or financial condition. Additional information regarding certain of the lawsuits we are involved in is discussed under Note 15 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report.
We may be subjected to increased taxes due to changes in U.S. or international tax laws, the inability to obtain or retain tax incentives, or from adverse resolutions of tax audits and controversies. As a multinational corporation, we incur income taxes as well as non-income-based taxes (such as payroll, sales, use, property and value-added taxes) in both the U.S. and various foreign jurisdictions. We also apply for and may obtain various U.S. state and local and foreign country income, property, sales and other tax incentives for infrastructure or other investments and business activities. Significant uncertainties exist with respect to the application of the various taxes to the businesses in which we engage and our intercompany transactions and arrangements, often requiring that we make judgments in determining our tax liabilities and worldwide provision for income taxes. We are regularly under audit by tax authorities in the U.S. and internationally, which has led to disagreements regarding our treatment of, or positions taken with respect to, various items, including foreign tax credits, foreign-earned profits, intercompany transfer prices and transactions, and the applicability of sales or use taxes or withholding taxes to our operations and intercompany transactions. Any unfavorable resolution of these tax audits and controversies, or the loss of any tax incentives obtained or anticipated, could cause our tax liabilities to increase and may have a material, adverse impact on our provision for income taxes and effective tax rate and on our business. Although we believe that our income and non-income-based tax estimates are reasonable, there is no assurance that the final determination of tax audits or disputes will not be different from what is reflected in our historical income tax provisions and tax accruals.
The U.S. federal and state governments, as well as governments of countries around the world and organizations such as the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), continually consider and make changes to relevant tax, accounting and other laws, treaties, regulations, guidance and interpretations. For example, countries outside the U.S. may change their tax laws in a manner that could negatively affect us by increasing taxes imposed on our international revenue streams, operations and cross-border transactions, including by imposing taxes targeted at digital technology businesses and changing their withholding tax rules. Further, certain governments and the OECD continue to consider the impacts of digital technologies and business models on the existing international tax framework and rules and may propose or enact changes to tax laws, treaties and guidance or introduce new tax measures that would increase the level of income or other taxes on our international revenues and profits. If U.S. or other tax authorities make any of such changes or successfully challenge how or where our profits are currently recognized, our overall tax liabilities could increase. Such possible unfavorable tax changes also create the potential for added volatility in our quarterly provision for income taxes.
Our future income tax provisions and effective tax rate could materially increase as a result of tax changes such as those discussed above or if any other changes are made to applicable tax laws and rules in the U.S. or in other countries in which we do business. Our provision for income taxes also could be adversely affected by changes in the mix of income earned or losses incurred in jurisdictions with differing statutory tax rates, fluctuations in our stock price and level of stock-based compensation expense, changes in the valuation of our deferred tax assets or liabilities and by other factors.
Our international sales and operations and global customer base subject us to additional risks, including trade restrictions, export controls and sanctions, that can adversely affect our operating results. We derive a substantial portion of our revenues from, and have significant operations, outside of the U.S., and in both our U.S. and non-U.S. operations we serve customers based in or with ties to numerous jurisdictions around the world. Compliance with international and U.S. laws and regulations that apply to our international operations increases our cost of doing business. These laws and regulations include data privacy requirements, labor relations laws, tax laws, foreign currency-related regulations, competition/antitrust regulations, anti-bribery laws and other laws prohibiting payments to governmental officials such as the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA), market access regulations, tariffs, and import, export and general trade regulations, including but not limited to sanctions and embargos. Violations of these laws and regulations can result in monetary fines, civil and/or criminal penalties, enforcement
actions against us, our officers or our employees, and prohibitions on the conduct of our business, including disgorgement, the loss of trade privileges, and other remedial measures. Any such violations could result in prohibitions on our ability to offer our products and services in one or more countries or territories or to certain entities, and any such violations (or even an allegation of violations) could result in us exiting a market or segment, could delay or prevent potential acquisitions and could also materially damage our reputation, our brand, our international expansion efforts, our ability to attract and retain employees, our business and our operating results.
Changes to sanctions or export control regulations or their enforcement in the U.S. and the other jurisdictions where we currently operate or have dealings, or in the future may operate or have dealings, can require suspension or termination of business (including financial transactions) in or with certain countries and territories or with certain customers. In addition, we continue to closely monitor international relations and it is difficult to anticipate the effect geopolitical developments may have on us. Evolving restrictions and rules governing access to cloud-based infrastructure or GPU-enabled services by customers in certain jurisdictions, could require additional compliance controls or limit our ability to provide, lease, host or otherwise make available such resources to affected customers. Compliance with any further sanctions, export controls or other regulatory restrictions (and any countermeasures thereto) taken by the U.S. or other countries could prevent us from serving certain customers or restrict us or our customers from operating in specific jurisdictions, which could have an adverse effect on our operations and results of operations.
Our success depends, in part, on our ability to anticipate and manage these risks. We monitor our operations and investigate allegations of improprieties relating to transactions and the way in which such transactions are recorded. Where warranted, we provide information and report our findings to government authorities who may conduct their own investigations, and we respond to their requests or demands for information. No assurance can be given that such authorities will not take action or that our compliance program will prove effective. There is no guarantee that our compliance policies and procedures will be followed at all times or will effectively detect and prevent all violations of laws, including economic and financial sanction laws and embargoes. In addition, we are currently navigating a period of geopolitical and regulatory volatility.
We face a variety of other risks and challenges in managing an organization operating globally, including those related to:
The variety of risks and challenges listed above could also disrupt or otherwise negatively impact our supply chain operations and sales of our products and services in affected countries or regions.
As the majority shareholder of Oracle Financial Services Software Limited, a publicly traded company in India, and Oracle Corporation Japan, a publicly traded company in Japan, we face several additional risks, including being subject to local securities regulations and being unable to exert full control that we would otherwise have if these entities were wholly-owned subsidiaries.
The healthcare industry is highly regulated, and thus, we are subject to several laws, regulations and industry initiatives, non-compliance with certain of which could adversely affect our healthcare business. As a participant in the healthcare industry, certain of our products, operations and relationships, and those of our customers, are regulated by several U.S. federal, state, local and foreign governmental entities. These regulations impact us both directly and indirectly, including government program requirements applicable to our customers for the use of health IT. There are significant, wide-ranging and rapidly evolving regulations worldwide, covering healthcare fraud, information sharing, e-prescribing, medical claims processing and transmission, healthcare devices, the use of AI in healthcare, the security and privacy of patient data and interoperability standards, that may be directly or indirectly applicable to our products, operations and relationships or the business practices of our customers. Specific risks include, but are not limited to, the following:
The healthcare industry is regularly subject to negative publicity, including as a result of governmental investigations, adverse media coverage and political debate concerning industry regulation. We have been, and in the future may become involved in routine, regular and special governmental inquiries, audits, reviews and assessments. Negative publicity may damage our reputation and expose us to regulatory scrutiny.
Complying with healthcare industry regulations globally is expensive and could subject us to unanticipated and significant delays or disruption to availability of our health products/services. If we fail to comply sufficiently with these and other regulations, it could negatively impact our ability to continue to develop, distribute and deliver certain of our healthcare products and services, and we could suffer fines or penalties and/or result in product recalls.
Our sales to local, state, federal and foreign government customers expose us to business volatility and risks, including government budgeting cycles and appropriations, government shutdowns, procurement regulations, governmental policy shifts, early termination of contracts, audits, investigations, sanctions and penalties. We derive revenues from contracts with the U.S. government, state and local governments, and foreign governments and are subject to procurement laws relating to the award, administration and performance of those contracts.
Governmental entities are variously pursuing policies that affect our ability to sell our products and services. Changes in government procurement policy, priorities, regulations, technology initiatives and/or requirements may negatively impact our potential for growth in the government sector. For example, the U.S. government imposes evolving cybersecurity requirements, including the FedRAMP authorization process and the Department of War (DoW) Cybersecurity Maturity Model Certification. These requirements may impact our lines of business in the U.S. federal government market. Compliance with these cybersecurity requirements is complex and costly, and any failure or alleged failure to meet, or delays in meeting, the required security controls could result in liability, limit our ability to sell products and services, directly or indirectly, to the DoW and other federal and state government entities that implement similar cybersecurity requirements and adversely affect our reputation and sales.
We are also subject to early termination of our contracts. Many governmental entities have the right to terminate contracts at any time for a variety of reasons, including without cause. For example, the U.S. federal government may terminate any of our government contracts and subcontracts at its convenience, or for default based on our performance. U.S. federal, state and local government and foreign government contracts are generally subject to government funding authorizations/appropriations. Contracts may also be terminated due to a lack of government funds.
There is increased pressure on governments and their agencies, both domestically and internationally, to reduce spending as governments continue to face significant deficit reduction pressures. This may adversely impact spending on government programs and result in termination of government contracts, delays in contract awards and pausing of payments during cost efficiency reviews. In addition, extended federal government shutdowns in the U.S. have caused, and may in the future cause, delays in approvals and decision making, which could negatively impact our results of operations.
Government contracts laws and regulations impose certain risks, and certain of our government contracts and contracting practices are currently, and may in the future be, subject to audits and investigations. Any violations of law or alleged violations of law could subject us to civil and criminal penalties and administrative sanctions, including termination of contracts, refund of fees received, treble damages, settlement payments, forfeiture of profits, suspension of payments, fines and suspensions or debarment from future government business, as well as adverse publicity and reputational damage.
Environmental and other related laws and regulations subject us to a number of risks and could result in significant liabilities and costs. Our cloud and hardware operations are subject to extensive, evolving and sometimes inconsistent state, federal and international regulations related to ESG matters. Some of these regulations establish specific metrics, targets, and disclosure frameworks for a variety of ESG issues, including environmental sustainability, supply chain labor practices, workforce health and safety, proper handling and disposal of certain chemicals and materials, and local testing and labeling requirements. Regulatory, market, carbon tax and competitive pressures regarding the greenhouse gas emissions and energy mix for our data center operations have increased and are expected to continue to increase.
Compliance with these ever-changing and sometimes divergent ESG laws in a timely manner could increase our product design, development, procurement, manufacturing, delivery, cloud operations, insurance premiums and administration costs, limit our ability to manage excess and obsolete inventory, change our sales activities, or otherwise impact future financial results of our cloud and hardware businesses. Failure to comply with these laws can subject us to significant liability, including fines, penalties and possible prohibition of sales of our products and services in certain regions. Additionally, new or updated regulated disclosure requirements could result in revisions to our previous ESG-related disclosure, which could expose us to liability or reputational harm.
Our operations can be difficult for us to predict because our quarterly results of operations may fluctuate significantly based on a number of factors. Our revenues, particularly certain of our software license revenues and hardware revenues, can be difficult to forecast. A substantial portion of our software license and hardware contracts is completed in the latter part of a quarter. Because a significant portion of our cost structure is largely fixed in the short term, sales and revenue shortfalls tend to have a disproportionately negative impact on our profitability. We typically have a number of large transactions each quarter, which increases the risk of fluctuations in our quarterly results. If our cloud infrastructure buildout takes longer than expected, our cloud revenue forecasts will be affected. If we lose one or more of our key customers for any reason, are unable to recognize revenues for contracted products or services or experience a delay in even a small number of these large transactions, our quarterly sales, revenues and profitability could fall significantly short of our predictions. In addition, sudden shifts in regional or global economic or political activity may cause our sales forecasts to be inaccurate. Our quarterly results may also be affected by changes in the timing and amount of our capital expenditures, which may vary materially from changes to supplier pricing, tariffs and supply chain and construction timelines.
In addition, we hold a portfolio of marketable and non-marketable debt and equity investments. It may take longer than expected to realize the full economic benefits from these investments or the benefits may ultimately be smaller than we expected. Any impairment charges and effect of changes in the fair values of certain of these investments are recorded as unrealized gains or losses as a component of consolidated net income in each period. The timing and amount of impairment charges or changes in fair value, if any, of these investments depends on factors beyond our control, including regulatory risks, the perceived and actual performance of the companies or funds in which we invest, and are also subject to the general conditions of public and private equity markets, which are uncertain and have in the past varied, and may in the future vary, materially by period. Changes in the fair values of these investments have contributed, and may in the future contribute, to volatility in our net income that is not reflective of our core businesses.
Changes in currency exchange rates can adversely affect customer demand and our revenues and profitability. We conduct a significant number of transactions and hold cash in currencies other than the U.S. Dollar. Changes in the values of major foreign currencies, particularly the Australian Dollar, British Pound, Brazilian Real, Canadian Dollar, Euro, Indian Rupee, Japanese Yen and Saudi Riyal, relative to the U.S. Dollar can significantly affect our total assets, revenues, operating results and cash flows, which are reported in U.S. Dollars. Fluctuations in foreign currency rates, including the strengthening of the U.S. Dollar against the Euro and most other major international currencies, adversely affects our revenue growth by reducing the U.S. Dollar value of our foreign currency earnings and affecting actual demand for our products and services as they may become relatively more expensive for foreign currency-based enterprises to purchase. Currency variations can also negatively impact profit margins on sales of our products in countries outside of the U.S. Generally, a stronger U.S. Dollar adversely affects, and a weaker U.S. Dollar favorably affects, our reported revenues and operating results. In addition, our reported assets generally are adversely affected when the dollar strengthens relative to other currencies as a portion of our consolidated cash and bank deposits, among other assets, are held in foreign currencies and reported in U.S. Dollars.
In addition, we incur foreign currency transaction gains and losses, primarily related to sublicense fees and other intercompany agreements among us and our subsidiaries that we expect to cash settle in the near term, which are charged to earnings in the period incurred. We have a program which primarily utilizes foreign currency forward contracts designed to offset the risks associated with certain foreign currency exposures. We may suspend the program from time to time. As part of this program, we enter into foreign currency forward contracts so that increases or decreases in our foreign currency exposures are offset at least in part by gains or losses on the foreign currency forward contracts in an effort to mitigate the risks and volatility associated with our foreign currency transaction gains or losses. Our foreign currency forward contracts and other hedging activities may not fully offset, and may in some cases increase, the adverse financial effects of currency movements. A large portion of our consolidated operations is international, and we expect that we will continue to realize gains or losses with respect to our foreign currency exposures, net of gains or losses from our foreign currency forward contracts, including the cost to obtain such contracts. For example, we experience foreign currency gains and losses when it is not possible or cost-effective to hedge our foreign currency exposures, our hedging efforts are ineffective or we suspend our foreign currency forward contract program. Our ultimate realized loss or gain with respect to currency fluctuations will generally depend on the size and type of cross-currency exposures that we enter into, the currency exchange rates associated with these exposures and changes in those rates, whether we have entered into foreign currency forward contracts to offset these exposures and any related fees paid to purchase such contracts, and other factors.
All of these factors can from time to time materially impact our results of operations, financial position and cash flows.
We have incurred foreign currency losses associated with the devaluation of currencies in certain highly inflationary economies relative to the U.S. Dollar. We could incur future losses in other countries where we do business should their currencies become designated as highly inflationary.
There are risks associated with our outstanding and future indebtedness. As of May 31, 2026, we had an aggregate of $129.5 billion of outstanding indebtedness that will mature between calendar year 2026 and calendar year 2066. We may incur additional indebtedness from time to time to finance capital expenditures, future investments or acquisitions, to finance the payment of cash dividends on or repurchases of our common stock, to refinance existing debt or for other purposes. Future financing or funding needs could differ from our projections. Our ability to pay interest and repay the principal for our indebtedness is dependent upon our ability to manage our business operations, generate sufficient cash flows to service such debt and the other factors discussed in this Risk Factors section. There can be no assurance that we will be able to manage any of these risks successfully. The incurrence of additional indebtedness will also result in increased fixed obligations and increased interest expense and could also include covenants or other restrictions that may impede our ability to manage our operations. Some of our indebtedness may bear interest at variable rates, and increases in interest rates could increase our debt service obligations. In addition, changes in interest rates could adversely affect the economics of certain long-term commitments or customer arrangements, particularly where pricing is fixed or committed.
We have been refinancing portions of our outstanding debt as it matures, and we may continue to do so in the future. There is a risk that we may not be able to refinance existing debt or that the terms of any refinancing may not be as favorable as the terms of our existing debt. Furthermore, if prevailing interest rates or other factors at the time of refinancing result in higher interest rates upon refinancing, then the interest expense relating to that refinanced indebtedness would increase. More broadly, disruptions in credit markets, including reduced liquidity, changes in creditor sentiment or lender concentration limits, could increase our borrowing costs or limit our ability to access debt financing on acceptable terms, or at all.
Should we incur future increases in interest expense, our ability to utilize certain of our foreign tax credits to reduce our U.S. federal income tax could be limited, which could unfavorably affect our provision for income taxes and effective tax rate. In addition, changes to our outlook or credit rating or a withdrawal by any rating agency could negatively affect the value of both our debt and equity securities and increase the interest amounts we pay on certain outstanding or future debt. A downgrade could also reduce our access to, or increase the cost of, commercial paper or other short-term financing, affect the terms or availability of certain long-term commitments (including data center leases), limit eligibility to contract with certain customers, and increase collateral, letter of credit or other credit support requirements under certain contractual arrangements. These risks could adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.
If our accounting estimates and judgments turn out to be inaccurate, our future financial results could fall short of expectations, which could have a material adverse effect on our stock price. The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) requires management to make certain estimates, judgments and assumptions that can affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues, expenses and related disclosures. We base our estimates, judgments and assumptions on information available to us at the time that they are made, as discussed in “Critical Accounting Estimates” under Item 7 Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations and in “Significant Accounting Policies” discussed in Note 1 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report. For example, we make certain judgments related to revenue recognition and remaining performance obligations. While we believe these judgments and assumptions are reasonable under the circumstances, they are subject to uncertainties and actual results may differ.
Our stock price could become more volatile and your investment could lose value. All of the factors discussed within this Risk Factors section have affected and could in the future affect our stock price. The timing of announcements in the public market by us or by our competitors regarding new cloud services, AI advancements, products, product enhancements, technological advances, data center capacity, acquisitions, joint ventures and strategic alliances or major transactions could also affect our stock price. Changes in the amounts and frequency of stock repurchases or dividends could affect our stock price. Our stock price could also be affected by factors, some
of which are beyond our control, including, among others: speculation in the press, social media and the analyst community; changes in recommendations or earnings-related estimates by financial analysts; changes in investors’ or analysts’ valuation measures for our stock; negative analyst surveys or channel check surveys; earnings announcements where our financial results differ from our guidance or investors’ expectations; our credit ratings; dissemination of inaccurate information or misinformation about our business and results of operations (including through the malicious use of generative AI tools); the enforcement or non-enforcement of laws and regulations; and market trends unrelated to our performance. The stock market in general, and the market for technology companies in particular, has experienced extreme price and volume fluctuations that have often been unrelated or disproportionate to the operating performance of those companies. We are a named defendant, along with certain of our officers and a director, in a putative class action brought by an alleged stockholder that alleges various violations of securities laws in connection with a drop in our stock price. Additional information regarding this lawsuit is discussed under Note 15 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report. This litigation, and any future similar litigation, could expose us to substantial costs and divert management’s attention and resources, which could adversely affect our business.
Conversion of our Mandatory Convertible Preferred Stock (and our depositary shares), or the payment of dividends on Mandatory Convertible Preferred Stock in shares of common stock, or the issuance of shares of our common stock under the ATM Program will dilute the ownership interest of the holders of our common stock. The conversion of some or all of our shares of Mandatory Convertible Preferred Stock and our depositary shares, or the payment of dividends on our Mandatory Convertible Preferred Stock in the form of common stock or the issuance of shares of our common stock under the ATM Program will dilute the ownership interest of the holders of our common stock and may depress the market price of our common stock.
The ATM Program, the Mandatory Convertible Preferred Stock or our depositary shares may adversely affect the market price of our common stock, and we cannot guarantee that our ATM Program will be fully implemented. The market price of our common stock is likely to be influenced by our ATM Program, the Mandatory Convertible Preferred Stock and our depositary shares. The market price of our common stock could become more volatile and could be depressed by: (1) investors’ anticipation of the potential sale or resale, as applicable, in the market of a substantial number of additional shares of common stock issued under the ATM Program or received upon conversion of the Mandatory Convertible Preferred Stock or our depositary shares; (2) possible sales of our common stock by investors who view the Mandatory Convertible Preferred Stock or our depositary shares as a more attractive means of equity participation in us than owning shares of common stock; and (3) any hedging or arbitrage trading activity involving the Mandatory Convertible Preferred Stock or our depositary shares and our common stock. Our ATM Program may not be fully implemented. Disruptions in equity markets, including reduced liquidity or changes in investor sentiment, could limit our ability to access equity financing on acceptable terms, or at all.
Our common stock ranks junior to our Mandatory Convertible Preferred Stock with respect to the payment of dividends and amounts payable in the event of our liquidation, winding-up or dissolution. This means that, unless accumulated dividends have been paid or set aside for payment on all our outstanding Mandatory Convertible Preferred Stock through the most recently completed dividend period, no dividends may be declared or paid on our common stock, subject to limited exceptions. Likewise, in the event of our voluntary or involuntary liquidation, winding-up or dissolution, no distribution of our assets may be made to holders of our common stock until we have paid to holders of our Mandatory Convertible Preferred Stock a liquidation preference equal to $100,000 per share plus accumulated and unpaid dividends.
We cannot guarantee that our stock repurchase program will be fully implemented or that it will enhance long-term stockholder value. Our repurchase program does not have an expiration date and we are not obligated to repurchase a specified number or dollar value of shares. Further, our stock repurchase program may be accelerated, suspended, delayed or discontinued at any time. Our stock repurchase program may not enhance long-term stockholder value.
Economic, political and market conditions can adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition, including our revenue growth and profitability, which in turn could adversely affect our stock price.
Our business is influenced by a range of factors that are beyond our control and that we have no comparative advantage in forecasting. These include:
Macroeconomic developments such as the global or regional economic effects resulting from elevated inflation and interest rates, limited liquidity, adverse developments affecting financial institutions, the current wars and conflicts, evolving trade policies between the U.S. and international trade partners, including the imposition of tariffs and other trade measures or restrictions, or the occurrence of similar events in other countries that lead to uncertainty or instability in economic, political or market conditions could negatively affect our business, operating results, financial condition and outlook, which, in turn, could adversely affect our stock price. Any general weakening of, and related declining corporate confidence in, the global economy or the curtailment of government or corporate spending could cause current or potential customers to reduce or eliminate their IT budgets and spending, which could cause customers to delay, decrease or cancel purchases of our products and services or cause customers not to pay us or to delay paying us for previously purchased products and services. If any parties with whom we conduct business or invest our cash or cash equivalents are unable to meet their obligations to us, our business could be adversely affected. Bank failures or issues in the broader U.S. or global financial systems may have an impact on the broader capital markets and, in turn, our ability to access those markets.
In addition, international, regional or domestic political unrest and the related potential impact on global stability, trade wars, terrorist attacks and the potential for other hostilities in various parts of the world, public health crises and natural disasters continue to contribute to a climate of economic and political uncertainty that could adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition, including our revenue growth and profitability. These factors generally have the strongest effect on our sales of software license, hardware and related services and, to a lesser extent, also may affect our renewal rates for software support and our subscription-based cloud offerings.
Significant events in certain geographic locations could adversely affect our operating results and disrupt our business. A significant portion of our critical business operations are concentrated in a few geographic areas, some of which include emerging market international locations that may be less stable relative to running such business operations solely within the U.S. We are a highly automated business and a disruption or failure of our systems, supply chains and processes could cause delays in completing sales, providing services, including some of our cloud offerings, and enabling a seamless customer experience with respect to our customer facing back-office processes. Although the Oracle Cloud is designed to automatically redirect traffic to an alternate facility, in the event of a severe impact to one facility, a major natural disaster, political, social or other disruption to infrastructure that supports our operations or other catastrophic event or the effects of climate change (such as increased storm severity, drought and pandemics) that results in the destruction or disruption of any of our critical business operations, supply chains or IT systems could severely affect our ability to conduct normal business operations and, as a result, our future operating results could be materially and adversely affected.
Our overall information security risk management approach is designed to enable us to assess, identify and manage major risk exposures, including from material risks from cybersecurity threats, in a timely manner. As part of our information security risk management program, we perform risk assessments in which we map and prioritize information security risks identified through the processes described below. These assessments inform our information security risk management strategies and oversight processes and we view cybersecurity risks as one of the key risk categories we face.
We believe that Oracle is a target for computer hackers, cyber threats and other bad actors because our products and services store, retrieve, process and manage large amounts of data, including sensitive data. We and our vendors are regularly subject to attempts by third parties to identify and exploit product and service vulnerabilities, penetrate or bypass our security measures and gain unauthorized access to our or our customers’, partners’ and suppliers’ software, hardware and cloud offerings, networks and systems.
If a large scale cyberattack or other major security incident results in unauthorized access to or modification or exfiltration of a significant amount of our customers’ or suppliers’ data, other external data, our own data or our IT systems, or if the services we provide to our customers are disrupted, or if our products or services are reported to have (or are perceived as having) security vulnerabilities, we could incur significant expenses and suffer substantial damage to our brand and reputation, and this could result in a material impact on our business. Refer to “Data Privacy, Cybersecurity and Intellectual Property Risks” in Risk Factors included in Item 1A within this Annual Report for additional discussion of the challenges we encounter with respect to cybersecurity risks.
During fiscal 2026, Oracle experienced cybersecurity incidents that, to date, have not had a material impact on our business, including our business strategy, results of operations or financial condition.
Our corporate security and information security programs are designed to help us prevent, prepare for, detect, respond to and recover from cybersecurity threats. We leverage industry standard security frameworks to evaluate our security controls. Relevant personnel collaborate with subject matter experts throughout the process to identify and assess material cybersecurity threats, evaluate their severity, and explore ways to mitigate a potential security incident. We continually conduct security and privacy reviews to pinpoint risks associated with our products, services and enterprise. We also employ various monitoring tools to track suspicious or anomalous activity across our networks, systems, and data, and we simulate cyber threats to proactively address vulnerabilities. Finally, we routinely train our employees on cybersecurity matters.
This program includes processes for triaging, assessing the severity of, escalating, containing, investigating and remediating information security events, as well as meeting legal obligations and minimizing customer impact and brand and reputational damage. In addition, we maintain insurance to protect against potential losses arising from a cybersecurity incident. Periodic tabletop exercises are conducted to test and reinforce our incident response controls, with incident severity and priority assessed on an ongoing basis.
We also conduct external and internal risk management audits to assess and report on our internal incident response preparedness and help identify areas for continued focus and improvement. We conduct periodic penetration testing to identify vulnerabilities in our products, services, and systems. We also undergo security-related industry certifications and attestations by external auditors, including System and Organization Controls (SOC) 1, SOC 2, International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 27001, 27017 and 27018, Cloud Security Alliance Security Trust Assurance and Risk (CSA STAR), Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard (PCI DSS) and other compliance frameworks. Additionally, our vendor risk management program identifies and mitigates risks associated with third-party service providers, including those within our supply chain and those with access to our customer or employee data or systems. We use the findings from these and other processes to review our information security practices, procedures and technologies.
Cybersecurity is an important area of focus for our Board. Our information security risk management program is designed to allow our Board to establish a mutual understanding with management of the effectiveness of our information security risk management practices and capabilities, including the division of responsibilities for reviewing our information security risk exposure and risk tolerance, tracking emerging information risks and ensuring proper escalation of certain key risks for periodic review by the Board of Directors and its committees. As part of its broader risk oversight activities, the Board oversees risks from cybersecurity risks, both directly and through the Finance and Audit Committee of the Board (the F&A Committee). As reflected in its charter, the F&A Committee assists the Board with the management and assessment of privacy and data security risk and is responsible for reviewing and discussing with management privacy and data security risk exposures, including, among other things, the potential impacts of those exposures on our business, financial results, operations and reputation. The F&A Committee also oversees our internal controls over financial reporting, including with respect to financial reporting-related information systems.
As an element of its information security risk management oversight activities, the F&A Committee reviews the results of our incident response control tests, external and internal audits and penetration testing and oversees our vendor risk management program. The F&A Committee also receives quarterly updates regarding cybersecurity matters from senior management. In turn, the F&A Committee reports to the full Board on a quarterly basis regarding the F&A Committee’s cybersecurity risk oversight activities. We also have Board members with expansive knowledge and expertise in the area of cybersecurity. In addition to these regularly scheduled updates, our Chief Privacy Officer and Senior Vice President, Oracle Security and Governance Risk Compliance may also report to the F&A Committee on how certain information security risks are being managed and progress towards agreed mitigation goals, as well as any potential material risks from cybersecurity threats that have been detected by the information security team.
Jeppe Larsen, Senior Vice President, Oracle Security and Governance Risk Compliance is responsible for the day-to-day identification, assessment and management of the information security risks we face. Mr. Larsen has extensive experience in building and managing hyperscale cloud services, as well as overseeing security and risk management. Mr. Larsen has overseen cybersecurity matters at Oracle since 2023. He has been consequential in shaping our security and governance, risk, and compliance strategy related to cybersecurity, identity and encryption. Mr. Larsen holds a Master of Science degree in Applied Mathematics from the Technical University of Denmark and holds several U.S. patents.
Our Senior Vice President, Oracle Security and Governance Risk Compliance is supported by team members who have relevant educational and industry experience. These team members provide regular reports to the Senior Vice President, Oracle Security and Governance Risk Compliance and work closely with our Chief Privacy Officer and include personnel dedicated to information security, product security, and physical security. Informed by the processes and practices discussed under “Risk Management and Strategy” above, team members escalate cybersecurity threats and incidents to the Senior Vice President, Oracle Security and Governance Risk Compliance who assesses the severity of such threats and incidents for inclusion in quarterly update to the F&A Committee where appropriate. In addition to the ordinary-course Board and F&A Committee reporting and oversight described above, we also maintain disclosure controls and procedures designed for prompt reporting to the Board and timely public disclosure, as appropriate, of material events covered by our risk management framework, including cybersecurity risks.
We begin Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations with an overview of our businesses and significant trends. This overview is followed by a summary of our critical accounting estimates that we believe are important to understanding significant assumptions and judgments incorporated in our reported financial results. We then provide a more detailed analysis of our results of operations and financial condition for fiscal 2026 compared to fiscal 2025. A discussion regarding our financial condition and results of operations for fiscal 2025 compared to fiscal 2024 can be found in Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations in Part II, Item 7 of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended May 31, 2025, as filed with the SEC on June 18, 2025, which is available free of charge on the SEC’s website at www.sec.gov and on our Investor Relations website at www.oracle.com/investor.
Oracle provides products and services that build, run and support enterprise information technology (IT) frameworks. Our products and services include enterprise applications and infrastructure offerings that incorporate and are enhanced by artificial intelligence (AI) technologies, including embedded AI-driven automation and analytics and generative AI capabilities. These offerings are delivered worldwide through a variety of flexible and interoperable IT deployment models. These models include cloud-based, on-premise and hybrid deployments. We provide choice and flexibility to our customers as to when and how they deploy Oracle applications and infrastructure technologies. Through our worldwide sales force and Oracle Partner Network, we sell to customers all over the world, including businesses of various sizes and industries, government agencies, educational institutions and resellers.
We have three businesses: cloud and software (formerly referred to as cloud and license); hardware; and services; each of which is comprised of a single operating segment. The descriptions set forth below as a part of this Item 7 Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations and the information contained within Item 1 Business and Note 13 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report provide additional information related to our businesses and operating segments and align to how our chief operating decision makers (CODMs), which are our Chief Executive Officers and Chief Technology Officer, view our operating results and allocate resources.
Our cloud and software business, which represented 87% and 86% of our total revenues in fiscal 2026 and 2025, respectively, markets, sells and delivers a broad spectrum of enterprise applications and infrastructure technologies through our cloud and software offerings. Revenue streams included in our cloud and software business are:
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software license revenues, which are generated from licensing our software products, including Oracle Applications, Oracle Database, Oracle Middleware and Java, among others, for deployment by our customers in cloud-based, on-premise or other IT environments. Our software license transactions are generally perpetual in nature and are generally recognized as revenues up front at the point in time when the software is made available to the customer to download and use. Revenues from usage-based royalty arrangements for distinct software licenses are recognized at the point in time when the software end user usage occurs. The timing of a few large software license transactions can
substantially affect our quarterly software license revenues due to the point-in-time nature of revenue recognition for software license transactions. Software license customers have the option to purchase and renew software support contracts, as further described below; and
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software support revenues, which are generated by providing Oracle software support services to customers that have elected to purchase support services in connection with the purchase of Oracle applications and infrastructure software licenses. Substantially all software support customers renew their support contracts with us upon expiration in order to continue to benefit from technical support services and the periodic issuance of unspecified updates and enhancements, which current software support customers are entitled to receive. Software support contracts are generally: priced as a percentage of the net fees paid by the customer to purchase a software license; billed in advance of the support services being performed; renewed at the customer’s option; and recognized as revenues ratably over the contractual period that the support services are provided, which is generally one year.
Providing choice and flexibility to our customers as to when and how they deploy Oracle applications and infrastructure technologies are important elements of our corporate strategy. In recent periods, customer demand for our applications and infrastructure technologies delivered through our Oracle Cloud has increased. To address customer demand and enable customer choice, we have certain programs for customers to pivot their applications and infrastructure software licenses and the related software support to the Oracle Cloud for new deployments and to migrate to and expand with the Oracle Cloud for their existing workloads. The proportion of our cloud revenues relative to our total revenues has increased and we expect this trend to continue. Cloud revenues represented 51% and 43% of our total revenues during fiscal 2026 and 2025, respectively.
Our cloud and software business’ revenue growth is affected by many factors, including the strength of general economic and business conditions, including the effects of inflation, tariffs and trade policy, geopolitical conditions and other macroeconomic factors on customer demand; governmental budgetary constraints; the strategy for and competitive position of our offerings; customer satisfaction with our offerings; the continued renewal of our cloud and software support customer contracts by the customer contract base; substantially all customers continuing to purchase software support contracts in connection with their license purchases; the pricing of software support contracts sold in connection with the sales of licenses; the pricing, amounts and volumes of cloud services and licenses sold; our ability to manage Oracle Cloud capacity requirements to meet existing and prospective customer demand; and foreign currency rate fluctuations.
On a constant currency basis, we expect that our total cloud and software revenues generally will continue to increase due to:
We believe these factors should contribute to future growth in our cloud and software business’ total revenues, which should enable us to continue to make investments in research and development and our cloud operations to develop, improve, increase the capacity of and expand the geographic footprint of our cloud and software products and services. We continue to place significant emphasis, both domestically and internationally, on direct sales through our own sales force. We also continue to market certain of our cloud and software offerings through indirect channels.
Costs associated with our cloud and software business are included in cloud and software expenses and sales and marketing expenses. These costs are largely infrastructure- and personnel-related and include the cost of providing our cloud and software support offerings, salaries and commissions earned by our sales force for the sale of our cloud and software offerings and marketing program costs.
Our cloud and software business’ margin has historically trended upward over the course of the four quarters within a particular fiscal year due to the historical upward trend of our cloud and software business’ revenues over those quarterly periods and because the majority of our costs for this business are generally fixed in the short term. The historical upward trend of our cloud and software business’ revenues over the course of the four quarters within a particular fiscal year is primarily due to the addition of new cloud and software support contracts to the customer
contract base, which we generally recognize as revenues ratably or based upon customer usage over the respective contractual terms and the renewal of existing customers’ cloud and software support contracts over the course of each fiscal year, which we generally recognize as revenues in a similar manner; and the historical upward trend of our software license revenues, which we generally recognize at a point in time upon delivery; in each case over those four fiscal quarterly periods. Our margin for this business may be adversely impacted due to increases in supply chain and energy costs, the impact of tariffs and other trade barriers on our costs, and our ability to pass such costs on to customers; inflation; foreign currency rate fluctuations; governmental budgetary constraints; trade policy and other factors.
Our hardware business, which represented 5% of our total revenues in each of fiscal 2026 and 2025, provides a broad selection of enterprise hardware products and hardware-related software products including Oracle Engineered Systems, servers, storage, industry-specific hardware offerings, operating systems, virtualization, management and other hardware-related software and related hardware support. Each hardware product and its related software, such as an operating system or firmware, are highly interdependent and interrelated and are accounted for as a combined performance obligation. The revenues for this combined performance obligation are generally recognized at the point in time that the hardware product and its related software are delivered to the customer and ownership is transferred to the customer. Our hardware support offerings provide customers with unspecified software updates for software components that are essential to the functionality of our hardware products and associated software products. Our hardware support offerings can also include product repairs, maintenance services and technical support services. Hardware support contracts are entered into and renewed at the option of the customer, are generally priced as a percentage of the net hardware products fees and are generally recognized as revenues ratably as the hardware support services are delivered over the contractual term, which is generally one year. The majority of our hardware products are sold through indirect channels, including independent distributors and value-added resellers, and we also market and sell our hardware products through our direct sales force. We expect to continue to make investments in research and development to improve existing hardware products and services and to develop new hardware products and services.
Costs associated with our hardware business include the cost of hardware products, which consists of expenses for materials and labor used to produce these products by our internal manufacturing operations or by third-party manufacturers, warranty and related expenses and the impact of periodic changes in inventory valuation, including the impact of inventory determined to be excess and obsolete; the cost of materials used to repair customer products with eligible support contracts; the cost of labor and infrastructure to provide support services; and sales and marketing expenses, which are largely personnel-related and include variable compensation earned by our sales force for the sales of our hardware offerings.
Our quarterly hardware revenues are difficult to predict. Our hardware revenues, cost of hardware and hardware operating margins that we report are affected by many factors, including our manufacturing partners’ abilities to timely and cost-effectively manufacture or deliver a few large hardware transactions; our strategy for and the pricing and position of our hardware products relative to competitor offerings; customer demand for competing offerings, including cloud infrastructure offerings; the strength of general economic and business conditions, including the effects of inflation, tariffs and trade policy, geopolitical conditions and other macroeconomic factors on customer demand; governmental budgetary constraints; whether customers decide to purchase hardware support contracts at or in close proximity to the time of hardware product sale; the percentage of our hardware support contract customer base that renews its support contracts; the effect of tariffs and other trade barriers on our costs, and our ability to pass such costs on to customers; the geographic locations of our customers; the close association between hardware products, which have a finite life, and customer demand for related hardware support as hardware products age; customer decisions to either maintain or upgrade their existing hardware infrastructure to newly developed technologies that are available; and foreign currency rate fluctuations.
Our services business, which represented 8% and 9% of our total revenues in fiscal 2026 and 2025, respectively, helps customers and partners maximize the performance of their investments in Oracle applications and infrastructure technologies. We believe that our services are differentiated based on our focus on Oracle technologies, extensive experience, broad sets of intellectual property and best practices. Our services offerings include consulting services and customer success services (formerly referred to as advanced customer services). Services revenues are generally recognized over time as the services are performed. The cost of providing our services consists primarily of personnel-related expenses, technology infrastructure expenditures, facilities expenses and external contractor expenses. Our services business has lower margins than our cloud and software and hardware businesses. Our services revenues are affected by many factors including our strategy for, and the competitive position of, our services; customer demand for our cloud and software and hardware offerings and the related services that we may market and sell in connection with these offerings; general economic conditions; governmental budgetary constraints; personnel reductions in our customers’ IT departments; tighter controls over customer discretionary spending; and foreign currency rate fluctuations.
Our selective acquisition program is another element of our corporate strategy. Historically, we have invested billions of dollars to acquire a number of complementary companies, products, services and technologies. As compelling opportunities become available, we may acquire companies, products, services and technologies in furtherance of our corporate strategy. We estimate the financial impact of any potential acquisition with regard to earnings, operating margin, cash flows and return on invested capital targets, among others, before deciding to move forward with an acquisition.
Our consolidated financial statements are prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP), which requires us to make certain estimates, judgments and assumptions that can affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues, expenses and related disclosures. Critical accounting estimates are those estimates that involve a significant level of estimation uncertainty and have had, or are reasonably likely to have, a material impact on our financial condition or results of operations. We believe that the estimates, judgments and assumptions upon which we rely are reasonable based upon information available to us at the time that these estimates, judgments and assumptions are made. To the extent that there are differences between these estimates, judgments or assumptions and actual results, our financial statements will be affected. We have critical accounting estimates in the area of income taxes. Refer to Note 1 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report for more discussion of our significant accounting policies.
Judgment is required in determining our worldwide income tax provision. In the ordinary course of a global business, there are many transactions and calculations where the ultimate tax outcome is uncertain. Some of these uncertainties arise as a consequence of revenue sharing and cost reimbursement arrangements among related entities, the process of identifying items of revenues and expenses that qualify for preferential tax treatment and the segregation of foreign and domestic earnings and expenses to avoid double taxation. Although we believe that our estimates are reasonable, the final tax outcome of these matters could be different from that which is reflected in our historical income tax provisions and accruals. Such differences could have a material effect on our income tax provision and net income in the period in which such determination is made.
We record a valuation allowance to reduce our deferred tax assets to the amount that is more likely than not to be realized. In order for us to realize our deferred tax assets, we must be able to generate sufficient taxable income in those jurisdictions where the deferred tax assets are located. We consider future growth, forecasted earnings, future taxable income, the mix of earnings in the jurisdictions in which we operate, historical earnings, taxable income in prior years, if carryback is permitted under the law, and prudent and feasible tax planning strategies in determining the need for a valuation allowance. In the event we were to determine that we would not be able to
realize all or part of our net deferred tax assets in the future, an adjustment to the deferred tax assets valuation allowance would be charged to earnings in the period in which we make such a determination, or goodwill would be adjusted at our final determination of the valuation allowance related to an acquisition within the measurement period. If we later determine that it is more likely than not that the net deferred tax assets would be realized, we would reverse the applicable portion of the previously provided valuation allowance as an adjustment to our provision for income taxes at such time.
We calculate our current and deferred tax provision based on estimates and assumptions that could differ from the actual results reflected in income tax returns filed during the subsequent year. Adjustments based on filed returns are generally recorded in the period when the global tax implications are known, which can materially impact our effective tax rate.
The amount of income tax we pay is subject to ongoing audits by federal, state and foreign tax authorities, which often result in proposed assessments. Our estimate of the potential outcome for any uncertain tax issue may require certain judgments.
We account for uncertain tax issues pursuant to the Financial Accounting Standards Board’s Accounting Standards Codification (ASC) 740, Income Taxes, which contains a two-step approach to recognizing and measuring uncertain tax positions taken or expected to be taken in a tax return. The first step is to determine if the weight of available evidence indicates that it is more likely than not that the tax position will be sustained in an audit, including resolution of any related appeals or litigation processes. The second step is to measure the tax benefit as the largest amount that is more than 50% likely to be realized upon ultimate settlement. Although we believe that we have adequately reserved for our uncertain tax positions, no assurance can be given with respect to the final outcome of these matters. We adjust reserves for our uncertain tax positions due to changing facts and circumstances, such as the closing of a tax audit, judicial rulings and refinement of estimates or realization of earnings or deductions that differ from our estimates. To the extent that the final outcome of these matters is different than the amounts recorded, such differences generally will impact our provision for income taxes in the period in which such a determination is made. Our provisions for income taxes include the impact of reserve provisions and changes to reserves that are considered appropriate and also include the related interest and penalties.
In our results of operations discussion below, we provide an overview of our total consolidated revenues, total consolidated operating expenses and total consolidated operating margin, all of which are presented on a GAAP basis. We also present a GAAP-based discussion below for substantially all of the other expense items as presented in our consolidated statements of operations that are not directly attributable to our three businesses.
In addition, we discuss below the results of each of our three businesses—cloud and software, hardware and services—which are our operating segments as defined pursuant to ASC 280, Segment Reporting. The financial reporting for our three businesses that is presented below is presented in a manner that is consistent with that used by our CODMs. Our operating segment presentation below reflects revenues, direct costs and sales and marketing expenses that correspond to and are directly attributable to each of our three businesses. We also utilize these inputs to calculate and present a segment margin for each of our three businesses in the discussion below.
Consistent with our internal management reporting processes, research and development expenses, general and administrative expenses, stock-based compensation expenses, amortization of intangible assets, certain other expense allocations, restructuring and other expenses, interest expense, non-operating income, net and provision for income taxes are not attributed to our three operating segments because our management does not view the performance of our three businesses including such items and/or it is impracticable to do so. Refer to “Supplemental Disclosure Related to Certain Charges” below for additional discussion of certain of these items and Note 13 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report for more information about our operating segments and a reconciliation of the summations of total segment margin as presented in the discussion below to total income before income taxes as presented per our consolidated statements of operations for fiscal 2026 and 2025.
Our international operations have provided, and are expected to continue to provide, a significant portion of each of our businesses’ revenues and expenses. As a result, each of our businesses’ revenues and expenses and our total revenues and expenses will continue to be affected by changes in the U.S. Dollar against major international currencies. In order to provide a framework for assessing how our underlying businesses performed, excluding the effects of foreign currency rate fluctuations, we compare the percent change in the results from one period to another period in this Annual Report using constant currency. To present this information, current and comparative prior period results for entities reporting in currencies other than U.S. Dollars are converted into U.S. Dollars at constant exchange rates (i.e., the rates in effect on May 31, 2025, which was the last day of our prior fiscal year) rather than the actual exchange rates in effect during the respective periods. For example, if an entity reporting in Euros had revenues of 1.0 million Euros from products sold on May 31, 2026 and 2025, our financial statements would reflect reported revenues of $1.16 million in fiscal 2026 (using 1.16 as the applicable average exchange rate for the period) and $1.13 million in fiscal 2025 (using 1.13 as the applicable average exchange rate for the period). The constant currency presentation, however, would translate the fiscal 2026 results using the fiscal 2025 exchange rate and indicate, in this example, no change in revenues between the periods compared. In each of the tables below, we present the percent change based on actual, unrounded results in reported currency and in constant currency.
| (Dollars in millions) | Year Ended May 31, 2026 | Year Ended May 31, · Percent ChangeActual | Year Ended May 31, · Percent ChangeConstant | Year Ended May 31, 2025 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total Revenues by Geography: |
(1)
Comprises Europe, the Middle East and Africa
Total revenues increased by $10.0 billion in reported currency in fiscal 2026 relative to fiscal 2025 due to a $9.3 billion increase in cloud and software revenues, a $510 million increase in services revenues and a $148 million increase in hardware revenues, in each case during fiscal 2026 relative to fiscal 2025. The increase in our cloud and software business revenues was primarily due to growth in our cloud revenues as customers purchased our applications and infrastructure technologies and also renewed their related cloud contracts. In constant currency, cloud applications and cloud infrastructure contributed 16% and 84%, respectively, to the growth in cloud revenues in fiscal 2026. In our hardware business, the increase in revenues was primarily due to the growth in revenues from our Oracle Exadata and certain other strategic hardware product offerings. In our services business, the increase in
revenues was attributable to an increase in our consulting services revenues. The Americas, the EMEA and the Asia Pacific regions contributed 88%, 5% and 7%, respectively, to the constant currency total revenue growth during fiscal 2026.
Total GAAP operating expenses increased by $7.0 billion in reported currency in fiscal 2026 relative to fiscal 2025. The increase in GAAP operating expenses in reported currency was primarily due to a $6.0 billion increase in cloud and software expenses primarily due to higher infrastructure expenses; a $1.5 billion increase in restructuring and other expenses primarily due to higher restructuring expenses; a $412 million increase in research and development expenses primarily due to an increase in employee-related expenses and an increase in computer equipment expenses; an $86 million increase in hardware expenses; and a $16 million increase in general and administrative expenses, in each case during fiscal 2026 relative to fiscal 2025. These increases in GAAP operating expenses in reported currency were partially offset by a $636 million decrease in expenses for the amortization of intangible assets as certain of our assets were fully amortized; a $320 million decrease in sales and marketing expenses primarily due to lower employee related expenses; and a $20 million decrease in services expenses.
Our total operating margin increased in fiscal 2026 relative to fiscal 2025 due to higher revenues as discussed above. Total margin as a percentage of revenues remained flat in fiscal 2026 relative to fiscal 2025.
To supplement our consolidated financial information, we believe that the following information is helpful to an overall understanding of our past financial performance and prospects for the future.
Our operating results reported pursuant to GAAP included the following items that affected our GAAP net income:
| (in millions) | Year Ended May 31, 2026 | Year Ended May 31, 2025 |
|---|---|---|
| Amortization of intangible assets(1) | $1,671 | $2,307 |
| Restructuring and other(2) | 1,838 | 374 |
| Stock-based compensation, operating segments(3) | 1,618 | 1,597 |
| Stock-based compensation, R&D and G&A(3) |
(1)
Represents the amortization of intangible assets, all of which were acquired in connection with our acquisitions. As of May 31, 2026, estimated future amortization related to intangible assets was as follows (in millions):
| Fiscal 2027 | $731 |
| Fiscal 2028 | 694 |
| Fiscal 2029 | 620 |
| Fiscal 2030 | 582 |
| Fiscal 2031 | 377 |
| Thereafter | 225 |
| Total intangible assets, net |
(2)
Restructuring and other expenses in fiscal 2026 consist of employee severance costs in connection with the Fiscal 2026 Oracle Restructuring Plan (2026 Restructuring Plan) and certain other operating expenses, net. Restructuring and other expenses in fiscal 2025 consist of employee severance in connection with the Fiscal 2024 Oracle Restructuring Plan (2024 Restructuring Plan) and certain other operating expenses, net. Additional information regarding certain of our restructuring plans is provided in management’s discussion below under “Restructuring and Other Expenses,” and in Note 7 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report.
(3)
Stock-based compensation was included in the following operating expense line items of our consolidated statements of operations (in millions):
| Line item | Year Ended May 31, 2026 | Year Ended May 31, 2025 |
|---|---|---|
| Cloud and software | $622 | $609 |
| Hardware | 27 | 29 |
| Services | 210 | 202 |
| Sales and marketing | 759 |
(4)
For fiscal 2026 and 2025, the applicable jurisdictional tax rates were applied to our income before income taxes after excluding the tax effects of items within the table above such as for stock-based compensation, amortization of intangible assets, restructuring and other expenses, and after excluding the net deferred tax effects associated with a previously recorded income tax benefit that resulted from a partial realignment of our legal entity structure; and for fiscal 2026, after excluding the impact of the U.S. One, Big, Beautiful Bill Act related to the remeasurement of a deferred tax liability. These adjustments resulted in an effective tax rate of 19.9%, instead of 12.6%, for fiscal 2026 and 19.7%, instead of 12.1%, for fiscal 2025, which in each case represented our effective tax rates as derived per our consolidated statements of operations.
| (Dollars in millions) | Year Ended May 31, 2026 | Year Ended May 31, · Percent ChangeActual | Year Ended May 31, · Percent ChangeConstant | Year Ended May 31, 2025 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cloud and Software Revenues: |
(1)
Excludes stock-based compensation and certain expense allocations. Also excludes amortization of intangible assets and certain other GAAP-based expenses, which were not allocated to our operating segment results for purposes of reporting to and review by our CODMs, as further described under “Presentation of Operating Segment Results and Other Financial Information” above.
Our cloud and software business’ total revenues increased by $9.3 billion in reported currency in fiscal 2026 relative to fiscal 2025 primarily due to an increase in cloud revenues as customers purchased our applications and infrastructure technologies and renewed their related cloud contracts. Excluding the favorable impact of currency rate fluctuations of 2% in fiscal 2026, cloud applications and cloud infrastructure contributed 16% and 84%, respectively, to the constant currency growth in cloud revenues in fiscal 2026. The Americas, the EMEA and the Asia Pacific regions contributed 87%, 6% and 7%, respectively, to the constant currency revenue growth for this business during fiscal 2026.
Our cloud and software business’ total expenses increased by $5.8 billion in reported currency in fiscal 2026 relative to fiscal 2025. Excluding the unfavorable effects of currency rate fluctuations of 1% in fiscal 2026, the constant currency increase in expenses was primarily due to a $5.7 billion increase in infrastructure expenses in fiscal 2026
relative to fiscal 2025. Our cloud and software expenses have grown in recent periods, and we expect this trend to continue during fiscal 2027 and in the next few fiscal years as we increase our existing data center capacity and establish data centers in new geographic locations in order to meet current and expected customer demand.
Excluding the effects of currency rate fluctuations, our cloud and software business’ total margin increased in fiscal 2026 relative to fiscal 2025 due to increases in total revenues for this business as discussed above. Total margin as a percentage of revenues in constant currency decreased in fiscal 2026 relative to fiscal 2025 due to an increase in total expenses driven by higher infrastructure expenses to support growth in our cloud infrastructure offering.
| (Dollars in millions) | Year Ended May 31, 2026 | Year Ended May 31, · Percent ChangeActual | Year Ended May 31, · Percent ChangeConstant | Year Ended May 31, 2025 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hardware Revenues: |
(1)
Excludes stock-based compensation and certain expense allocations. Also excludes amortization of intangible assets and certain other GAAP-based expenses, which were not allocated to our operating segment results for purposes of reporting to and review by our CODMs, as further described under “Presentation of Operating Segment Results and Other Financial Information” above.
Total hardware revenues increased by $148 million in reported currency in fiscal 2026 relative to fiscal 2025. Excluding the favorable impact of currency rate fluctuations of 2% in fiscal 2026, the increase in hardware revenues was primarily due to the growth in revenues from our Oracle Exadata and certain other strategic hardware product offerings. Geographically, we experienced a constant currency increase in hardware revenues in the Americas and the Asia Pacific regions, partially offset by a constant currency decrease in hardware revenues in the EMEA region in fiscal 2026.
Total hardware expenses increased by $49 million in reported currency in fiscal 2026 relative to fiscal 2025. Excluding the unfavorable currency rate fluctuations effect of 3% in fiscal 2026, the constant currency increase in hardware expenses during fiscal 2026 relative to fiscal 2025 was due to a $69 million increase in hardware product and support costs, partially offset by a $47 million decrease in sales and marketing expenses.
In constant currency, our hardware business’ total margin and total margin as a percentage of revenues increased in fiscal 2026 relative to fiscal 2025 due to higher total revenues for this business as described above.
| (Dollars in millions) | Year Ended May 31, 2026 | Year Ended May 31, · Percent ChangeActual | Year Ended May 31, · Percent ChangeConstant | Year Ended May 31, 2025 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Services Revenues: |
(1)
Excludes stock-based compensation and certain allocations. Also excludes amortization of intangible assets and certain other GAAP-based expenses, which were not allocated to our operating segment results for purposes of reporting to and review by our CODMs, as further described under “Presentation of Operating Segment Results and Other Financial Information” above.
Total services revenues increased by $510 million in reported currency in fiscal 2026 relative to fiscal 2025. Excluding the favorable impact of currency rate fluctuations of 2% in fiscal 2026, the increase in services revenues was primarily due to increases in our consulting services revenues in fiscal 2026 relative to fiscal 2025. The constant currency increase in services revenues in the Americas region was partially offset by a constant currency decrease in services revenues in the EMEA and the Asia Pacific regions in fiscal 2026.
Total services expenses decreased by $30 million in reported currency in fiscal 2026 relative to fiscal 2025. Excluding the unfavorable effects of currency rate fluctuations of 1% in fiscal 2026, the constant currency decrease in services expenses was primarily due to a $54 million decrease in employee-related expenses and a $53 million decrease in bad debt expenses, partially offset by a $37 million increase in external contractor expenses, in each case during fiscal 2026 relative to fiscal 2025.
In constant currency, our services business’ total margin and total margin as a percentage of revenues increased in fiscal 2026 relative to fiscal 2025 due to higher total revenues and lower total expenses for this business as described above.
Research and Development Expenses: Research and development expenses consist primarily of personnel-related expenditures. We intend to continue to invest significantly in our research and development efforts because, in our judgment, they are essential to maintaining our competitive position.
| (Dollars in millions) | Year Ended May 31, 2026 | Year Ended May 31, · Percent ChangeActual | Year Ended May 31, · Percent ChangeConstant | Year Ended May 31, 2025 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Research and development(1) | $7,467 | 3% | 3% | $7,222 |
| Stock-based compensation |
(1)
Excluding stock-based compensation
Total research and development expenses increased by $412 million in reported currency in fiscal 2026 relative to fiscal 2025. Excluding the favorable effects of currency rate fluctuations of less than 1% in fiscal 2026, the constant currency increase in research and development expenses was primarily due to a $234 million increase in employee-related expenses, including stock-based compensation, and a $132 million increase in computer equipment expenses in fiscal 2026 relative to fiscal 2025.
General and Administrative Expenses: General and administrative expenses primarily consist of personnel-related expenditures for IT, finance, legal and human resources support functions.
| (Dollars in millions) | Year Ended May 31, 2026 | Year Ended May 31, · Percent ChangeActual | Year Ended May 31, · Percent ChangeConstant | Year Ended May 31, 2025 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| General and administrative(1) | $1,230 | 6% | 4% | $1,163 |
| Stock-based compensation |
(1)
Excluding stock-based compensation
Total general and administrative expenses increased by $16 million in reported currency in fiscal 2026 relative to fiscal 2025. Excluding the unfavorable effects of currency rate fluctuations of 1% in fiscal 2026, general and administrative expenses in constant currency remained flat in fiscal 2026 relative to fiscal 2025.
Amortization of Intangible Assets: Substantially all our intangible assets were acquired through our business combinations. We amortize our intangible assets over, and monitor the appropriateness of, the estimated useful lives of these assets. We also periodically review these intangible assets for potential impairment based upon relevant facts and circumstances. Refer to Note 5 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report for additional information regarding our intangible assets and related amortization.
| (Dollars in millions) | Year Ended May 31, 2026 | Year Ended May 31, · Percent ChangeActual | Year Ended May 31, · Percent ChangeConstant | Year Ended May 31, 2025 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cloud and software agreements and related relationships | $558 | -53% | -53% | $1,176 |
| Developed technology |
Amortization of intangible assets decreased by $636 million in reported currency in fiscal 2026 relative to fiscal 2025 due to a reduction in expenses associated with certain of our intangible assets that became fully amortized.
Restructuring and Other Expenses: Restructuring and other expenses consist of restructuring expenses for employee severance costs, contract termination costs and certain other exit costs to improve our cost structure prospectively resulted from the execution of management-approved restructuring plans that were developed for certain strategic initiatives and/or to improve operational efficiencies; and other operating expenses, net. For additional information regarding our restructuring plans, see Note 7 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report.
| (Dollars in millions) | Year Ended May 31, 2026 | Year Ended May 31, · Percent ChangeActual | Year Ended May 31, · Percent ChangeConstant | Year Ended May 31, 2025 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Restructuring | $1,779 | 496% | 486% | $299 |
| Other, net |
Restructuring and other expenses increased by $1.5 billion in reported currency in fiscal 2026 relative to fiscal 2025 primarily due to higher restructuring expenses from actions we took in fiscal 2026 relative to fiscal 2025. Restructuring activities in fiscal 2026 primarily related to the 2026 Restructuring Plan, while restructuring activities in fiscal 2025 primarily related to the 2024 Restructuring Plan, which is substantially complete.
Our management approved, committed to and initiated the 2026 Restructuring Plan and the 2024 Restructuring Plan in order to restructure and further improve efficiencies in our operations.
The majority of the initiatives undertaken by the 2026 Restructuring Plan were effected to implement our continued emphasis in developing, marketing, selling and delivering our cloud-based offerings. Certain of the cost savings
realized pursuant to the 2026 Restructuring Plan initiatives were offset by investments in resources and geographies that we believe better address the development, marketing, sale and delivery of our cloud-based offerings, including investments in the development and delivery of our second-generation cloud infrastructure. We may incur additional restructuring expenses in future periods due to the initiation of new restructuring plans or from changes in estimated costs associated with existing restructuring plans.
Interest Expense:
| (Dollars in millions) | Year Ended May 31, 2026 | Year Ended May 31, · Percent ChangeActual | Year Ended May 31, · Percent ChangeConstant | Year Ended May 31, 2025 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Interest expense | $4,599 | 29% | 29% | $3,578 |
Interest expense increased in fiscal 2026 relative to fiscal 2025 primarily due to higher average borrowings from the issuances of $43.0 billion of senior notes in fiscal 2026 and an aggregate of $14.0 billion of senior notes in fiscal 2025, partially offset by lower interest expense due to scheduled repayments of debt made during fiscal 2026 and 2025.
Non-Operating Income, net: Non-operating income, net consists primarily of interest income, net foreign currency exchange losses, the noncontrolling interests in the net profits of our majority-owned subsidiaries (primarily Oracle Financial Services Software Limited and Oracle Corporation Japan), net gains and losses related to marketable and non-marketable investments, including net gains and losses attributable to equity method investments and net other income and expenses, including net gains and losses from our investment portfolio related to our deferred compensation plan, for which an equal and offsetting amount was recorded to our operating expenses during the same period, and non-service net periodic pension income and losses.
| (Dollars in millions) | Year Ended May 31, 2026 | Year Ended May 31, · Percent ChangeActual | Year Ended May 31, · Percent ChangeConstant | Year Ended May 31, 2025 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Interest income | $780 | 35% | 35% | $578 |
| Foreign currency losses, net |
* Not meaningful
Our non-operating income, net increased by $3.5 billion in reported currency in fiscal 2026 relative to fiscal 2025 primarily due to a $2.7 billion gain from the sale of our investment in Ampere Computing Holdings LLC (Ampere), a $380 million gain from other investments, net, a $205 million increase in gains from our investment portfolio related to our deferred compensation plan included in other income, net and a $202 million increase in interest income. Refer to Note 1 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report for additional information on the Ampere transaction.
Provision for Income Taxes: Our effective income tax rates for each of the periods presented were the result of the mix of income earned and losses incurred in various tax jurisdictions that apply a broad range of income tax rates. Refer to Note 12 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report for a discussion regarding the differences between the effective income tax rates as presented for the periods below and the U.S. federal statutory income tax rates that were in effect during these periods. Future effective tax rates could be adversely affected by an unfavorable shift of earnings weighted to jurisdictions with higher tax rates, by unfavorable changes in tax laws and regulations, by adverse rulings in tax-related litigation, or by shortfalls in stock-based compensation realized by employees relative to stock-based compensation that was recorded for book purposes, among others.
| (Dollars in millions) | Year Ended May 31, 2026 | Year Ended May 31, · Percent ChangeActual | Year Ended May 31, · Percent ChangeConstant | Year Ended May 31, 2025 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Provision for income taxes | $2,467 | 44% | 39% | $1,717 |
| Effective tax rate |
Provision for income taxes increased in fiscal 2026 relative to fiscal 2025 primarily related to an unfavorable impact of $933 million from the enactment of the U.S. One, Big, Beautiful Bill Act, which was signed into law on July 4, 2025 that required a remeasurement of a deferred tax liability previously recorded during fiscal 2021 as part of the partial realignment of our legal entity structure, an unfavorable jurisdictional mix of earnings of $589 million, higher income before provision for income taxes of $584 million and a net change in unrecognized tax benefits associated with settlements with tax authorities and other events of $240 million, substantially offset by an increase in tax benefits related to stock-based compensation of $1.5 billion and the realization of a one-time tax attribute of $125 million.
| (Dollars in millions) | As of May 31, 2026 | As of May 31,Change | As of May 31, 2025 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Working capital | $4,803 | * | $(8,064) |
| Cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities | $31,894 | 185% | $11,203 |
* Not meaningful
Working capital: The increase in working capital as of May 31, 2026 in comparison to May 31, 2025 was primarily due to favorable impacts from net income; proceeds from the issuance of senior notes, net of issuance costs, of $42.7 billion during fiscal 2026; $5.0 billion of cash proceeds from the issuance of Mandatory Convertible Preferred Stock, net of issuance costs; $4.9 billion of cash proceeds from the sale of our investments, primarily in Ampere; and $1.3 billion of net cash proceeds from our employee stock programs, partially offset by $55.7 billion of cash used for capital expenditures; $5.8 billion of cash used to pay dividends to our preferred and common stockholders; $5.7 billion of long-term borrowings that were reclassified to current liabilities; $864 million of cash used for purchases of non-current investments; and $95 million of cash used for repurchases of our common stock, in each case during fiscal 2026. Our working capital may be impacted by some or all of the aforementioned factors in future periods, the amounts and timing of which are variable.
Cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities: Cash and cash equivalents primarily consist of deposits held at major banks, money market funds and other securities with original maturities of 90 days or less. Marketable securities consist primarily of time deposits with original maturities at the time of purchase greater than 90 days. The increase in cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities as of May 31, 2026 in comparison to May 31, 2025
was primarily due to proceeds from the issuance of senior notes, net of issuance costs, of $42.7 billion during fiscal 2026; $32.0 billion of cash inflows from our operations; $5.0 billion of cash proceeds from the issuance of Mandatory Convertible Preferred Stock, net of issuance costs; $4.9 billion of cash inflows from the sale of our investments, primarily in Ampere; $3.3 billion of cash inflows from short-term financing related to capital expenditures, net; and $1.3 billion of net cash provided by our employee stock programs, partially offset by $55.7 billion of cash used for capital expenditures; $5.8 billion of cash used to pay dividends to our common and preferred stockholders; $5.0 billion of cash used for scheduled repayments of debt; $851 million of cash used for repayment of commercial paper, net; $337 million of cash outflows for other financing activities, net; $864 million of cash used for purchases of non-current investments; and $95 million of cash used for repurchases of our common stock, in each case during fiscal 2026. Our cash and cash equivalents may be impacted by some or all of the aforementioned factors in future periods, the amounts and timing of which are variable.
| (Dollars in millions) | Year Ended May 31, 2026 | Year Ended May 31,Change | Year Ended May 31, 2025 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Net cash provided by operating activities | $31,977 | 54% | $20,821 |
| Net cash used for investing activities | $(51,854) | 139% | $(21,711) |
* Not meaningful
Cash flows from operating activities: Our largest source of operating cash flows is cash collections from our customers following the purchase and renewal of their cloud and software support agreements. Over the course of a fiscal year, we also generate cash from the sales of software licenses, hardware offerings and other services. Our primary uses of cash from operating activities are typically for employee-related expenditures, expenses related to data center leases and power for our cloud business, taxes, and interest payments.
Net cash provided by operating activities increased by $11.2 billion in fiscal 2026 relative to fiscal 2025 primarily due to higher net income adjusted for certain non-cash charges and higher cash favorable working capital changes, net, which includes $4.6 billion cash inflows from customer prepayments with significant financing component.
Cash flows from investing activities: The changes in cash flows from investing activities primarily relate to our investments in capital assets to support the growth in our cloud and software business and purchases, maturities and sales of our investments in marketable securities and other instruments.
Net cash used for investing activities increased by $30.1 billion in fiscal 2026 relative to fiscal 2025 primarily due to a $34.4 billion increase in capital expenditures, partially offset by $4.3 billion of cash proceeds from the sale of our investment in Ampere.
Cash flows from financing activities: The changes in cash flows from financing activities primarily relate to borrowings and repayments related to our debt instruments, issuance of other financing or equity instruments, stock repurchases, dividend payments and net proceeds related to employee stock programs.
Net cash provided by financing activities increased by $39.2 billion in fiscal 2026 relative to fiscal 2025 primarily due to an increase of $28.8 billion in proceeds from the issuance of senior notes, net of issuance costs; lower scheduled repayments of debt of $5.2 billion; proceeds from the issuance of Mandatory Convertible Preferred Stock of $5.0 billion; higher net cash proceeds from short-term financing related to capital expenditures of $1.9 billion; higher net cash proceeds from our employee stock programs of $1.6 billion; and lower stock repurchases of $505 million, in each case during fiscal 2026 relative to fiscal 2025. These increases were partially offset by higher repayments of commercial paper notes, net of issuances, of $2.7 billion and higher dividend payments of $1.0 billion. Further, during fiscal 2025, we refinanced our term loan credit agreement that we entered into in fiscal 2023, which resulted in no net impact on financing cash flows for the period reported.
Free cash flow: To supplement our statements of cash flows presented on a GAAP basis, we use non-GAAP measures of cash flows on a trailing four-quarter basis to analyze cash flows generated from our operations. We believe that free cash flow is also useful as one of the bases for comparing our performance with that of our competitors. The presentation of non-GAAP free cash flow is not meant to be considered in isolation or as an alternative to net income as an indicator of our performance, or as an alternative to cash flows from operating activities as a measure of liquidity. We calculate free cash flow as follows:
| (Dollars in millions) | Year Ended May 31, 2026 | Year Ended May 31,Change | Year Ended May 31, 2025 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Net cash provided by operating activities | $31,977 | 54% | $20,821 |
| Capital expenditures | (55,663) | 162% | (21,215) |
| Free cash flow |
* Not meaningful
Recent Financing Activities:
Revolving Credit Agreement: In March 2026, we terminated our existing $6.0 billion, five-year revolving credit agreement. On the same date, we entered into a new $10.0 billion, five-year revolving credit agreement (the Revolving Credit Agreement). As of May 31, 2026, we did not have any outstanding borrowings under the Revolving Credit Agreement. The description above is a summary and is qualified in its entirety by reference to the full text of the Revolving Credit Agreement, which is incorporated by reference herein as Exhibit 10.14.
Commercial Paper Program: In March 2026, our commercial paper program was increased to $10.0 billion. Our commercial paper program allows us to issue and sell unsecured short-term promissory notes (Commercial Paper Notes) pursuant to a private placement exemption from the registration requirements under federal and state securities laws pursuant to dealer agreements with various banks and an Issuing and Paying Agency Agreement with Deutsche Bank Trust Company Americas. There were $1.5 billion of outstanding Commercial Paper Notes as of May 31, 2026. We used the net proceeds from the issuance of commercial paper for general corporate purposes.
Cash Dividends: In fiscal 2026, we declared and paid aggregate cash dividends of $1,263.89 per share of outstanding Mandatory Convertible Preferred Stock that totaled $63 million and $2.00 per share of outstanding common stock that totaled $5.7 billion. In June 2026, our Board of Directors (the Board) declared a quarterly cash dividend of $1,625 per share of our outstanding Mandatory Convertible Preferred Stock and $0.50 per share of our outstanding common stock. The Mandatory Convertible Preferred Stock dividend is payable on July 15, 2026 to stockholders of record as of the close of business on July 1, 2026 and the common stock dividend is payable on July 24, 2026 to stockholders of record as of the close of business on July 10, 2026. Future declarations of dividends on Oracle securities and the establishment of future record and payment dates for our common stock are subject to the final determination of the Board.
Mandatory Convertible Preferred Stock: On February 5, 2026, we issued 100,000,000 depositary shares, representing 50,000 shares of our 6.50% Series D Mandatory Convertible Preferred Stock (Mandatory Convertible Preferred Stock). We received cash proceeds of $5.0 billion, net of issuance costs. The other terms and conditions of the Mandatory Convertible Preferred Stock are set forth in the Certificate of Designations, which is incorporated by reference herein as Exhibit 3.03.
Common Stock: On February 2, 2026, we entered into an equity distribution agreement with certain sales agents party thereto, pursuant to which we may sell shares of our common stock having aggregate sales proceeds of up to $20 billion from time to time through an “at-the-market” offering program (the ATM Program). As of May 31, 2026, we have not sold any shares of our common stock under the ATM Program.
Senior Notes: During fiscal 2026, we issued a total of $43.0 billion par value of senior notes comprising the following:
We issued the Mandatory Convertible Preferred Stock and the senior notes for general corporate purposes, which may include capital expenditures, repayment of indebtedness, future investments or acquisitions and payment of cash dividends on or repurchases of our common stock. Refer to Notes 6 and 10 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report for additional information. The other terms and conditions of the senior notes are set forth in, and the foregoing description of the senior notes is qualified in its entirety by reference to, the Officers’ Certificates incorporated by reference herein as Exhibits 4.17 and 4.21.
Common Stock Repurchase Program: The Board has approved a program for us to repurchase shares of our common stock. As of May 31, 2026, approximately $6.3 billion remained available for stock repurchases pursuant to our stock repurchase program. We repurchased 0.4 million shares for $93 million and 3.9 million shares for $600 million in fiscal 2026 and 2025, respectively. Our stock repurchase authorization does not have an expiration date and the pace of any future repurchase activity will depend on factors such as our working capital needs, our cash requirements for capital expenditures, acquisitions and dividend payments, our debt repayment obligations or repurchases of our debt, our stock price and economic and market conditions. Our stock repurchases may be effected from time to time through open market purchases or pursuant to a Rule 10b5-1 trading plan. Our stock repurchase program may be accelerated, suspended, delayed or discontinued at any time.
Contractual Obligations: Our largest contractual obligations as of May 31, 2026 consisted of:
In addition, as of May 31, 2026, we had $13.2 billion of gross unrecognized income tax benefits, including related interest and penalties, recorded on our consolidated balance sheet, the nature of which is uncertain with respect to settlement or release with the relevant tax authorities. We are involved in claims and legal proceedings, which
are inherently uncertain with respect to outcomes. Notes 6, 9, 12 and 15 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report include additional information regarding our most material contractual obligations and contingencies.
Capital Expenditures: Cash used for capital expenditures increased from $21.2 billion in fiscal 2025 to $55.7 billion in fiscal 2026 primarily due to the expansion of our data centers. We expect this upward trend to continue during fiscal 2027 and in the following fiscal years as we increase our existing data center capacity and establish data centers in new geographic locations in order to meet current and expected customer demand for our cloud offerings.
We believe that our current cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities balances, together with cash generated from operations and available financing arrangements, will be sufficient to meet our working capital, committed capital expenditures and contractual obligations for at least the next twelve months. Thereafter, we expect that our existing sources of liquidity, together with potential access to additional financing, will continue to be sufficient for the foreseeable future. Further, we have flexibility in managing the timing of certain discretionary capital expenditures.
Remaining performance obligations were $638 billion and $138 billion as of May 31, 2026 and 2025, respectively. The increase in remaining performance obligations as of May 31, 2026 in comparison to May 31, 2025 was primarily attributable to certain significant cloud contracts that were entered into during the period. For more information about our remaining performance obligations, see Note 1 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report.
Our stock-based compensation program is a key component of the compensation package we provide to attract and retain certain of our talented employees and align their interests with the interests of existing stockholders. We recognize that stock-based awards dilute existing stockholders and have sought to control the number of stock-based awards granted while providing competitive compensation packages. Consistent with these dual goals, our cumulative potential dilution since June 1, 2023 has been an annualized rate of 1.0% per year. The potential dilution percentage is calculated as the average annualized new stock-based awards granted and assumed, net of stock-based awards forfeited by employees leaving the company, divided by the weighted-average outstanding shares during the calculation period. As of May 31, 2026, the maximum potential dilution from all outstanding stock-based awards, regardless of when granted and regardless of whether vested or unvested, was 3.5%.
For information with respect to recent accounting pronouncements, and the impact of these pronouncements on our consolidated financial statements, see Note 1 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report.
Reports of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm (PCAOB ID: 42) 61 | Consolidated Financial Statements: | | Balance Sheets as of May 31, 2026 and 2025 64 Statements of Operations for the years ended May 31, 2026, 2025 and 2024 65 Statements of Comprehensive Income for the years ended May 31, 2026, 2025 and 2024 66 Statements of Stockholders’ Equity for the years ended May 31, 2026, 2025 and 2024 67 Statements of Cash Flows for the years ended May 31, 2026, 2025 and 2024 68 Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements 69
All schedules are omitted because the information required to be set forth therein is not applicable or is shown in the financial statements or notes herein or not present in amounts sufficient to require submission of the schedule.
The information required by this Item is set forth in the Index of Exhibits that is after Item 16 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
To the Stockholders and the Board of Directors of Oracle Corporation
Opinion on the Financial Statements
We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Oracle Corporation (the Company) as of May 31, 2026 and 2025, the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive income, stockholders’ equity and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended May 31, 2026, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the “consolidated financial statements”). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company at May 31, 2026 and 2025, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended May 31, 2026, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles.
| Americas | $44,478 | 22% | 22% | $36,339 |
| EMEA(1) | 15,297 | 9% | 3% | 14,025 |
| Asia Pacific | 7,582 | 8% | 8% | 7,035 |
| Total revenues | 67,357 | 17% | 16% | 57,399 |
| Total Operating Expenses | 46,751 | 18% | 17% | 39,721 |
| Total Operating Margin | $20,606 | 17% | 13% | $17,678 |
| Total Operating Margin % | 31% | 31% |
| % Revenues by Geography: |
| Americas | 66% | 63% |
| EMEA | 23% | 25% |
| Asia Pacific | 11% | 12% |
| Total Revenues by Business: |
| Cloud and software | $58,530 | 19% | 17% | $49,230 |
| Hardware | 3,084 | 5% | 3% | 2,936 |
| Services | 5,743 | 10% | 8% | 5,233 |
| Total revenues | $67,357 | 17% | 16% | $57,399 |
| % Revenues by Business: |
| Cloud and software | 87% | 86% |
| Hardware | 5% | 5% |
| Services | 8% | 9% |
| 3,193 |
| 3,077 |
| Income tax effects(4) | (3,070) | (2,514) |
| $5,250 | $4,841 |
| $3,229 |
| 757 |
| Stock-based compensation, operating segments | 1,618 | 1,597 |
| Research and development | 2,805 | 2,638 |
| General and administrative | 388 | 439 |
| Total stock-based compensation | $4,811 | $4,674 |
| Americas | $39,304 | 24% | 23% | $31,714 |
| EMEA | 12,951 | 10% | 4% | 11,773 |
| Asia Pacific | 6,275 | 9% | 10% | 5,743 |
| Total revenues | 58,530 | 19% | 17% | 49,230 |
| Expenses: |
| Cloud and software(1) | 16,850 | 56% | 54% | 10,827 |
| Sales and marketing(1) | 7,212 | -3% | -5% | 7,473 |
| Total expenses(1) | 24,062 | 31% | 30% | 18,300 |
| Total Margin | $34,468 | 11% | 10% | $30,930 |
| Total Margin % | 59% | 63% |
| % Revenues by Geography: |
| Americas | 67% | 64% |
| EMEA | 22% | 24% |
| Asia Pacific | 11% | 12% |
| Revenues by Offerings: |
| Cloud applications | $15,888 | 11% | 10% | $14,272 |
| Cloud infrastructure | 18,101 | 77% | 75% | 10,234 |
| Software license | 4,737 | -9% | -10% | 5,201 |
| Software support | 19,804 | 1% | -1% | 19,523 |
| Total revenues | $58,530 | 19% | 17% | $49,230 |
| Americas | $1,518 | 5% | 5% | $1,441 |
| EMEA | 923 | 3% | -2% | 893 |
| Asia Pacific | 643 | 7% | 7% | 602 |
| Total revenues | 3,084 | 5% | 3% | 2,936 |
| Expenses: |
| Hardware(1) | 832 | 12% | 9% | 742 |
| Sales and marketing(1) | 235 | -15% | -17% | 276 |
| Total expenses(1) | 1,067 | 5% | 2% | 1,018 |
| Total Margin | $2,017 | 5% | 3% | $1,918 |
| Total Margin % | 65% | 65% |
| % Revenues by Geography: |
| Americas | 49% | 49% |
| EMEA | 30% | 30% |
| Asia Pacific | 21% | 21% |
| Americas | $3,656 | 15% | 14% | $3,184 |
| EMEA | 1,423 | 5% | -1% | 1,359 |
| Asia Pacific | 664 | -4% | -3% | 690 |
| Total revenues | 5,743 | 10% | 8% | 5,233 |
| Total Expenses(1) | 4,210 | -1% | -2% | 4,240 |
| Total Margin | $1,533 | 54% | 51% | $993 |
| Total Margin % | 27% | 19% |
| % Revenues by Geography: |
| Americas | 64% | 61% |
| EMEA | 25% | 26% |
| Asia Pacific | 11% | 13% |
| 2,805 |
| 6% |
| 6% |
| 2,638 |
| Total expenses | $10,272 | 4% | 4% | $9,860 |
| % of Total Revenues | 15% | 17% |
| 388 |
| -12% |
| -12% |
| 439 |
| Total expenses | $1,618 | 1% | 0% | $1,602 |
| % of Total Revenues | 2% | 3% |
| 627 |
| -2% |
| -2% |
| 642 |
| Other | 486 | -1% | -1% | 489 |
| Total amortization of intangible assets | $1,671 | -28% | -28% | $2,307 |
| 59 |
| -22% |
| -22% |
| 75 |
| Total restructuring and other expenses | $1,838 | 391% | 384% | $374 |
| (131) |
| -11% |
| -17% |
| (147) |
| Noncontrolling interests in income | (222) | 21% | 21% | (184) |
| Gains (losses) from marketable and non-marketable investments, net | 2,811 | * | * | (278) |
| Other income, net | 309 | 241% | 242% | 91 |
| Total non-operating income, net | $3,547 | * | * | $60 |
| 12.6% |
| 12.1% |
| Net cash provided by financing activities |
| $40,284 |
| * |
| $1,098 |
| $(23,686) |
| * |
| $(394) |
| Net income | $17,087 | $12,443 |
| Net cash provided by operating activities as a percent of net income | 187% | 167% |
| Free cash flow as percent of net income | -139% | -3% |
We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of May 31, 2026, based on criteria established in Internal Control—Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework), and our report dated June 22, 2026 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon.
Basis for Opinion
These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.
The critical audit matter communicated below is a matter arising from the current period audit of the financial statements that was communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relates to accounts or disclosures that are material to the financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective or complex judgments. The communication of the critical audit matter does not alter in any way our opinion on the consolidated financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matter below, providing a separate opinion on the critical audit matter or on the account or disclosure to which it relates.
Uncertain Tax Positions
Description of the matter As discussed in Note 12 of the consolidated financial statements, the Company recognizes uncertain tax positions and measures unrecognized tax benefits related to various domestic and foreign matters. The Company uses judgment in the accounting for uncertain tax positions related to certain intercompany transfer prices and calculations, including the interpretation and application of tax laws and legal rulings in various jurisdictions. Auditing management’s evaluation of whether these uncertain tax positions are more likely than not to be sustained and the measurement of the benefit of the tax positions was complex, involved judgment, and was based on interpretations and application of tax laws and legal rulings.
How we addressed the matter in our audit We obtained an understanding, evaluated the design, and tested the operating effectiveness of the controls over management’s process to assess the technical merits of the Company’s tax positions related to certain intercompany transfer prices and calculations, including ongoing monitoring activities, and management’s process to measure the benefit of those tax positions. To test management’s assessment of these uncertain tax positions, we performed audit procedures that included, among others, evaluating management’s assumptions and analysis which detailed the basis and technical merits of the uncertain tax positions. We involved our tax subject matter professionals in assessing these positions and used our knowledge of relevant tax laws and experience with related taxing authorities.
/s/ Ernst & Young LLP
We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2002.
San Jose, California
June 22, 2026
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
To the Stockholders and the Board of Directors of Oracle Corporation
We have audited Oracle Corporation’s internal control over financial reporting as of May 31, 2026, based on criteria established in Internal Control—Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework) (the COSO criteria). In our opinion, Oracle Corporation (the Company) maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of May 31, 2026, based on the COSO criteria.
We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the consolidated balance sheets of the Company as of May 31, 2026 and 2025, the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive income, stockholders’ equity and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended May 31, 2026, and the related notes and our report dated June 22, 2026 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon.
The Company’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting included in the accompanying Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects.
Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk, and performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.
A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
/s/ Ernst & Young LLP
San Jose, California
June 22, 2026
ORACLE CORPORATION
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
As of May 31, 2026 and 2025
(in millions, except per share data) May 31, 2026 May 31, 2025
| ASSETS | | | | Current assets: | | |
Cash and cash equivalents $31,289 $10,786 Marketable securities 605 417 Trade receivables, net of allowances for credit losses of $542 and $557 as of May 31, 2026 and May 31, 2025, respectively 10,385 8,558 Prepaid expenses and other current assets 4,288 4,818 Total current assets 46,567 24,579 | Non-current assets: | | | Property, plant and equipment, net 99,957 43,522 Operating lease right-of-use assets 29,690 13,145 Goodwill 62,261 62,207 Deferred tax assets 11,541 11,877 Other non-current assets 11,743 13,031 Total non-current assets 215,192 143,782 Total assets $261,759 $168,361 | LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY | | | | Current liabilities: | | | Notes payable and other borrowings, current $7,199 $7,271 Accounts payable 10,977 5,113 Accrued compensation and related benefits 2,225 2,243 Deferred revenues 9,916 9,387 Other current liabilities 11,447 8,629 Total current liabilities 41,764 32,643 | Non-current liabilities: | | | Notes payable and other borrowings, non-current 122,342 85,297 Income taxes payable 11,771 10,269 Operating lease liabilities 26,648 11,536 Other non-current liabilities 16,178 7,647 Total non-current liabilities 176,939 114,749 | Commitments and contingencies | | | | Oracle Corporation stockholders’ equity: | | | Preferred stock, $0.01 par value and additional paid in capital—authorized: 1.0 shares; outstanding: 0.05 shares as of May 31, 2026 of 6.50% Series D Mandatory Convertible Preferred Stock (none as of May 31, 2025) 4,954 — Common stock, $0.01 par value and additional paid in capital—authorized: 11,000 shares; outstanding: 2,880 shares and 2,807 shares as of May 31, 2026 and 2025, respectively 43,243 37,107 Accumulated deficit (4,309) (15,481) Accumulated other comprehensive loss (1,380) (1,175) Total Oracle Corporation stockholders’ equity 42,508 20,451 Noncontrolling interests 548 518 Total stockholders’ equity 43,056 20,969 Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity $261,759 $168,361
See notes to consolidated financial statements.
ORACLE CORPORATION
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS
For the Years Ended May 31, 2026, 2025 and 2024
| (in millions, except per share data) | Year Ended May 31, 2026 | Year Ended May 31, 2025 | Year Ended May 31, 2024 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Revenues: | |||
| Cloud | $33,989 | $24,506 | $19,774 |
| Software | 24,541 | 24,724 |
(1)
Exclusive of amortization of intangible assets, which is shown separately.
See notes to consolidated financial statements.
ORACLE CORPORATION
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME
For the Years Ended May 31, 2026, 2025 and 2024
| (in millions) | Year Ended May 31, 2026 | Year Ended May 31, 2025 | Year Ended May 31, 2024 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Net income | $17,087 | $12,443 | $10,467 |
| Other comprehensive (loss) income, net of tax: | |||
| Net foreign currency translation (losses) gains | (232) |
See notes to consolidated financial statements.
ORACLE CORPORATION
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY
For the Years Ended May 31, 2026, 2025 and 2024
| (in millions, except per share data) | Preferred and Common Stock and Additional Paid in CapitalPreferred Stock Shares | Preferred and Common Stock and Additional Paid in CapitalCommon Stock Shares | Preferred and Common Stock and Additional Paid in CapitalAmount | Accumulated Deficit | Accumulated OtherComprehensive Loss | Noncontrolling Interests |
|---|
(1)
We issued 50,000 shares of our 6.50% Series D Mandatory Convertible Preferred Stock on February 5, 2026. As of May 31, 2026, 50,000 shares were outstanding.
See notes to consolidated financial statements.
ORACLE CORPORATION
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
For the Years Ended May 31, 2026, 2025 and 2024
| (in millions) | Year Ended May 31, 2026 | Year Ended May 31, 2025 | Year Ended May 31, 2024 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cash flows from operating activities: | |||
| Net income | $17,087 | $12,443 | $10,467 |
| Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities: |
See notes to consolidated financial statements.
ORACLE CORPORATION
May 31, 2026
ORGANIZATION AND SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES
Oracle Corporation provides products and services that build, run and support enterprise information technology (IT) frameworks. Our products and services include enterprise applications and infrastructure offerings that incorporate and are enhanced by artificial intelligence (AI) technologies. We deliver our products and services to customers worldwide through a variety of flexible and interoperable IT deployment models. These models include cloud-based, on-premise and hybrid deployments. Oracle cloud offerings include Oracle Cloud Applications and Oracle Cloud Infrastructure (collectively Oracle Cloud), which provide comprehensive and integrated applications and infrastructure services, enabling our customers to choose the best option that meets their specific business needs. Customers may also elect to purchase Oracle software licenses and hardware products and related services to manage their own cloud-based or on-premise IT environments. Customers that purchase our software licenses may elect to purchase software support contracts, which provide our customers with rights to unspecified license upgrades and enhancements during the term of the support period as well as technical support assistance. Customers that purchase our hardware products may elect to purchase hardware support contracts, which provide customers with software updates and can include product repairs, maintenance services and technical support services. We also offer customers a broad set of services offerings that are designed to maximize the performance of their investments in Oracle technologies.
Oracle Corporation conducts business globally and was incorporated in the state of Delaware.
The consolidated financial statements include our accounts and the accounts of our wholly- and majority-owned subsidiaries. Noncontrolling interest positions of certain of our consolidated entities are reported as a separate component of consolidated equity from the equity attributable to Oracle’s stockholders for all periods presented. The noncontrolling interests in our net income were not significant to our consolidated results for the periods presented and therefore have not been presented separately and instead are included as a component of non-operating income (expenses), net in our consolidated statements of operations. Intercompany transactions and balances have been eliminated. We reclassed certain prior year amounts and balances and their related disclosures to conform to the current period’s presentation for all periods presented in our consolidated financial statements. Such reclassifications did not affect total revenue, income from operations or net income.
In fiscal 2026, we adopted Accounting Standards Update (ASU) 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures (ASU 2023-09) on a prospective basis. ASU 2023-09 requires certain additional disclosure. Refer to Note 12 for additional information.
Our consolidated financial statements are prepared in accordance with United States (U.S.) generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) as set forth in the Financial Accounting Standards Board’s (FASB) Accounting Standards Codification (ASC), and we consider various staff accounting bulletins and other applicable guidance issued by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. These accounting principles require us to make certain estimates, judgments and assumptions. We believe that the estimates, judgments and assumptions upon which we rely are reasonable based upon information available to us at the time that these estimates, judgments and assumptions are made. These estimates, judgments and assumptions can affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities as of the date of the financial statements as well as the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the periods presented. To the extent that there are differences between these estimates, judgments or assumptions and actual results, our consolidated financial statements will be affected. In many cases, the accounting treatment of a particular transaction is specifically dictated by GAAP and does not require management’s judgment in its
application. There are also areas in which management’s judgment in selecting among available alternatives would not produce a materially different result.
Our sources of revenues are:
Cloud revenues include revenues from Oracle Cloud offerings, which deliver applications and infrastructure technologies via cloud-based deployment models that we develop functionality for, provide unspecified updates and enhancements for, deploy, host, manage, upgrade and support and that customers access by entering into a subscription agreement with us for a stated period.
Software revenues primarily represent revenues earned from granting customers perpetual licenses to use our applications or infrastructure offerings, such as our database, middleware, application and industry-specific software products, and the sale of support contracts related to these licenses, which are purchased by our customers at their option. Customers may deploy their software license in a cloud-based, on-premise or hybrid IT environment. Software support contracts provide customers with rights to unspecified software product upgrades, maintenance releases and patches released during the term of the support period and include access to technical content and support. Software support contracts are generally priced as a percentage of the net software license fees. Substantially all of our customers elect to purchase and renew their software support contracts annually.
Hardware revenues include revenues from the sale of hardware products and the sale of our hardware support offerings. Hardware support contracts are generally priced as a percentage of the net hardware products fees.
Our services are offered to customers as standalone arrangements or as a part of arrangements to customers buying other products and services. Our consulting services are designed to help our customers to, among others, deploy, architect, integrate, upgrade and secure their investments in Oracle applications and infrastructure technologies. Our customer success services are designed to provide supplemental support services, performance services and higher availability for Oracle products and services.
We apply the provisions of ASC 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (ASC 606) as a single standard for revenue recognition that applies to all of our cloud, software, hardware and services arrangements and generally require revenues to be recognized upon the transfer of control of promised goods or services provided to our customers, reflecting the amount of consideration we expect to receive for those goods or services. Pursuant to ASC 606, revenues are recognized upon the application of the following steps:
The timing of revenue recognition may differ from the timing of invoicing to our customers. We record an unbilled receivable, which is included within accounts receivable on our consolidated balance sheets, when revenue is recognized prior to invoicing. We record deferred revenues on our consolidated balance sheets when revenues are to be recognized subsequent to cash collection for an invoice. Our standard payment terms are generally net 30 days
but may vary. Invoices for software licenses and hardware products are generally issued when the license is made available for customer use or upon delivery to the customer of the hardware product. Invoices for software support and hardware support contracts are generally invoiced annually in advance. Cloud applications and cloud infrastructure contracts are generally invoiced annually, quarterly or monthly. Services are generally invoiced in advance or as the services are performed. Contracts that contain a significant financing component (either because the customer has made significant prepayment before the corresponding performance obligations are delivered or because we have provided long-term payment plans to the customer) have adjustments to the transaction price to reflect the time value of money. The related interest component is recorded as either interest expense or interest income in non-operating income (expenses), net within our consolidated statements of operations based on applicable interest rates for such contracts.
Our revenue arrangements generally include standard warranty or service level provisions that our arrangements will perform and operate in all material respects as defined in the respective agreements, the financial impacts of which have historically been and are expected to continue to be insignificant. Our arrangements generally do not include a general right of return relative to the delivered products or services. We recognize revenues net of any taxes collected from customers, which are subsequently remitted to governmental authorities.
Revenues from cloud offerings provided on a subscription basis are generally recognized ratably over the contractual period that the services are delivered, beginning on the date our service is made available to a customer. We recognize revenue ratably because the customer receives and consumes the benefits of the cloud offerings throughout the contract period. Revenues from infrastructure cloud offerings that are provided on a consumption basis are generally recognized based on the utilization of the services by the customer.
Revenues from distinct software license performance obligations are generally recognized upfront at the point in time when the software is made available to the customer to download and use. Revenues from usage-based royalty arrangements for distinct software licenses are recognized at the point in time when the software end user usage occurs. For usage-based royalty arrangements with a fixed minimum guarantee amount, the minimum amount is generally recognized upfront when the software is made available to the royalty customer.
Oracle’s primary performance obligations with respect to software support contracts is to provide customers with technical support as needed and unspecified software product upgrades, maintenance releases and patches during the term of the support period, if and when they are available. Oracle is obligated to make the software support services available continuously throughout the contract period. Therefore, revenues for software support contracts is generally recognized ratably over the contractual periods that the support services are provided.
The hardware product and related software, such as an operating system or firmware, are highly interdependent and interrelated and are accounted for as a combined performance obligation. The revenues for this combined performance obligation are generally recognized at the point in time that the hardware product is delivered and ownership is transferred to the customer.
Oracle’s primary performance obligations with respect to hardware support contracts are to provide customers with technical support as needed and unspecified firmware upgrades, maintenance releases and patches during the term of the support period, if and when they are available, and hardware product repairs. Oracle is obligated to make the hardware support services available continuously throughout the contract period. Therefore, revenues for hardware support contracts are generally recognized ratably over the contractual periods that the support services are provided.
Services revenues are generally recognized over time as the services are performed. Revenues for fixed price services are generally recognized over time applying input methods to estimate progress to completion. Revenues for consumption-based services are generally recognized as the services are performed.
Many of our contracts include multiple performance obligations. Judgment is required in determining whether each performance obligation is distinct. Oracle products and services generally do not require a significant amount of integration or interdependency; therefore, our products and services are generally not combined. We allocate the transaction price for each contract to each performance obligation based on the relative standalone selling price (SSP) for each performance obligation within each contract.
We use judgment in determining the SSP for products and services. For substantially all performance obligations except certain cloud offerings and software licenses, we are able to establish the SSP based on the observable prices of products or services sold separately in comparable circumstances to similar customers. We typically establish an SSP range for our products and services which is reassessed on a periodic basis or when facts and circumstances change. For certain cloud offerings, SSP is estimated using an expected cost plus a reasonable margin approach. Our software licenses have not historically been sold on a standalone basis, as the vast majority of all customers elect to purchase software support contracts at the time of a software license purchase. Software support contracts are generally priced as a percentage of the net fees paid by the customer to access the license. We are unable to establish the SSP for our software licenses based on observable prices given the same products are sold for a broad range of amounts (that is, the selling price is highly variable) and a representative SSP is not discernible from past transactions or other observable evidence. As a result, the SSP for a software license included in a contract with multiple performance obligations is generally determined by applying a residual approach whereby all other performance obligations within a contract are first allocated a portion of the transaction price based upon their respective SSPs, with any residual amount of transaction price allocated to software license revenues.
Trade receivables, net of allowance for credit losses, and deferred revenues are reported net of related uncollected deferred revenues in our consolidated balance sheets as of May 31, 2026 and 2025. The revenues recognized during the year ended May 31, 2026 and 2025 that were included in the opening deferred revenues balances as of May 31, 2025 and 2024 were approximately $9.4 billion and $9.3 billion, respectively. Revenues recognized from performance obligations satisfied in prior periods and impairment losses recognized on our receivables were immaterial during each year ended May 31, 2026, 2025 and 2024.
Remaining performance obligations represent contracted revenues that had not yet been recognized, and include deferred revenues; invoices that have been issued to customers but were uncollected and have not been recognized as revenues; and amounts that will be invoiced and recognized as revenues in future periods. We have elected the optional exemption to not disclose the variable consideration for contracts in which the variable consideration expected to be received over the duration of the contract is allocated entirely to the wholly unsatisfied performance obligations. The volumes and amounts of customer contracts that we book and total revenues that we recognize are impacted by a variety of seasonal factors and the timing of booking of large contracts. In each fiscal year, the amounts and volumes of contracting activity, other than the impact of booking of large contracts, and our total revenues are typically highest in our fourth fiscal quarter and lowest in our first fiscal quarter. These seasonal impacts and the timing of booking of large contracts influence how our remaining performance obligations change over time and, combined with foreign exchange rate fluctuations and other factors, influence the amount of remaining performance obligations that we report at a point in time. As of May 31, 2026, our remaining performance obligations were $638 billion, of which we expect to recognize approximately 12% as revenues over the next twelve months, 34% over the subsequent month 13 to month 36, 34% over the subsequent month 37 to month 60 and the remainder thereafter.
Certain of our customer contracts include a significant financing component either because the customer has made significant prepayment before the corresponding performance obligations are delivered or because we have provided long-term payment plans to the customer. In determining whether a contract contains a significant financing component, we consider: (1) the expected timing between transfer of goods and services and customer payment; (2) the difference between the promised consideration and the cash selling price; and (3) prevailing market interest rates. We apply the practical expedient and do not adjust the promised amount of consideration for the effects of a significant financing component when the period between transfer of goods or services and customer payment is one year or less. During fiscal 2026, we received $4.6 billion of prepayments from customers that included a significant financing component. No prepayments were received from customers that included a significant financing component during fiscal 2025 and 2024. We recognize interest expense related to significant financing components separately from revenue. During fiscal 2026, such amounts were immaterial. We determine the discount rate based on a rate that reflects the credit characteristics of the party receiving financing, which is generally consistent with our incremental borrowing rate. The effects of significant financing components are reflected in deferred revenues and recognized over the period of performance.
We offer certain of our customers the option to acquire certain of our products and services offerings through separate long-term payment contracts. We generally sell these contracts that we have financed for our customers on a non-recourse basis to financial institutions within 90 days of the contracts’ dates of execution. We record the transfers of amounts due from customers to financial institutions as sales of financing receivables because we are considered to have surrendered control of these financing receivables. During fiscal 2026, 2025 and 2024, $1.9 billion, $1.6 billion and $1.4 billion, respectively, of our financing receivables were sold to financial institutions.
We apply the provisions of ASC 805, Business Combinations (ASC 805), in accounting for our acquisitions. ASC 805 requires that we evaluate whether a transaction pertains to an acquisition of assets, or to an acquisition of a business. A business is defined as an integrated set of assets and activities that is capable of being conducted and managed for the purpose of providing a return to investors. Asset acquisitions are accounted for by allocating the cost of the acquisition to the individual assets and liabilities assumed on a relative fair value basis; whereas the acquisition of a business requires us to recognize goodwill separately from the assets acquired and the liabilities assumed at the acquisition date fair values. Goodwill as of the business acquisition date is measured as the excess of consideration transferred over the net of the acquisition date fair values of the assets acquired and the liabilities assumed. While we use our best estimates and assumptions to accurately value assets acquired and liabilities assumed at the business acquisition date as well as any contingent consideration, where applicable, our estimates are inherently uncertain and subject to refinement. As a result, during the measurement period, which may be up to one year from the business acquisition date, we record adjustments to the assets acquired and liabilities assumed with the corresponding offset to goodwill. Upon the conclusion of a business acquisition’s measurement period or final determination of the values of assets acquired or liabilities assumed, whichever comes first, any subsequent adjustments are recorded to our consolidated statements of operations. Costs to exit or restructure certain activities of an acquired company or our internal operations are accounted for as termination and exit costs pursuant to ASC 420, Exit or Disposal Cost Obligations, and are accounted for separately from the business combination. A liability for costs associated with an exit or disposal activity is recognized and measured at its fair value in our consolidated statement of operations in the period in which the liability is incurred.
In accordance with ASC 320, Investments—Debt Securities, and based on our intentions regarding these instruments, we classify substantially all of our marketable debt securities investments as available-for-sale. We carry these securities at fair value, and report the unrealized gains and losses, net of taxes, as a component of stockholders’ equity, except for unrealized losses, if any, determined to be related to credit losses, which we record within non-operating income (expenses), net in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations. We periodically evaluate our investments to determine if impairment charges are required. All of our marketable debt securities
investments are classified as current based on the nature of the investments and their availability for use in current operations.
Investments in equity securities, other than any equity method investments, are generally recorded at their fair values, if the fair values are readily determinable. Non-marketable equity securities for which the fair values are not readily determinable and where we do not have control of, nor significant influence in, the investee are recorded at cost, less any impairment, adjusted for observable price changes from orderly transactions for identical or similar investments of the same issuer with any gains or losses recorded as a component of non-operating income (expenses), net as of and for each reporting period. For investments through which we have significant influence in, but not control of, the investee, we account for such investments pursuant to the equity method of accounting whereby we record our proportionate share of the investee’s earnings or losses; amortization of certain differences between our investment basis and underlying equity in net assets of the investee; and impairment, if any, as a component of non-operating income (expenses), net for each reporting period. As per ASC 850, Related Party Disclosures, equity method investees are considered as related parties.
Our investments in marketable debt and equity securities totaled $605 million and $417 million as of May 31, 2026 and 2025, respectively, and are included in current assets in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets.
Our non-marketable debt investments and equity securities and related instruments totaled $2.3 billion and $2.1 billion as of May 31, 2026 and 2025, respectively, and substantially all of the balance is included in other non-current assets in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets and is subject to periodic credit losses and impairment reviews. The majority of the non-marketable debt and equity investments we held as of May 31, 2025 were with Ampere Computing Holdings LLC (Ampere), an equity method investee. On November 25, 2025, SoftBank Group Corp. acquired all of the equity interests of Ampere (the Ampere Acquisition). We received cash proceeds of $4.3 billion in exchange for our equity, debt and call option interests in Ampere in the Ampere Acquisition. We recorded $2.7 billion of realized gain, which is included in the non-operating income (expenses), net line item in our consolidated statements of operations for the year ended May 31, 2026. We have no remaining investment in Ampere as of May 31, 2026. The substantial majority of the non-marketable investments we held as of May 31, 2026 were with TikTok USDS Joint Venture LLC, an equity method investee in which we have an ownership interest of 15%.
We apply the provisions of ASC 820, Fair Value Measurement (ASC 820), to our assets and liabilities that we are required to measure at fair value pursuant to other accounting standards, including our investments in marketable debt and equity securities and our derivative financial instruments.
The additional disclosures regarding our fair value measurements are included in Note 3.
We record allowances for credit losses based upon a specific review of all significant outstanding invoices. For those invoices not specifically reviewed, provisions are provided at differing rates, based upon the age of the receivable, collection history and current economic conditions. We write-off a receivable and charge it against its recorded allowance when we have exhausted our collection efforts without success.
Financial instruments that are potentially subject to concentrations of credit risk consist primarily of cash and cash equivalents, marketable securities, derivatives, trade receivables and non-marketable investments. Our cash and cash equivalents are generally held with large, diverse financial institutions worldwide to reduce the amount of exposure to any single financial institution. Investment policies have been implemented that limit purchases of marketable debt securities to investment-grade securities. Our derivative contracts are transacted with various financial institutions with high credit standings and any exposure to counterparty credit-related losses in these contracts is largely mitigated with collateral security agreements that provide for collateral to be received or posted when the net fair values of these contracts fluctuate from contractually established thresholds. Refer to “Marketable
and Non-Marketable Investments” section above for additional information on our non-marketable investments. We generally do not require collateral to secure accounts receivable. The risk with respect to trade receivables is mitigated by credit evaluations we perform on our customers, the short duration of our payment terms for the significant majority of our customer contracts and by the diversification of our customer base. No single customer accounted for 10% or more of our total revenues in fiscal 2026, 2025 or 2024. We enter into certain large, long-term customer cloud arrangements that require us to make significant infrastructure investments, including data center capacity. For discretionary capital expenditures, the timing of such expenditures can be adjusted based on our liquidity position and access to additional financing. The economic returns on these investments are dependent on customer demand and the ability of our key customers to meet their contractual obligations. Changes in customer demand or the ability of our key customers to meet their contractual obligations may adversely affect operating margins, cash flows and could require evaluation of the recoverability of related long-lived assets.
We outsource the manufacturing, assembly and delivery of the substantial majority of our hardware products that we sell to our customers as well as use internally to deliver our cloud services to a variety of companies, many of which are located outside the U.S. Further, we have simplified our supply chain processes by reducing the number of third-party manufacturing partners and the number of locations where these third-party manufacturers build our hardware products. Any inability of these third-party manufacturing partners to deliver the contracted services for our hardware products could adversely impact future operating results of our cloud and software and hardware businesses.
We defer sales commissions earned by our sales force that are considered to be incremental and recoverable costs of obtaining a cloud, software support and hardware support contract. Initial sales commissions for the majority of these aforementioned contracts are generally deferred and amortized on a straight-line basis over an average benefit period that we estimate to be four years. We determine the period of benefit by taking into consideration the historical and expected durations of our customer contracts, the expected useful lives of our technologies and other factors. Sales commissions for renewal contracts relating to certain of our cloud-based arrangements are generally deferred and then amortized on a straight-line basis over the related contractual renewal period, which is generally one to three years. Amortization of deferred sales commissions is included as a component of sales and marketing expenses in our consolidated statements of operations and asset balances for deferred sales commissions are included in other current assets and other non-current assets in our consolidated balance sheets.
Property, plant and equipment are stated at cost, less accumulated depreciation. Costs incurred are accumulated as construction in progress until the asset is brought into the condition and at the location for its intended use. Once the asset is in the condition and at the location for its intended use, it is amortized using the straight-line method of depreciation based on estimated useful lives of the assets, which range from one to 40 years. Finance lease Right-of-Use (ROU) assets are amortized over the lease term. Leasehold improvements are amortized over the lesser of the estimated useful lives of the improvements or the lease terms, as appropriate. Property, plant and equipment are periodically reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable at an appropriate asset or asset group level. We did not recognize any significant property impairment charges in fiscal 2026, 2025 or 2024. Note 4 below provides additional information regarding our Property, Plant and Equipment.
Goodwill represents the excess of the purchase price in a business combination over the fair value of net tangible and intangible assets acquired. Intangible assets that are not considered to have an indefinite useful life are itemized in Note 5 below and are amortized over their useful lives, which generally range from one to 10 years. At least annually, we assess the useful lives of our finite lived intangible assets and may adjust the period over which these assets are amortized whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that a shorter amortization period is more reflective of the period in which these assets contribute to our cash flows. Intangible assets are included within other non-current assets on our consolidated balance sheets.
The carrying amounts of our goodwill and intangible assets are reviewed for impairment annually and whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value of these assets may not be recoverable. When goodwill is assessed for impairment, we have the option to perform an assessment of qualitative factors of impairment (optional assessment) prior to necessitating a quantitative impairment test. Should the optional assessment be used for any given fiscal year, qualitative factors considered for a reporting unit include: cost factors; financial performance; legal, regulatory, contractual, political, business, or other factors; entity specific factors; industry and market considerations; macroeconomic conditions; and other relevant events and factors affecting the reporting unit. If we determine in the qualitative assessment that it is more likely than not that the fair value of the reporting unit is less than its carrying value, a quantitative test is then performed. Otherwise, no further testing is required. For those reporting units tested using a quantitative approach, we compare the fair value of each reporting unit with the carrying amount of the reporting unit, including goodwill. To determine the fair value of each reporting unit we utilize estimates, judgments and assumptions including estimated future cash flows the reporting unit is expected to generate on a discounted basis; the discount rate used as a part of the discounted cash flow analysis; future economic and market conditions; and market comparables of peer companies, among others. If, as per the quantitative test, the estimated fair value of the reporting unit is less than the carrying amount of the reporting unit, impairment is recognized for the difference, limited to the amount of goodwill recognized for the reporting unit. Our most recent goodwill impairment analysis was performed on March 1, 2026 and did not result in a goodwill impairment charge. We did not recognize impairment charges in fiscal 2025 or 2024.
Recoverability of finite lived intangible assets is evaluated by comparison of the carrying amount of the asset to the future undiscounted cash flows that are expected to be generated by the lowest level associated asset grouping. Recoverability of indefinite lived intangible assets is evaluated by comparison of the carrying amount of the asset to its fair value. If the asset is considered to be impaired, the amount of any impairment is measured as the difference between the carrying value and the fair value of the impaired asset. We did not recognize any intangible asset impairment charges in fiscal 2026, 2025 or 2024.
During fiscal 2026, 2025 and 2024, we used derivative financial instruments to manage foreign currency and interest rate risks. We do not use derivative financial instruments for trading purposes. We account for these instruments in accordance with ASC 815, Derivatives and Hedging (ASC 815), which requires that every derivative instrument be recorded on the balance sheet as either an asset or liability measured at its fair value as of each reporting date. ASC 815 also requires that changes in our derivatives’ fair values be recognized in earnings, unless specific hedge accounting and documentation criteria are met (i.e., the instruments are accounted for as certain types of hedges).
The accounting for changes in the fair value of a derivative depends on the intended use of the derivative and the resulting designation. For a derivative instrument designated as a fair value hedge, loss or gain attributable to the risk being hedged is recognized in earnings in the period of change with a corresponding earnings offset recorded to the item for which the risk is being hedged. For a derivative instrument designated as a cash flow hedge, during each reporting period, we record the change in fair value of the derivative to accumulated other comprehensive loss (AOCL) in our consolidated balance sheets and the change is reclassified to earnings in the period the hedged item affects earnings.
We apply the provisions of ASC 842, Leases (ASC 842), in accounting for our leases. Accordingly, we determine if an arrangement is a lease at its inception. Lease liabilities are recognized at the lease commencement date based on the present value of lease payments over the lease term. We generally use our incremental borrowing rate based on the information available at the lease commencement date in determining the present value of future payments, because the implicit rate of the lease is generally not known. ROU assets related to our leases are measured at lease inception based on the initial measurement of the lease liability, plus any prepaid lease payments and less any lease incentives. Our lease terms that are used in determining our lease liabilities at lease inception may include options to extend or terminate the leases when it is reasonably certain that we will exercise such options. For operating leases, we generally recognize the lease expense on a straight-line basis over the lease term and classify both the ROU assets amortization and imputed interest as operating expenses. For finance leases, ROU assets are amortized on a straight-line basis over the lease term and are classified as operating expense and imputed interest is classified as interest expense. We have lease agreements with lease and non-lease components, and in such cases, we generally account for the components as a single lease component. We do not recognize lease assets and lease liabilities for any lease with an original lease term of less than one year. An impairment charge is recorded for an abandoned ROU asset.
ROU assets related to operating and finance leases are included in operating lease ROU assets and property, plant and equipment, net, respectively; short-term operating and finance lease liabilities are included in other current liabilities; and long-term operating and finance lease liabilities are included in operating lease liabilities and other non-current liabilities, respectively, in our consolidated balance sheets.
Cash flow movements related to operating lease activities are included in operating cash flows and those related to finance leases are included in operating cash flows for the interest component and in financing cash flows for the principal payment component in our consolidated statements of cash flows for the years ended May 31, 2026, 2025 and 2024. Note 9 below provides additional information regarding our leases.
We are currently involved in various claims and legal proceedings. Quarterly, we review the status of each significant matter and assess our potential financial exposure. For legal and other contingencies that are not a part of a business combination or related to income taxes, we accrue a liability for an estimated loss if the potential loss from any claim or legal proceeding is considered probable, and the amount can be reasonably estimated. Note 15 below provides additional information regarding certain of our legal contingencies.
We transact business in various foreign currencies. In general, the functional currency of a foreign operation is the local country’s currency. Consequently, revenues and expenses of operations outside the U.S. are translated into U.S. Dollars using weighted-average exchange rates while assets and liabilities of operations outside the U.S. are translated into U.S. Dollars using exchange rates at the balance sheet dates. The effects of foreign currency translation adjustments are included in stockholders’ equity as a component of AOCL in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets and related periodic movements are summarized as a line item in our consolidated statements of comprehensive income. Net foreign exchange transaction losses included in non-operating income (expenses), net in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations were $131 million, $147 million and $228 million in fiscal 2026, 2025 and 2024, respectively.
We account for share-based payments to employees, including grants of service-based restricted stock unit (RSU) awards, service-based employee stock options, performance-based stock options (PSOs) and purchases under employee stock purchase plans in accordance with ASC 718, Compensation—Stock Compensation, which requires that share-based payments (to the extent they are compensatory) be recognized in our consolidated statements of operations based on their fair values. Beginning in fiscal 2026, most Oracle employees who received equity awards were given a choice to receive their awards in the form of (1) 100% stock options, (2) 100% RSUs or (3) a combination of 50% stock options and 50% RSUs (the Employee Choice Program). The Compensation Committee of our Board of Directors has determined that a ratio of four stock options to one RSU should be used, consistent with its historic approach, for equity awards granted to Oracle employees. We account for forfeitures of stock-based awards as they occur.
For our service-based stock awards, we recognize stock-based compensation expense on a straight-line basis over the service period of the award, which is generally four years.
For our PSOs, we recognize stock-based compensation expense on a straight-line basis for tranches that are probable of achievement over the estimated implicit service period for performance-metric achievement. During our interim and annual reporting periods, stock-based compensation expense is recorded based on expected attainment of performance targets. Changes in our estimates of the expected attainment of performance targets that result in a change in the number of shares that are expected to vest, or changes in our estimates of implicit service periods, may cause the amount of stock-based compensation expense that we record for each interim reporting period to vary. Any changes in estimates that impact our expectation of the number of shares that are expected to vest are reflected in the amount of stock-based compensation expense that we recognize for each PSO tranche on a cumulative catch-up basis during each interim reporting period in which such estimates are altered.
We record deferred tax assets for stock-based compensation awards that result in deductions on certain of our income tax returns based on the amount of stock-based compensation recognized in each reporting period and the fair values attributable to the vested portion of stock awards assumed in connection with a business combination at the statutory tax rates in the jurisdictions that we are able to recognize such tax deductions. The impacts of the actual tax deductions for stock-based awards that are realized in these jurisdictions are generally recognized in the reporting period that a restricted stock-based award vests or a stock option is exercised with any shortfall/windfall relative to the deferred tax asset established and recorded as a discrete detriment/benefit to our provision for income taxes in such period. Note 11 below provides additional information regarding our stock-based compensation plans and related expenses.
Research and development costs are generally expensed as incurred in accordance with ASC 730, Research and Development. Software development costs required to be capitalized under ASC 985-20, Costs of Software to be Sold, Leased or Marketed, and under ASC 350-40, Internal-Use Software, were not material to our consolidated financial statements in fiscal 2026, 2025 and 2024.
Non-operating income (expenses), net consists primarily of interest income, net foreign currency exchange losses, the noncontrolling interests in the net profits of our majority-owned subsidiaries (primarily Oracle Financial Services Software Limited and Oracle Corporation Japan), net gains and losses related to marketable and non-marketable investments, including net gains and losses attributable to equity method investments and net other income and expenses, including net gains and losses from our investment portfolio related to our deferred compensation plan, for which an equal and offsetting amount was recorded to our operating expenses during the same period, and non-service net periodic pension income and losses.
| (in millions) | Year Ended May 31, 2026 | Year Ended May 31, 2025 | Year Ended May 31, 2024 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Interest income | $780 | $578 | $451 |
| Foreign currency losses, net | (131) | (147) | (228) |
| Noncontrolling interests in income | (222) | (184) |
We account for income taxes in accordance with ASC 740, Income Taxes (ASC 740). Deferred income taxes are recorded for the expected tax consequences of temporary differences between the tax bases of assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes and amounts recognized for income tax purposes. We record a valuation allowance to reduce our deferred tax assets to the amount of future tax benefit that is more likely than not to be realized.
A two-step approach is applied pursuant to ASC 740 in the recognition and measurement of uncertain tax positions taken or expected to be taken in a tax return. The first step is to determine if the weight of available evidence indicates that it is more likely than not that the tax position will be sustained in an audit, including resolution of any related appeals or litigation processes. The second step is to measure the tax benefit as the largest amount that is more than 50% likely to be realized upon ultimate settlement. We recognize interest and penalties related to uncertain tax positions in our provision for income taxes line of our consolidated statements of operations.
Income Statement: In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU 2024-03, Income Statement—Reporting Comprehensive Income—Expense Disaggregation Disclosures (Subtopic 220-40): Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses and also issued subsequent guidance clarifying the effective date of the initial guidance (collectively, Subtopic 220-40), which enhances the disclosures required for expense disaggregation in our annual and interim consolidated financial statements. This guidance is effective for us for our annual reporting for fiscal 2028 and for interim period reporting beginning in fiscal 2029 on a prospective basis. Both early adoption and retrospective application are permitted. We are currently evaluating the impact of our pending adoption of Subtopic 220-40 on our consolidated financial statements.
Software Development Costs: In September 2025, the FASB issued ASU 2025-06, Intangibles—Goodwill and Other—Internal-Use Software (Subtopic 350-40): Targeted Improvements to the Accounting for Internal-Use Software (ASU 2025-06), which clarifies and modernizes the accounting for internal-use software. ASU 2025-06 is effective for us in the first quarter of fiscal 2029, with early adoption permitted. The standard permits application of the guidance using a prospective, retrospective, or modified transition approach. We are currently evaluating the impact of our pending adoption of ASU 2025-06 on our consolidated financial statements.
CASH, CASH EQUIVALENTS AND MARKETABLE SECURITIES
Cash and cash equivalents primarily consist of deposits held at major banks, including time deposits and money market funds with original maturities of 90 days or less. Marketable securities primarily consist of time deposits with original maturities at the time of purchase greater than 90 days.
The amortized principal amounts of our cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities approximated their fair values at May 31, 2026 and 2025. We use the specific identification method to determine any realized gains or losses from the sale of our marketable securities classified as available-for-sale. Such realized gains and losses were
insignificant for fiscal 2026, 2025 and 2024. The following table summarizes the components of our cash equivalents and marketable securities held, substantially all of which were classified as available-for-sale:
| (in millions) | May 31, 2026 | May 31, 2025 |
|---|---|---|
| Money market funds | $23,387 | $2,220 |
| Time deposits and other | 739 | 585 |
| Total investments | $24,126 | $2,805 |
| Investments classified as cash equivalents | $23,521 |
As of May 31, 2026 and 2025, all of our marketable debt securities investments mature within one year. Our investment portfolio is subject to market risk due to changes in interest rates. As described above, we limit purchases of marketable debt securities to investment-grade securities, which have high credit ratings and also limit the amount of credit exposure to any one issuer. As stated in our investment policy, we are averse to principal loss and seek to preserve our invested funds by limiting default risk and market risk.
Restricted cash that was included within cash and cash equivalents as presented within our consolidated balance sheets as of May 31, 2026 and 2025 and our consolidated statements of cash flows for the years ended May 31, 2026, 2025 and 2024 was immaterial.
FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS
We perform fair value measurements in accordance with ASC 820. ASC 820 defines fair value as the price that would be received from selling an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. When determining the fair value measurements for assets and liabilities required to be recorded at their fair values, we consider the principal or most advantageous market in which we would transact and consider assumptions that market participants would use when pricing the assets or liabilities, such as inherent risk, transfer restrictions and risk of nonperformance.
ASC 820 establishes a fair value hierarchy that requires an entity to maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs when measuring fair value. An asset’s or a liability’s categorization within the fair value hierarchy is based upon the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement. ASC 820 establishes three levels of inputs that may be used to measure fair value:
Our assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis consisted of the following (Level 1 and Level 2 inputs are defined above):
| (in millions) | May 31, 2026 · Fair Value Measurements Using Input TypesLevel 1 | May 31, 2026 · Fair Value Measurements Using Input TypesLevel 2 | May 31, 2026Total | May 31, 2025 · Fair Value Measurements Using Input TypesLevel 1 | May 31, 2025 · Fair Value Measurements Using Input TypesLevel 2 |
|---|
Our valuation techniques used to measure the fair values of our instruments that were classified as Level 1 in the table above were derived from quoted market prices and active markets for these instruments that exist. Our valuation techniques used to measure the fair values of Level 2 instruments listed in the table above were derived from the following: non-binding market consensus prices that were corroborated by observable market data, quoted market prices for similar instruments, or pricing models, such as discounted cash flow techniques, with all significant inputs derived from or corroborated by observable market data including reference rate yield curves, among others.
Based on the trading prices of the $128.1 billion and $90.3 billion of senior notes and other long-term borrowings and the related fair value hedges, if any, that we had outstanding as of May 31, 2026 and 2025, respectively, the estimated fair values of the senior notes and other long-term borrowings and the related fair value hedges, if any, using Level 2 inputs at May 31, 2026 and 2025 were $114.4 billion and $81.3 billion, respectively.
PROPERTY, PLANT AND EQUIPMENT
Property, plant and equipment, net consisted of the following:
| (Dollars in millions) | EstimatedUseful Life | May 31, 2026 | May 31, 2025 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Computer, network, machinery and equipment | 1-6 years(1) | $59,634 | $30,345 |
| Buildings and improvements | 1-40 years | 21,263 | 10,881 |
| Furniture, fixtures and other |
(1)
Comprised primarily of servers and networking equipment with estimated useful life of six years.
(2)
Comprised primarily of servers, networking equipment and leasehold improvements to be deployed at our data centers.
Depreciation expense on property, plant and equipment in fiscal 2026, 2025 and 2024 were $7.6 billion, $3.9 billion and $3.1 billion, respectively. Property, plant and equipment, net includes ROU assets recorded in connection with lease arrangements that are accounted for as finance leases, totaling $7.5 billion and $2.9 billion as of May 31, 2026 and 2025, respectively.
INTANGIBLE ASSETS AND GOODWILL
The changes in intangible assets for fiscal 2026 and the net book value of intangible assets as of May 31, 2026 and 2025 were as follows:
| (in millions) | Intangible Assets, GrossMay 31,2025 | Intangible Assets, GrossAdditions | Intangible Assets, GrossRetirements | Intangible Assets, GrossMay 31,2026 | Accumulated AmortizationMay 31,2025 | Accumulated Amortization |
|---|
As of May 31, 2026, estimated future amortization expenses related to intangible assets were as follows (in millions):
| Fiscal 2027 | $731 |
| Fiscal 2028 | 694 |
| Fiscal 2029 | 620 |
| Fiscal 2030 | 582 |
| Fiscal 2031 | 377 |
| Thereafter | 225 |
| Total intangible assets, net | $3,229 |
The changes in the carrying amounts of goodwill, which is generally not deductible for tax purposes, for our operating segments for fiscal 2026 and 2025 were as follows:
| (in millions) | Cloud and Software | Hardware | Services | Total Goodwill |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Balances as of May 31, 2024 | $57,072 | $2,732 | $2,426 | $62,230 |
| Goodwill adjustments, net(1) | (23) | — | — | (23) |
(1)
Amounts include any changes in goodwill balances for the period presented that resulted from foreign currency translations.
NOTES PAYABLE AND OTHER BORROWINGS
Notes payable and other borrowings consisted of the following:
| (Amounts in millions) | Date of Issuance | May 31, 2026Amount | May 31, 2026Effective Interest Rate | May 31, 2025Amount | May 31, 2025Effective Interest Rate |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fixed-rate senior notes: |
| (Amounts in millions) | Date of Issuance | May 31, 2026Amount | May 31, 2026Effective Interest Rate | May 31, 2025Amount | May 31, 2025Effective Interest Rate |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| $1,250, 5.50%, due September 2064 | September 2024 | 1,250 |
(1)
In fiscal 2018 we entered into certain cross-currency interest rate swap agreements that have the economic effect of converting our fixed-rate, Euro-denominated debt, including annual interest payments and the payment of principal at maturity, to a variable-rate, U.S. Dollar-denominated debt of $871 million based on LIBOR. The effective interest rates as of May 31, 2025 after consideration of the cross-currency interest rate swap agreements were 7.77% for the July 2025 Notes. Refer to Note 1 for a description of our accounting for fair value hedges. The July 2025 Notes were repaid in full upon maturity in July 2025.
(2)
In fiscal 2023, we entered into certain interest rate swap agreements that have the economic effect of converting our $4.7 billion of floating-rate borrowings pursuant to the Term Loan Credit Agreement (defined below) until its repayment and subsequently, borrowings under the Term Loan Credit Agreement 2 (defined below) for the same amount to fixed-rate borrowings with a fixed annual interest rate of 3.07%, plus a margin depending on the credit rating assigned to our long-term senior unsecured debt, as further discussed below. The effective interest rates after consideration of the interest rate swap agreements were 4.74% for each of fiscal 2026 and 2025, for borrowings under the Term Loan Credit Agreement 2 (defined below). Refer to Note 1 for a description of our accounting for cash flow hedges.
(3)
In fiscal 2026, we issued $43.0 billion of senior notes for general corporate purposes, which may include capital expenditures, repayment of indebtedness, future investments or acquisitions and payment of cash dividends on or repurchases of our common stock.
Future principal payments for all of our borrowings at May 31, 2026 were as follows (in millions):
| Fiscal 2027 | $7,210 |
| Fiscal 2028 | 10,145 |
| Fiscal 2029 | 5,500 |
| Fiscal 2030 | 7,250 |
| Fiscal 2031 | 9,750 |
| Thereafter | 90,250 |
| Total | $130,105 |
Interest is payable semi-annually for the senior notes listed in the above table, except for the floating-rate senior notes for which interest is payable quarterly. We may redeem some or all of the fixed-rate senior notes of each series prior to their maturity, subject to certain restrictions, and the payment of an applicable make-whole premium in certain instances except for the floating-rate senior notes, which may not be redeemed prior to their maturity.
The senior notes rank pari passu with all existing and future notes issued pursuant to our commercial paper program (see additional discussion regarding our commercial paper program below) and all existing and future unsecured senior indebtedness of Oracle Corporation, including the Revolving Credit Agreement and the Term Loan Credit Agreement 2, each as defined and described further below. All existing and future liabilities of the subsidiaries of Oracle Corporation are or will be effectively senior to the senior notes and Commercial Paper Notes (defined below),
borrowings under the Term Loan Credit Agreement 2 (defined below) and any future borrowings pursuant to the Revolving Credit Agreement. We were in compliance with all debt-related covenants at May 31, 2026.
On March 6, 2026, we terminated our existing $6.0 billion, five-year revolving credit agreement among us, as borrower, Bank of America, N.A., as administrative agent, and the lenders and other agents named therein, which was originally scheduled to terminate on March 8, 2027. On March 6, 2026, we entered into a new $10.0 billion, five-year revolving credit agreement (the Revolving Credit Agreement) among us, as borrower, Bank of America, N.A., as administrative agent, and the lenders and other agents named therein, which provides for an unsecured $10.0 billion, five-year revolving credit facility (the Revolving Facility) to us for working capital purposes and for other general corporate purposes.
Subject to certain conditions stated in the Revolving Credit Agreement, we may borrow, prepay and reborrow amounts under the Revolving Facility during the term of the Revolving Credit Agreement. All amounts borrowed under the Revolving Credit Agreement will become due on March 6, 2031, unless the commitments are terminated earlier either at our request or, if an event of default occurs, by the lenders (or automatically in the case of certain bankruptcy-related events). Interest is based on either (a) a Term Secured Overnight Financing Rate (SOFR)-based formula plus a margin of 87.5 basis points to 150.0 basis points, depending on the credit rating assigned to our long-term senior unsecured debt, or (b) a Base Rate formula plus a margin of 0.0 basis point to 50.0 basis points, depending on the same such credit rating, each as set forth in the Revolving Credit Agreement. As of May 31, 2026, we did not have any outstanding borrowings under the Revolving Credit Agreement.
The Revolving Credit Agreement contains certain customary representations and warranties, covenants and events of default, including the requirement that the ratio of “Consolidated EBITDA” to “Consolidated Net Interest Expense” (each term as defined in the Revolving Credit Agreement) of Oracle and its subsidiaries shall not be less than 3.0 to 1.0 at the end of any fiscal quarter during the period that the Revolving Credit Agreement is effective. If an event of default occurs under the Revolving Credit Agreement and is not cured within applicable grace periods or waived, any unpaid amounts under the Revolving Credit Agreement may be declared immediately due and payable and the commitments under the agreement may be terminated.
During fiscal 2023, pursuant to a term loan credit agreement (Term Loan Credit Agreement) providing for an aggregate term loan commitment of $5.6 billion, we borrowed $4.7 billion under term loan 1 facility (Term Loan 1 Facility) and $960 million under term loan 2 facility (Term Loan 2 Facility and, together with the Term Loan 1 Facility, the Term Loan Facilities).
During fiscal 2025, we terminated our Term Loan Credit Agreement and repaid the principal amount outstanding together with interest accrued up to the date of repayment. Simultaneously, we borrowed up to the maximum commitment amount of $5.6 billion pursuant to a term loan credit agreement (Term Loan Credit Agreement 2) executed on the same date. The critical terms of the Term Loan Credit Agreement 2 are similar to the critical terms of the Term Loan Credit Agreement, except for terms related to the interest, the consolidation of two term loan facilities under Term Loan Credit Agreement into a single facility under the Term Loan Credit Agreement 2 and the options to extend the Term Loan Credit Agreement 2. Interest is based on either (a) a Term SOFR-based formula plus a margin of 112.5 basis points to 162.5 basis points, depending on the credit rating assigned to our long-term senior unsecured debt, or (b) a Base Rate formula plus a margin of 12.5 basis points to 62.5 basis points, depending on the same such credit rating, each as set forth in the Term Loan Credit Agreement 2.
The Term Loan Credit Agreement 2 provides for repayment of borrowing as follows:
The termination date of the Term Loan Credit Agreement 2 may be extended at our sole option by up to 2 years. The termination date of the Term Loan Credit Agreement 2 may also be further extended at each lender’s option by up to 2 years.
On March 6, 2026, our commercial paper program was increased to $10.0 billion. Our commercial paper program allows us to issue and sell unsecured short-term promissory notes (Commercial Paper Notes) pursuant to a private placement exemption from the registration requirements under federal and state securities laws pursuant to dealer agreements with various banks and an Issuing and Paying Agency Agreement with Deutsche Bank Trust Company Americas.
There were $1.5 billion and $2.3 billion of outstanding Commercial Paper Notes as of May 31, 2026 and 2025, respectively. We used the net proceeds from the issuance of commercial paper for general corporate purposes.
RESTRUCTURING AND OTHER EXPENSES
Restructuring and other expenses line item on our consolidated statement of operations consist of restructuring expenses for employee severance costs, contract termination costs and certain other exit costs to improve our cost structure prospectively. The restructuring expenses resulted from the execution of management-approved restructuring plans that were developed for certain strategic initiatives and/or to improve operational efficiencies, as further described below; and other operating expenses, net.
| (in millions) | Year Ended May 31, 2026 | Year Ended May 31, 2025 | Year Ended May 31, 2024 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Restructuring | $1,779 | $299 | $404 |
| Other, net | 59 | 75 | 314 |
| Total restructuring and other expenses | $1,838 | $374 |
Fiscal 2026 Oracle Restructuring Plan
During fiscal 2026, our management approved, committed to, initiated and further supplemented plans to restructure to implement certain strategic measures and further improve operational efficiencies, including through the adoption and integration of AI technologies across certain functions and other operational activities (2026 Restructuring Plan). The total estimated restructuring costs associated with the 2026 Restructuring Plan are up to $2.1 billion and will be recorded to the restructuring and other expense line item within our consolidated statements of operations through the end of the plan. We recorded $1.8 billion of restructuring expenses in connection with the 2026 Restructuring Plan in fiscal 2026. Any changes to the estimates of executing the 2026 Restructuring Plan will be reflected in our future results of operations.
During fiscal 2024, our management approved, committed to and initiated plans to restructure and further improve efficiencies in our operations due to our acquisitions and certain other operational activities (2024 Restructuring Plan). In fiscal 2025, our management supplemented the 2024 Restructuring Plan to reflect additional actions that we expected to take. Restructuring costs associated with the 2024 Restructuring Plan were recorded to the restructuring and other expense line item within our consolidated statements of operations. We recorded $314 million and $432 million of restructuring expenses in connection with the 2024 Restructuring Plan in fiscal 2025 and 2024, respectively. Actions pursuant to the 2024 Restructuring Plan were substantially complete as of May 31, 2025.
| (in millions)Fiscal 2026 Oracle Restructuring Plan(1) | AccruedMay 31,2025(2) | Year Ended May 31, 2026Initial Costs(3) | Year Ended May 31, 2026Adj. to Cost(4) | Year Ended May 31, 2026Cash Payments | Year Ended May 31, 2026 |
|---|
| (in millions)Fiscal 2024 Oracle Restructuring Plan(1) | AccruedMay 31,2024 | Year Ended May 31, 2025Initial Costs(3) | Year Ended May 31, 2025Adj. to Cost(4) | Year Ended May 31, 2025Cash Payments | Year Ended May 31, 2025 |
|---|
| (in millions)Fiscal 2024 Oracle Restructuring Plan(1) | AccruedMay 31,2023 | Year Ended May 31, 2024Initial Costs(3) | Year Ended May 31, 2024Adj. to Cost(4) | Year Ended May 31, 2024Cash Payments | Year Ended May 31, 2024 |
|---|
(1)
Restructuring costs recorded to each of the operating segments presented primarily related to employee severance costs. Other restructuring costs represented employee severance costs not related to our operating segments and certain other restructuring plan costs.
(2)
As of May 31, 2026, $581 million and $72 million were recorded in other current liabilities and other non-current liabilities, respectively, within our consolidated balance sheets. As of May 31, 2025, substantially all restructuring liabilities have been recorded in other current liabilities within our consolidated balance sheets.
(3)
Costs recorded for the respective restructuring plans during the period presented.
(4)
All plan adjustments were changes in estimates whereby increases and decreases in costs were generally recorded to operating expenses in the period of adjustments.
(5)
Represents foreign currency translation and certain other non-cash adjustments.
(6)
Other restructuring plans presented in the tables above included condensed information for other Oracle based plans and other plans associated with certain of our acquisitions whereby we continued to make cash outlays to settle obligations under these plans during the periods presented but for which the periodic impact to our consolidated statements of operations was not significant.
DEFERRED REVENUES
Deferred revenues consisted of the following:
| (in millions) | May 31, 2026 | May 31, 2025 |
|---|---|---|
| Cloud | $3,228 | $2,959 |
| Software | 5,662 | 5,350 |
| Hardware | 521 | 614 |
| Services | 505 | 464 |
Deferred cloud revenues, deferred software revenues and deferred hardware revenues substantially represent customer payments made in advance for cloud or support contracts that are billed in advance with corresponding revenues generally being recognized ratably or based upon customer usage over the respective contractual periods. Deferred services revenues include prepayments for our services business and revenues for these services are generally recognized as the services are performed.
LEASES, OTHER COMMITMENTS AND CERTAIN CONTINGENCIES
We have operating and finance leases that primarily relate to our data centers and real estate facilities. As of May 31, 2026, our leases substantially have remaining terms of one year to seventeen years, some of which include options to extend and/or terminate the leases.
The components of lease expense were as follows:
| (in millions) | Year Ended May 31, 2026 | Year Ended May 31, 2025 | Year Ended May 31, 2024 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Operating lease cost | $2,794 | $1,716 | $1,159 |
| Finance lease cost: | |||
| Amortization of ROU assets | $351 |
Supplemental balance sheet information related to leases was as follows:
| (Dollars in millions) | As of May 31, 2026 | As of May 31, 2025 |
|---|---|---|
| Operating leases: | ||
| Operating lease ROU assets | $29,690 | $13,145 |
| Operating lease liabilities: | ||
| Operating lease liabilities, current |
Supplemental cash flow information related to leases was as follows:
| (in millions) | Year Ended May 31, 2026 | Year Ended May 31, 2025 | Year Ended May 31, 2024 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities: | |||
| Operating leases | $2,548 | $1,685 | $1,168 |
| Finance leases | $452 |
Maturities of lease liabilities were as follows as of May 31, 2026 (in millions):
| Line item | Operating Leases | Finance Leases |
|---|---|---|
| Fiscal 2027 | $3,712 | $656 |
| Fiscal 2028 | 3,603 | 676 |
| Fiscal 2029 | 3,550 | 697 |
| Fiscal 2030 | 3,550 | 718 |
As of May 31, 2026, we had $260 billion of additional lease commitments, substantially all related to data center arrangements, that are generally expected to commence between the first quarter of fiscal 2027 and fiscal 2029 and for terms of fifteen to nineteen years that were not reflected on our consolidated balance sheet as of May 31, 2026 or in the maturities table above. These additional lease commitments include a lease for which we have guaranteed up to $3.3 billion of the lessor’s borrowing, which matures in September 2026.
In the ordinary course of business, we enter into certain unconditional purchase obligations with our suppliers. These are agreements that are enforceable and legally binding and specify terms, including: fixed or minimum quantities to be purchased; fixed, minimum or variable price provisions; and the approximate timing of the payment.
As of May 31, 2026, our unconditional purchase and certain other obligations, which were primarily related to data center power arrangements, were as follows (in millions):
| Fiscal 2027 | $1,841 |
| Fiscal 2028 | 1,034 |
| Fiscal 2029 | 1,053 |
| Fiscal 2030 | 952 |
| Fiscal 2031 | 896 |
| Thereafter | 7,533 |
| Total | $13,309 |
As described in Note 6 above, as of May 31, 2026 we have senior notes and other borrowings that mature at various future dates and derivative financial instruments outstanding that we leverage to manage certain risks and exposures.
Subsequent to May 31, 2026, we entered into an additional $19 billion of unconditional purchase commitments for cloud infrastructure assets that commence in fiscal 2027 and have a term of five years.
Our cloud, software and hardware sales agreements generally include certain provisions for indemnifying customers against liabilities if our products infringe a third party’s intellectual property rights. To date, we have not incurred any material costs as a result of such indemnifications and have not accrued any material liabilities related to such obligations in our consolidated financial statements. Certain of our sales agreements also include provisions indemnifying customers against liabilities in the event we breach confidentiality or service level requirements. It is not possible to determine the maximum potential amount under these indemnification agreements due to our limited and infrequent history of prior indemnification claims and the unique facts and circumstances involved in each particular agreement.
STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY
On February 5, 2026, we issued 100,000,000 depositary shares, representing 50,000 shares of our 6.50% Series D Mandatory Convertible Preferred Stock (Mandatory Convertible Preferred Stock). The Mandatory Convertible Preferred Stock has a $100,000 per share liquidation preference and $0.01 per share par value. The proceeds from the issuance of Mandatory Convertible Preferred Stock will be used for general corporate purposes, which may include capital expenditures, repayment of indebtedness, future investments or acquisitions and payment of cash dividends on or repurchases of our common stock.
Dividends are cumulative at an annual rate of 6.50% on the liquidation preference of $100,000 per share of Mandatory Convertible Preferred Stock and may be paid in cash, shares of our common stock or a combination of cash and shares of our common stock. Dividends that are declared will be payable on January 15, April 15, July 15
and October 15 to holders of record on January 1, April 1, July 1 and October 1 immediately preceding the relevant dividend payment date.
Unless earlier converted, each outstanding share of Mandatory Convertible Preferred Stock will automatically convert on the mandatory conversion date, which is January 15, 2029, into between 499.8126 and 624.7657 shares of our common stock, depending on the applicable market value of our common stock upon conversion and subject to certain anti-dilution adjustments. The applicable market value of our common stock will be determined based on the volume-weighted average price per share of the common stock over the 20 consecutive trading day period beginning on, and including, the 21st scheduled trading day immediately prior to January 15, 2029.
If a fundamental change occurs on or prior to January 15, 2029, then holders of Mandatory Convertible Preferred Stock will be entitled to convert all or any portion of their shares into shares of our common stock. In that case, the Mandatory Convertible Preferred Stock will convert at the fundamental change conversion rate for a specified period of time and holders will receive a make-whole dividend amount to compensate them for any unpaid accumulated dividends and any remaining future scheduled dividend payments.
Other than during a fundamental change conversion period, at any time prior to January 15, 2029, holders of Mandatory Convertible Preferred Stock may elect to convert all or any portion of their shares at a conversion rate of 499.8126 shares of common stock per share of Mandatory Convertible Preferred Stock, subject to certain anti-dilution and other adjustments.
The Mandatory Convertible Preferred Stock will not be redeemable at our election before the mandatory conversion date. The holders of the Mandatory Convertible Preferred Stock will not have any voting rights, with limited exceptions.
On February 2, 2026, we entered into an equity distribution agreement with certain sales agents party thereto, pursuant to which we may sell shares of our common stock having aggregate sales proceeds of up to $20 billion from time to time through an “at-the-market” offering program (the ATM Program).
Subject to the terms and conditions of the agreement, we may sell shares of common stock through the sales agents listed in the agreement in amounts and at times to be determined by us. In addition, we may elect to sell, through the sales agents or through others (whether acting as agent or principal), shares of our common stock for forward settlement. We are not obligated to sell any of the shares of our common stock under the ATM Program. The proceeds from offerings under the ATM Program, if any, will be used for general corporate purposes, which may include capital expenditures, repayment of indebtedness, future investments or acquisitions and payment of cash dividends on or repurchases of our common stock. As of May 31, 2026, we have not sold any shares of our common stock under the ATM Program.
Our Board of Directors (the Board) has approved a program for us to repurchase shares of our common stock. As of May 31, 2026, approximately $6.3 billion remained available for stock repurchases pursuant to our stock repurchase program. We repurchased 0.4 million shares for $93 million, 3.9 million shares for $600 million and 10.6 million shares for $1.2 billion in fiscal 2026, 2025 and 2024, respectively, under the stock repurchase program.
Our stock repurchase authorization does not have an expiration date and the pace of any future repurchase activity will depend on factors such as our working capital needs, our cash requirements for capital expenditures, acquisitions and dividend payments, our debt repayment obligations or repurchases of our debt, our stock price and economic and market conditions. Our stock repurchases may be effected from time to time through open market purchases or pursuant to a Rule 10b5-1 trading plan. Our stock repurchase program may be accelerated, suspended, delayed or discontinued at any time.
During fiscal 2026, the Board declared cash dividends of $1,263.89 per share of our outstanding Mandatory Convertible Preferred Stock which we paid during the same period. During fiscal 2026, 2025 and 2024, the Board declared cash dividends of $2.00, $1.70 and $1.60 per share of our outstanding common stock, respectively, which we paid during the same period.
In June 2026, the Board declared a quarterly cash dividend of $1,625 per share of our outstanding Mandatory Convertible Preferred Stock and $0.50 per share of our outstanding common stock. The Mandatory Convertible Preferred Stock dividend is payable on July 15, 2026 to stockholders of record as of the close of business on July 1, 2026 and the common stock dividend is payable on July 24, 2026 to stockholders of record as of the close of business on July 10, 2026. Future declarations of dividends on Oracle securities and the establishment of future record and payment dates for our common stock are subject to the final determination of the Board.
The following table summarizes, as of each balance sheet date, the components of our AOCL, net of income taxes:
| (in millions) | May 31, 2026 | May 31, 2025 |
|---|---|---|
| Foreign currency translation losses | $(1,566) | $(1,334) |
| Unrealized gains on defined benefit plans, net | 150 | 105 |
| Unrealized gains on cash flow hedges, net | 36 | 54 |
| Total accumulated other comprehensive loss | $(1,380) |
EMPLOYEE BENEFIT PLANS
In fiscal 2021, we adopted the 2020 Equity Incentive Plan, which provides for the issuance of long-term performance awards, including restricted stock-based awards, non-qualified stock options and incentive stock options, as well as stock purchase rights and stock appreciation rights, to our eligible employees, officers and directors who are also employees or consultants, independent consultants and advisers. In fiscal 2022 and 2024, our stockholders, upon the recommendation of the Board, approved the adoption of the Amended and Restated 2020 Equity Incentive Plan (as amended and restated, the 2020 Plan), which increased the number of authorized shares of stock that may be issued under the 2020 Plan by 300 million shares and 350 million shares, respectively. Approximately 348 million shares of common stock were available for future awards under the 2020 Plan as of May 31, 2026. Under the 2020 Plan, for each share granted as a full value award in the form of an RSU, an equivalent of 2.5 shares is deducted from our pool of shares available for grant.
As of May 31, 2026, the 2020 Plan had 77 million unvested restricted stock units (RSUs) outstanding, 3 million PSOs outstanding of which 1 million shares were vested and service-based stock options (SOs) to purchase 17 million shares of common stock outstanding of which 4 million shares were vested. To date, we have not issued any stock purchase rights or stock appreciation rights under the 2020 Plan.
The vesting schedule for all awards granted under the 2020 Plan is established by the Compensation Committee of the Board (the Compensation Committee). RSUs generally require service-based vesting over four years. The SOs were granted with an exercise price not less than the closing share price of our common stock on the grant date, generally become exercisable over four years of service, and generally expire ten years from the date of grant. The PSOs were granted with an exercise price not less than the closing share price of our common stock on the grant date and expire ten years from the date of grant.
The 1993 Directors’ Stock Plan (the Directors’ Plan) provides for the issuance of RSUs and other stock-based awards, including non-qualified SOs, to non-employee directors. The Directors’ Plan has been amended and restated from time to time. Under the terms of the Directors’ Plan, 10 million shares of common stock are reserved for issuance
(including a fiscal 2013 amendment to increase the number of shares of our common stock reserved for issuance by 2 million shares). Currently, we only grant RSUs that vest fully on the one-year anniversary of the date of grant. In fiscal 2016, the Directors’ Plan was amended to permit the Compensation Committee to determine the amount and form of automatic grants of stock awards, if any, to each non-employee director upon first becoming a director and thereafter on an annual basis, as well as automatic grants for chairing certain Board committees, subject to certain stockholder approved limitations set forth in the Directors’ Plan. In fiscal 2020, the Compensation Committee reduced the maximum value of the annual automatic RSU grants to each non-employee director to $350,000 and eliminated all equity grants for chairing Board committees. As of May 31, 2026, approximately 13,000 unvested RSUs were outstanding under the Directors’ Plan. As of May 31, 2026, approximately 1 million shares were available for future stock awards under this plan.
The following table summarizes restricted stock-based award activity granted pursuant to Oracle-based stock plans for our last three fiscal years ended May 31, 2026:
| (in millions, except fair value) | Restricted Stock-Based Awards OutstandingNumber of Shares | Restricted Stock-Based Awards OutstandingWeighted-Average Grant Date Fair Value |
|---|---|---|
| Balance, May 31, 2023 | 152 | $69.09 |
| Granted | 47 | $110.26 |
| Vested and issued |
The total grant date fair values of restricted stock-based awards that were vested and issued in fiscal 2026, 2025 and 2024 were $4.7 billion, $4.0 billion and $3.5 billion, respectively. As of May 31, 2026, total unrecognized stock-based compensation expense related to non-vested restricted stock-based awards was $8.9 billion and is expected to be recognized over the remaining weighted-average vesting period of 2.72 years.
The following table summarizes stock option activity, including SOs and PSOs, and includes awards granted pursuant to the 2020 Plan and stock plans assumed from our acquisitions for our last three fiscal years ended May 31, 2026:
| (in millions, except exercise price) | Options OutstandingShares Under Stock Option | Options OutstandingWeighted-Average Exercise Price |
|---|---|---|
| Balance, May 31, 2023 | 64 | $45.42 |
| Granted and assumed | 2 | $113.91 |
| Exercised | (15) |
Stock options outstanding that have vested and that are expected to vest as of May 31, 2026 were as follows:
| Line item | Outstanding Stock Options(in millions) | Weighted-Average Exercise Price | Weighted-Average Remaining Contract Term(in years) | Aggregate Intrinsic Value(1) (in millions) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Vested | 5 | $49.37 | 1.64 | $789 |
| Expected to vest(2) | 15 | $275.90 | 9.35 | 95 |
(1)
The aggregate intrinsic value was calculated based on the gross difference between our closing stock price on the last trading day of fiscal 2026 of $225.78 and the exercise prices for all “in-the-money” options outstanding, excluding tax effects.
(2)
The unrecognized compensation expense calculated under the fair value method for shares expected to vest as of May 31, 2026 was $1.8 billion and is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 3.30 years. Approximately 1 million shares outstanding as of May 31, 2026 were not expected to vest.
We estimated the fair values of our restricted stock-based awards that are solely subject to service-based vesting requirements based upon their market values as of the grant dates, discounted for the present values of expected dividends.
We estimated the fair values of our SOs and PSOs using the Black-Scholes-Merton option-pricing model, which was developed for use in estimating the fair values of SOs. Option valuation models, including the Black-Scholes-Merton option-pricing model, require the input of assumptions, including stock price volatility. Changes in the input assumptions can affect the fair value estimates and ultimately how much we recognize as stock-based compensation expense. The fair values of our SOs and PSOs were estimated at the grant dates. The weighted-average input assumptions used and resulting fair values of our SOs and PSOs were as follows for fiscal 2026:
| Expected life (in years) | 6.7 |
| Risk-free interest rate | 3.8% |
| Volatility | 51% |
| Dividend yield | 0.7% |
| Weighted-average fair value per share |
The expected life input is based on historical exercise patterns and post-vesting termination behavior, the risk-free interest rate input is based on U.S. Treasury instruments, the annualized dividend yield input is based on the per share dividend declared by the Board and the volatility input is calculated based on the implied volatility of our publicly traded options.
Stock-based compensation expense was included in the following operating expense line items in our consolidated statements of operations:
| (in millions) | Year Ended May 31, 2026 | Year Ended May 31, 2025 | Year Ended May 31, 2024 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cloud and software | $622 | $609 | $525 |
| Hardware | 27 | 29 | 23 |
| Services | 210 | 202 | 167 |
Total cash received as a result of stock option exercises was approximately $1.2 billion, $448 million and $545 million for fiscal 2026, 2025 and 2024, respectively. The total aggregate intrinsic value of restricted stock-based awards that vested and were issued and stock options that were exercised was $17.0 billion, $9.0 billion and $7.4 billion for fiscal 2026, 2025 and 2024. In connection with the vesting and issuance of restricted stock-based awards and stock options that were exercised, the tax benefits realized by us were $4.0 billion, $2.1 billion and $1.7 billion for fiscal 2026, 2025 and 2024, respectively.
We have an Employee Stock Purchase Plan (Purchase Plan) that allows employees to purchase shares of common stock at a price per share that is 95% of the fair market value of Oracle stock as of the end of the semi-annual option period. As of May 31, 2026, 33 million shares were reserved for future issuances under the Purchase Plan. We issued approximately 1 million shares in each of fiscal 2026 and 2025 and 2 million shares in fiscal 2024 under the Purchase Plan.
We offer various defined contribution plans for our U.S. and non-U.S. employees. Total defined contribution plan expense was $478 million, $485 million and $468 million for fiscal 2026, 2025 and 2024, respectively. In the U.S., regular employees can participate in the Oracle Corporation 401(k) Savings and Investment Plan (Oracle 401(k) Plan). Participants can generally contribute up to 40% of their eligible compensation on a per-pay-period basis as defined by the Oracle 401(k) Plan document or by the section 402(g) limit as defined by the U.S. Internal Revenue Service (IRS). We match a portion of employee contributions, currently 50% up to 6% of compensation each pay period, subject to maximum aggregate matching amounts. Our contributions to the Oracle 401(k) Plan, net of forfeitures, were $194 million, $206 million and $200 million in fiscal 2026, 2025 and 2024, respectively.
We also offer non-qualified deferred compensation plans to certain employees whereby they may defer a portion of their annual base and/or variable compensation until retirement or a date specified by the employee in accordance with the plans. Deferred compensation plan assets and liabilities were each approximately $1.4 billion and approximately $1.1 billion as of May 31, 2026 and 2025, respectively, and were presented in other non-current assets and other non-current liabilities in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets.
We sponsor certain defined benefit pension plans that are offered primarily by certain of our foreign subsidiaries. Many of these plans were assumed through our acquisitions or are required by local regulatory requirements. We may deposit funds for these plans with insurance companies, third-party trustees, or into government-managed accounts consistent with local regulatory requirements, as applicable. Our total defined benefit plan pension expenses were $73 million, $69 million and $71 million for fiscal 2026, 2025 and 2024, respectively. The aggregate projected benefit obligation and aggregate net liability (funded status, which is substantially included in other non-current liabilities in our consolidated balance sheets) of our defined benefit plans as of May 31, 2026 were $1.1 billion and $256 million, respectively, and as of May 31, 2025 were $1.1 billion and $350 million, respectively.
INCOME TAXES
Our effective tax rates for each of the periods presented are the result of the mix of income earned and losses incurred in various tax jurisdictions that apply a broad range of income tax rates. Our provision for income taxes varied from the tax computed at the U.S. federal statutory income tax rate for fiscal 2026, 2025 and 2024 primarily due to earnings in foreign operations, state taxes, the U.S. research and development tax credit, settlements with tax authorities, the tax effects of stock-based compensation, the Foreign Derived Intangible Income deduction and the tax effect of Global Intangible Low-Taxed Income (GILTI).
The following is a geographical breakdown of income before income taxes:
| (in millions) | Year Ended May 31, 2026 | Year Ended May 31, 2025 | Year Ended May 31, 2024 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Domestic | $8,693 | $4,376 | $3,023 |
| Foreign | 10,861 | 9,784 | 8,718 |
| Income before income taxes | $19,554 | $14,160 |
The provision for income taxes consisted of the following:
| (Dollars in millions) | Year Ended May 31, 2026 | Year Ended May 31, 2025 | Year Ended May 31, 2024 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Current provision: | |||
| Federal | $1,072 | $1,172 | $999 |
| State | 307 | 196 |
In fiscal year ended May 31, 2026, we adopted ASU 2023-09 prospectively. The following table reconciles the provision for income taxes to the amount computed by applying the statutory U.S. federal income tax rate to income before income taxes for the year ended May 31, 2026:
| (Dollars in millions) | Amount | Percent |
|---|---|---|
| U.S. federal statutory income tax rate | $4,106 | 21.0% |
| Foreign tax effects | (77) | -0.4% |
| Switzerland | ||
| Statutory tax rate difference between Switzerland and U.S. | (377) |
(1)
Primarily related to the tax effects of enactment of the U.S. One, Big, Beautiful Bill Act.
(2)
Includes the tax effects of changes in valuation allowances, effect of cross-border tax laws and state taxes, net of federal benefit. California, Virginia and Missouri represent the majority of the state taxes net of federal benefit.
The following table reconciles the provision for income taxes to the amount computed by applying the statutory U.S. federal income tax rate to income before income taxes for the year ended May 31, 2025 and 2024:
| (Dollars in millions) | Year Ended May 31, 2025 | Year Ended May 31, 2024 |
|---|---|---|
| U.S. federal statutory income tax rate | 21.0% | 21.0% |
| Tax provision at statutory rate | $2,974 | $2,466 |
| Foreign earnings at other than U.S. rates | (381) | (262) |
| State tax expense, net of federal benefit |
Cash paid for income taxes, net of refunds received, by jurisdiction pursuant to the disclosure requirements of ASU 2023-09 for the year ended May 31, 2026 was as follows (in millions):
| Federal | $2,460 |
| State(1) | 249 |
| Foreign | |
| Korea | (262) |
| Japan | 203 |
| India | 193 |
| Other | 861 |
(1)
No individual state accounted for more than 5%.
The components of our deferred tax assets and liabilities were as follows:
| (in millions) | May 31, 2026 | May 31, 2025 |
|---|---|---|
| Deferred tax assets: | ||
| Accruals and allowances | $1,195 | $790 |
| Employee compensation and benefits | 1,006 | 1,068 |
| Differences in timing of revenue recognition | 970 |
At May 31, 2026, we had an estimated deferred tax liability of approximately $2.0 billion for which U.S. income taxes have not been provided on undistributed earnings and other outside basis differences of investments in foreign subsidiaries.
Our net deferred tax assets were $11.2 billion and $10.2 billion as of May 31, 2026 and 2025, respectively. We believe that it is more likely than not that the net deferred tax assets will be realized in the foreseeable future. Realization of our net deferred tax assets is dependent upon our generation of sufficient taxable income in future years in appropriate tax jurisdictions to obtain benefit from the reversal of temporary differences, net operating loss carryforwards and tax credit carryforwards. The amount of net deferred tax assets considered realizable is subject to adjustment in future periods if estimates of future taxable income change.
The valuation allowance was $2.5 billion and $2.0 billion as of May 31, 2026 and 2025, respectively, primarily related to U.S., state and foreign tax credits and net operating loss carryforwards. Any subsequent reduction of the valuation allowance will be recorded to our provision for income taxes unless the conclusion of an acquisition valuation allowance and the recognition of the associated tax benefits is within the measurement period (as defined above).
At May 31, 2026, we had federal net operating loss carryforwards of approximately $374 million, which are subject to limitation on their utilization. Approximately $140 million of these federal net operating losses expire in various years between fiscal 2027 and fiscal 2038. Approximately $234 million of these federal net operating losses are not currently subject to expiration dates. We had state net operating loss carryforwards of approximately $2.7 billion at May 31, 2026, which are subject to limitations on their utilization. Approximately $2.4 billion of these state net operating losses expire in various years between fiscal 2027 and fiscal 2046. Approximately $275 million of these state net operating losses are not currently subject to expiration dates. We had total foreign net operating loss carryforwards of approximately $2.0 billion at May 31, 2026, which are subject to limitations on their utilization. Approximately $1.9 billion of these foreign net operating losses are not currently subject to expiration dates. The remainder of the foreign net operating losses, approximately $79 million, expire between fiscal 2027 and fiscal 2046. We had foreign capital loss carryforwards of approximately $260 million, which are not currently subject to expiration dates. We had tax credit carryforwards of approximately $1.5 billion at May 31, 2026, which are subject to limitations on their utilization. Approximately $939 million of these tax credit carryforwards are not currently subject to expiration dates. The remainder of the tax credit carryforwards, approximately $518 million, expire in various years between fiscal 2027 and fiscal 2046.
Current income taxes payable are included in other current liabilities in our consolidated balance sheets and totaled $583 million and $2.3 billion as of May 31, 2026 and 2025, respectively.
We classify our unrecognized tax benefits as either current or non-current income taxes payable in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets. The aggregate changes in the balance of our gross unrecognized tax benefits, including acquisitions, were as follows:
| (in millions) | Year Ended May 31, 2026 | Year Ended May 31, 2025 | Year Ended May 31, 2024 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Gross unrecognized tax benefits as of June 1 | $9,438 | $8,785 | $7,715 |
| Increases related to tax positions from prior fiscal years | 192 | 239 | 492 |
| Decreases related to tax positions from prior fiscal years | (70) |
As of May 31, 2026, 2025 and 2024, $4.9 billion, $4.5 billion and $4.2 billion, respectively, of unrecognized tax benefits would affect our effective tax rate if recognized. We recognized interest and penalties related to uncertain tax positions in our provision for income taxes line of our consolidated statements of operations of $594 million, $321 million and $199 million during fiscal 2026, 2025 and 2024, respectively. Interest and penalties accrued as of May 31, 2026 and 2025 were $2.7 billion and $2.1 billion, respectively.
Domestically, U.S. federal and state taxing authorities are currently examining income tax returns of Oracle and various acquired entities for years through fiscal 2024. Many issues are at an advanced stage in the examination process, the most significant of which include issues related to transfer pricing, domestic production activity, one-time transition tax, foreign tax credits and research and development credits. Our U.S. federal income tax returns have been examined for all years prior to fiscal 2013 and, with some exceptions, we are no longer subject to audit for those periods. Our U.S. state income tax returns, with some exceptions, have been examined for all years prior to fiscal 2010, and we are no longer subject to audit for those periods.
Internationally, tax authorities for numerous non-U.S. jurisdictions are also examining or have examined returns of Oracle and various acquired entities for years through fiscal 2024. Many of the relevant tax years are at an advanced stage in examination or subsequent controversy resolution processes, the most significant of which include issues
related to transfer pricing and withholding tax. With some exceptions, we are generally no longer subject to tax examinations in non-U.S. jurisdictions for years prior to fiscal 2001.
We are under audit by the IRS and various other domestic and foreign tax authorities with regards to income tax and indirect tax matters and are involved in various challenges and litigation in a number of countries, including, in particular, Australia, Brazil, Canada, Egypt, India, Indonesia, Ireland, Israel, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, South Korea and Spain, where the amounts under controversy are significant. In some, although not all, cases, we have reserved for potential adjustments to our provision for income taxes and accrual of indirect taxes that may result from examinations by, or any negotiated agreements with, these tax authorities or final outcomes in judicial proceedings and we believe that the final outcome of these examinations, agreements or judicial proceedings will not have a material effect on our results of operations. If events occur which indicate payment of these amounts is unnecessary, the reversal of the liabilities would result in the recognition of benefits in the period we determine the liabilities are no longer necessary. If our estimates of the federal, state and foreign income tax liabilities and indirect tax liabilities are less than the ultimate assessment, it could result in a further charge to expense.
We believe that we have adequately provided under GAAP for outcomes related to our tax audits. However, there can be no assurances as to the possible outcomes or any related financial statement effect thereof.
Pursuant to the U.S. One, Big, Beautiful Bill Act that was signed into law on July 4, 2025, we recorded a net tax expense of $933 million during fiscal 2026, primarily related to the remeasurement of a deferred tax liability previously recorded during fiscal 2021 as part of the partial realignment of our legal entity structure.
SEGMENT INFORMATION
ASC 280, Segment Reporting, establishes standards for reporting information about operating segments. Operating segments are defined as components of an enterprise about which separate financial information is available that is evaluated regularly by the chief operating decision maker, or decision-making group, in deciding how to allocate resources and in assessing performance. Our chief operating decision makers (CODMs) are our Chief Executive Officers and Chief Technology Officer. We are organized by line of business and geographically. While our CODMs evaluate results in a number of different ways, the line of business management structure is the primary basis for which the allocation of resources and financial results are assessed.
We have three businesses—cloud and software (formerly referred to as cloud and license), hardware and services—each of which is comprised of a single operating segment. The tabular information below presents financial information, including information on segment revenues, significant segment expenses categories and amounts on a segment basis and included within each reported measure of a segment’s profit or loss, that is regularly provided to our CODMs for their review and assists our CODMs with evaluating the company’s performance and allocating company resources.
Our cloud and software business engages in the sale, marketing and delivery of our enterprise applications and infrastructure technologies through cloud and on-premise deployment models, including our cloud offerings and our software offerings. Cloud revenues are generated from applications and infrastructure offerings that are typically contracted with customers directly, delivered to customers over time with our revenue recognition occurring over the contractual terms and renewed by customers upon completion of the contractual terms. Our cloud contracts provide customers with access to the latest technological updates as they become available and for which the customer contracted together with related technical support services over the contractual term. Software revenues represent:
(1)
fees earned from granting customers software licenses, generally on a perpetual basis, to use our database and middleware and our applications software products within cloud and on-premise information technology (IT) environments. We generally recognize revenues at the point in time the software is made available to the customer to download and use, which typically is immediate upon signature of the license contract; and
(2)
software support revenues, which are typically contracted with customers directly, billed to customers in advance, delivered to customers over time with our revenue recognition occurring over the contractual terms and renewed by customers upon completion of the contractual terms.
Software support contracts provide customers with technical support services and unspecified license upgrades and enhancements during the term of the support period. In each fiscal year, our cloud and software business’ contractual activities, excluding the impact of timing of booking of large contracts, are typically highest in our fourth fiscal quarter, and the related cash flows are typically highest in the following quarter (i.e., in the first fiscal quarter of the next fiscal year) as we receive payments from these contracts. Costs associated with our cloud and software business are largely infrastructure- and personnel-related, including the cost of providing our cloud and software offerings, salaries and commissions earned by our sales force for the sale of our cloud and software offerings and marketing program costs.
Our hardware business provides infrastructure technologies including Oracle Engineered Systems, servers, storage, industry-specific hardware, operating systems, virtualization, management and other hardware-related software to support diverse IT environments. Our hardware business also offers hardware support, which provides customers with software updates for the software components that are essential to the functionality of their hardware products and can also include product repairs, maintenance services and technical support services that are typically delivered and recognized ratably over the contractual term. Costs associated with our hardware business include the cost of hardware products, which consists of expenses for materials and labor used to produce these products by our internal manufacturing operations or by third-party manufacturers; the cost of materials used to repair customer products with eligible support contracts; the cost of labor and infrastructure to provide support services; and sales and marketing expenses, which are largely personnel-related and include variable compensation earned by our sales force for the sales of our hardware offerings.
Our services business provides services to customers and partners to help maximize the performance of their investments in Oracle applications and infrastructure technologies and include our consulting services and customer success services offerings. Costs associated with our services business consist primarily of personnel-related expenses, technology infrastructure expenditures, facilities expenses and external contractor expenses.
We do not track our assets for each business. Consequently, it is not practical to show assets by operating segment.
The following table presents summary results for each of our three businesses for each of fiscal 2026, 2025 and 2024:
| (in millions) | Year Ended May 31, 2026 | Year Ended May 31, 2025 | Year Ended May 31, 2024 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cloud and software: | |||
| Revenues | $58,530 | $49,230 | $44,464 |
| Cloud and software expenses | 16,850 |
(1)
The margins reported reflect only the direct controllable costs of each line of business and do not include allocations of research and development, general and administrative and certain other allocable expenses, net. Additionally, the margins reported above do not reflect amortization of intangible assets, restructuring and other expenses, stock-based compensation, interest expense or certain other non-operating income (expenses),
net. Refer to the table below for a reconciliation of our total margin for operating segments to our income before income taxes as reported per our consolidated statements of operations.
The following table reconciles total margin for operating segments to income before income taxes:
| (in millions) | Year Ended May 31, 2026 | Year Ended May 31, 2025 | Year Ended May 31, 2024 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Total margin for operating segments | $38,018 | $33,841 | $31,345 |
| Research and development | (10,272) | (9,860) | (8,915) |
| General and administrative | (1,618) | (1,602) |
We have considered information that is regularly reviewed by our CODMs in evaluating financial performance and disclosures presented outside of our financial statements in our earnings releases and used in investor presentations to disaggregate revenues to depict how the nature, amount, timing and uncertainty of revenues and cash flows are affected by economic factors. The principal category we use to disaggregate revenues is the nature of our products and services as presented in our consolidated statements of operations.
The following table presents a summary of our total revenues by geographic region, which are generally based on the location of our customers:
| (in millions) | Year Ended May 31, 2026 | Year Ended May 31, 2025 | Year Ended May 31, 2024 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Americas | $44,478 | $36,339 | $33,122 |
| EMEA(1) | 15,297 | 14,025 | 13,030 |
| Asia Pacific | 7,582 | 7,035 |
(1)
Comprises Europe, the Middle East and Africa
The following table presents our software revenues by offerings:
| (in millions) | Year Ended May 31, 2026 | Year Ended May 31, 2025 | Year Ended May 31, 2024 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Software license | $4,737 | $5,201 | $5,081 |
| Software support | 19,804 | 19,523 | 19,609 |
| Total software revenues | $24,541 | $24,724 |
The following table presents our cloud revenues by offerings:
| (in millions) | Year Ended May 31, 2026 | Year Ended May 31, 2025 | Year Ended May 31, 2024 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cloud applications | $15,888 | $14,272 | $12,934 |
| Cloud infrastructure | 18,101 | 10,234 | 6,840 |
| Total cloud revenues | $33,989 | $24,506 |
Disclosed in the table below is geographic information for each country that comprised greater than three percent of our total revenues for any of fiscal 2026, 2025 or 2024:
| (in millions) | As of and for the Year Ended May 31, 2026Revenues | As of and for the Year Ended May 31, 2026Long-Lived Assets(1) | As of and for the Year Ended May 31, 2025Revenues | As of and for the Year Ended May 31, 2025Long-Lived Assets(1) | As of and for the Year Ended May 31, 2024Revenues |
|---|
(1)
Long-lived assets exclude goodwill, intangible assets, non-marketable investments and deferred taxes, which are not allocated to specific geographic locations as it is impracticable to do so.
EARNINGS PER SHARE
Basic earnings per share is computed by dividing net income available to common shareholders for the period by the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding during the period. Diluted earnings per share is computed by dividing net income available to common shareholders for the period by the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding during the period, plus the dilutive effect of outstanding restricted stock-based awards, stock options and shares issuable under the Purchase Plan as applicable pursuant to the treasury stock method and the dilutive effect of Mandatory Convertible Preferred Stock pursuant to the if-converted method. The following table sets forth the computation of basic and diluted earnings per share attributable to common shareholders:
| (in millions, except per share data) | Year Ended May 31, 2026 | Year Ended May 31, 2025 | Year Ended May 31, 2024 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Net income | $17,087 | $12,443 | $10,467 |
| Preferred stock dividends | 103 | — | — |
| Net income available to common shareholders | $16,984 | $12,443 |
(1)
Consists of: (1) anti-dilutive restricted stock-based awards and stock options, both of which were service-based, as calculated using the treasury stock method, (2) anti-dilutive Mandatory Convertible Preferred Stock as calculated using the if-converted method and (3) contingently issuable shares pursuant to PSO arrangements as the performance conditions were not met. These excluded stock awards and shares could be dilutive in the future. See Note 11 for information regarding our stock-based compensation plans.
LEGAL PROCEEDINGS
On August 14, 2020, The Privacy Collective (TPC), a foundation having its registered office in Amsterdam, filed a purported class action lawsuit against Oracle Nederland B.V, Oracle Corporation and Oracle America, Inc. (the Oracle Defendants), Salesforce.com, Inc. and SFDC Netherlands B.V. in the District Court of Amsterdam. TPC alleges that the Oracle Defendants’ Data Management Platform product violates certain articles of the European Union Charter of Fundamental Rights, the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) and the Dutch Telecommunications Act (Telecommunicatiewet). TPC claims damages under a number of categories, including: “immaterial damages” (at a
fixed amount of €500 per Dutch internet user); “material damages” (in that the costs of loss of control over personal data should be equated to the market value of the personal data for parties like the Oracle Defendants); compensation for losses suffered due to an alleged data breach (at a fixed amount of €100 per Dutch internet user); and compensation for the costs of the litigation funder (10% to 25% of the compensation awarded); and the (actual) cost of the proceedings and extrajudicial costs.
We filed our defense on March 3, 2021, and on December 29, 2021, the District Court issued a judgment, holding that all of TPC’s claims were deemed inadmissible because of fundamental procedural flaws. TPC filed an appeal with the Court of Appeal in Amsterdam challenging the District Court’s judgment, except for the claims regarding the alleged data breach, which were dropped. On June 18, 2024, the Court of Appeal overturned the District Court’s decision regarding admissibility, thus permitting the case to proceed. We requested that the Court of Appeal permit an interim appeal to the Dutch Supreme Court and/or the European Court of Justice. On September 24, 2024, the Court of Appeal issued a judgment confirming that TPC’s claims are admissible and referred the matter back to the District Court of Amsterdam for a decision on the merits of TPC’s claims, including TPC’s claims for damages under article 82 of the GDPR. The Court of Appeal also granted Oracle’s request for an interim appeal to the Supreme Court, appealing the June 18 and September 24, 2024 judgments.
Oracle filed its statement of appeal with the Dutch Supreme Court on December 20, 2024, and TPC appeared in the proceedings on January 31, 2025. The filing of the Supreme Court appeal effectively suspended proceedings before the District Court pursuant to applicable procedural rules. TPC filed its statement of defense in response to our Supreme Court appeal and a counter appeal on February 27, 2025. Oracle filed its statement of defense to the counter appeal on March 28, 2025. TPC and Oracle filed their written submissions setting out their detailed arguments on July 18, 2025. The parties filed their respective further written replies and rejoinders on August 28, 2025. A hearing on this matter was held on September 26, 2025. As scheduled, on January 30, 2026, the Advocate General handed down a non-binding opinion advising the Supreme Court to dismiss Oracle’s grounds of appeal and to uphold TPC’s appeal in part. On March 6, 2026, we filed a response to the opinion. The Supreme Court’s judgment is scheduled to be issued on June 28, 2026.
On September 24, 2025, TPC filed a motion in the District Court to lift the suspension of proceedings. On September 25, 2025, Oracle opposed that motion. The court has not yet ruled on that motion.
We believe that we have meritorious defenses against this action, including defenses to the quantum of damages claimed, and we will continue to vigorously defend it.
While the final outcome of this matter cannot be predicted with certainty, we do not believe that it will have a material impact on our financial position or results of operations.
On February 3, 2026, a putative class action, brought by an alleged stockholder of Oracle, was filed in the U.S. District Court for the District of Delaware against us, our Chief Technology Officer, our two Chief Executive Officers, two other Oracle executives, and one member of the Board. The plaintiff alleges that defendants made or are responsible for false and misleading statements regarding Oracle’s cloud infrastructure business. The plaintiff seeks a ruling that this case may proceed as a class action and seeks damages and attorneys’ fees and costs. The court entered a scheduling order, under which plaintiff is scheduled to file an amended complaint by July 14, 2026, and defendants must respond to the complaint by September 16, 2026. If defendants move to dismiss the amended complaint, that motion will be fully briefed by December 18, 2026.
We believe that we have meritorious defenses against this action, and we will continue to vigorously defend it.
While the final outcome of this matter cannot be predicted with certainty, we do not believe that it will have a material impact on our financial position or results of operations.
We are party to various other legal proceedings and claims, either asserted or unasserted, which arise in the ordinary course of business, including proceedings and claims that relate to acquisitions we have completed or to companies
we have acquired or are attempting to acquire. While the outcome of these matters cannot be predicted with certainty, we do not believe that the outcome of any of these matters, individually or in the aggregate, will result in losses that are materially in excess of amounts already recognized, if any.
None.
ORACLE CORPORATION
INDEX OF EXHIBITS
The following exhibits are filed or furnished herewith or are incorporated by reference to exhibits previously filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission.
| Exhibit No. | Exhibit Description |
|---|
| 24,690 |
| Hardware | 3,084 | 2,936 | 3,066 |
| Services | 5,743 | 5,233 | 5,431 |
| Total revenues | 67,357 | 57,399 | 52,961 |
| Operating expenses: |
| Cloud and software(1) | 17,597 | 11,569 | 9,427 |
| Hardware(1) | 868 | 782 | 891 |
| Services(1) | 4,556 | 4,576 | 4,825 |
| Sales and marketing(1) | 8,331 | 8,651 | 8,274 |
| Research and development | 10,272 | 9,860 | 8,915 |
| General and administrative | 1,618 | 1,602 | 1,548 |
| Amortization of intangible assets | 1,671 | 2,307 | 3,010 |
| Restructuring and other | 1,838 | 374 | 718 |
| Total operating expenses | 46,751 | 39,721 | 37,608 |
| Operating income | 20,606 | 17,678 | 15,353 |
| Interest expense | (4,599) | (3,578) | (3,514) |
| Non-operating income (expenses), net | 3,547 | 60 | (98) |
| Income before income taxes | 19,554 | 14,160 | 11,741 |
| Provision for income taxes | 2,467 | 1,717 | 1,274 |
| Net income | $17,087 | $12,443 | $10,467 |
| Preferred stock dividends | 103 | — | — |
| Net income available to common shareholders | $16,984 | $12,443 | $10,467 |
| Earnings per share attributable to common shareholders: |
| Basic | $5.94 | $4.46 | $3.82 |
| Diluted | $5.83 | $4.34 | $3.71 |
| Weighted average common shares outstanding: |
| Basic | 2,860 | 2,789 | 2,744 |
| Diluted | 2,914 | 2,866 | 2,823 |
| 369 |
| (17) |
| Net unrealized gains on defined benefit plans | 45 | 13 | 31 |
| Net unrealized (losses) gains on cash flow hedges | (18) | (125) | 77 |
| Other, net | — | — | (1) |
| Total other comprehensive (loss) income, net | (205) | 257 | 90 |
| Comprehensive income | $16,882 | $12,700 | $10,557 |
| Balances as of May 31, 2023 | — | 2,713 | $30,215 | $(27,620) | $(1,522) | $483 | $1,556 |
| Common stock issued under stock-based compensation plans | — | 68 | 545 | — | — | — | 545 |
| Common stock issued under stock purchase plans | — | 2 | 197 | — | — | — | 197 |
| Stock-based compensation | — | — | 3,974 | — | — | — | 3,974 |
| Repurchases of common stock | — | (11) | (117) | (1,083) | — | — | (1,200) |
| Shares repurchased for tax withholdings upon vesting of restricted stock-based awards | — | (17) | (2,040) | — | — | — | (2,040) |
| Cash dividends declared ($1.60 per share) | — | — | — | (4,391) | — | — | (4,391) |
| Other, net | — | — | (10) | (1) | 90 | (134) | (55) |
| Net income | — | — | — | 10,467 | — | 186 | 10,653 |
| Balances as of May 31, 2024 | — | 2,755 | 32,764 | (22,628) | (1,432) | 535 | 9,239 |
| Common stock issued under stock-based compensation plans | — | 62 | 447 | — | — | — | 447 |
| Common stock issued under stock purchase plans | — | 1 | 206 | — | — | — | 206 |
| Stock-based compensation | — | — | 4,674 | — | — | — | 4,674 |
| Repurchases of common stock | — | (4) | (47) | (553) | — | — | (600) |
| Shares repurchased for tax withholdings upon vesting of restricted stock-based awards | — | (7) | (900) | — | — | — | (900) |
| Cash dividends declared ($1.70 per share) | — | — | — | (4,743) | — | — | (4,743) |
| Other, net | — | — | (37) | — | 257 | (201) | 19 |
| Net income | — | — | — | 12,443 | — | 184 | 12,627 |
| Balances as of May 31, 2025 | — | 2,807 | 37,107 | (15,481) | (1,175) | 518 | 20,969 |
| Mandatory convertible preferred stock issued | — (1) | — | 4,954 | — | — | — | 4,954 |
| Common stock issued under stock-based compensation plans | — | 72 | 1,241 | — | — | — | 1,241 |
| Common stock issued under stock purchase plans | — | 1 | 208 | — | — | — | 208 |
| Stock-based compensation | — | — | 4,811 | — | — | — | 4,811 |
| Repurchases of common stock | — | — | (6) | (87) | — | — | (93) |
| Shares repurchased for tax withholdings upon vesting of restricted stock-based awards | — | — | (111) | — | — | — | (111) |
| Preferred stock dividends ($1,263.89 per share) | — | — | — | (103) | — | — | (103) |
| Common stock dividends ($2.00 per share) | — | — | — | (5,725) | — | — | (5,725) |
| Other, net | — | — | (7) | — | (205) | (192) | (404) |
| Net income | — | — | — | 17,087 | — | 222 | 17,309 |
| Balances as of May 31, 2026 | — (1) | 2,880 | $48,197 | $(4,309) | $(1,380) | $548 | $43,056 |
| Depreciation | 7,623 | 3,867 | 3,129 |
| Amortization of intangible assets | 1,671 | 2,307 | 3,010 |
| Deferred income taxes | (917) | (1,637) | (2,139) |
| Stock-based compensation | 4,811 | 4,674 | 3,974 |
| Gains from investments and other, net | (2,433) | 667 | 720 |
| Changes in operating assets and liabilities: |
| Increase in trade receivables, net | (2,190) | (653) | (965) |
| Decrease in prepaid expenses and other assets | 2,179 | 266 | 542 |
| Decrease in accounts payable and other liabilities | (240) | (608) | (594) |
| Decrease in income taxes payable | (256) | (659) | (127) |
| Increase in deferred revenues from customer prepayments with significant financing component | 4,592 | — | — |
| Increase in other deferred revenues | 50 | 154 | 656 |
| Net cash provided by operating activities | 31,977 | 20,821 | 18,673 |
| Cash flows from investing activities: |
| Purchases of marketable securities and other investments and acquisitions | (2,039) | (1,272) | (1,066) |
| Proceeds from sales and maturities of marketable securities and other investments | 5,848 | 776 | 572 |
| Capital expenditures | (55,663) | (21,215) | (6,866) |
| Net cash used for investing activities | (51,854) | (21,711) | (7,360) |
| Cash flows from financing activities: |
| Proceeds from issuances of common stock | 1,449 | 653 | 742 |
| Payments for repurchases of common stock | (95) | (600) | (1,202) |
| Shares repurchased for tax withholdings upon vesting of restricted stock-based awards | (111) | (900) | (2,040) |
| Proceeds from issuances of mandatory convertible preferred stock, net of issuance costs | 4,954 | — | — |
| Payments of dividends to stockholders | (5,787) | (4,743) | (4,391) |
| (Repayments of) proceeds from issuances of commercial paper, net | (2,285) | 1,889 | (167) |
| Proceeds from short-term financing related to capital expenditures, net | 3,345 | 1,422 | — |
| Proceeds from issuances of senior notes, term loan credit agreements and other borrowings, net of issuance costs | 46,093 | 19,548 | — |
| Repayments of senior notes, term loan credit agreements and other borrowings | (6,942) | (15,841) | (3,500) |
| Other financing activities, net | (337) | (330) | 4 |
| Net cash provided by (used for) financing activities | 40,284 | 1,098 | (10,554) |
| Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents | 96 | 124 | (70) |
| Net increase in cash and cash equivalents | 20,503 | 332 | 689 |
| Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period | 10,786 | 10,454 | 9,765 |
| Cash and cash equivalents at end of period | $31,289 | $10,786 | $10,454 |
| Non-cash investing activities: |
| Unpaid capital expenditures | $5,279 | $2,970 | $1,637 |
| Supplemental schedule of cash flow data: |
| Cash paid for income taxes | $3,704 | $4,020 | $3,560 |
| Cash paid for interest | $3,896 | $3,374 | $3,655 |
| (186) |
| Gains (losses) from marketable and non-marketable investments, net | 2,811 | (278) | (303) |
| Other income, net | 309 | 91 | 168 |
| Total non-operating income (expenses), net | $3,547 | $60 | $(98) |
| $2,388 |
| Investments classified as marketable securities | $605 | $417 |
| Assets: | ||||||
| Money market funds | $23,387 | — | $23,387 | $2,220 | — | $2,220 |
| Time deposits and other | 68 | 671 | 739 | 59 | 526 | 585 |
| Derivative financial instruments | — | 36 | 36 | — | 54 | 54 |
| Total assets | $23,455 | $707 | $24,162 | $2,279 | $580 | $2,859 |
| Liabilities: | ||||||
| Derivative financial instruments | — | — | — | — | $26 | $26 |
| 5-15 years |
| 452 |
| 466 |
| Land | — | 1,329 | 1,352 |
| Construction in progress(2) | — | 39,973 | 16,510 |
| Total property, plant and equipment | 1-40 years | 122,651 | 59,554 |
| Accumulated depreciation | (22,694) | (16,032) |
| Total property, plant and equipment, net | $99,957 | $43,522 |
| Accumulated AmortizationRetirements |
|---|
| Accumulated AmortizationMay 31,2026 |
|---|
| Intangible Assets, NetMay 31,2025 |
|---|
| Intangible Assets, NetMay 31,2026 |
|---|
| Cloud and software agreements and related relationships | $9,670 | — | $(1,794) | $7,876 | $(6,471) | $(558) | $1,794 | $(5,235) | $3,199 | $2,641 |
| Developed technology | 4,143 | 287 | (425) | 4,005 | (3,509) | (627) | 425 | (3,711) | 634 | 294 |
| Other | 2,827 | 26 | (173) | 2,680 | (2,073) | (486) | 173 | (2,386) | 754 | 294 |
| Total intangible assets, net | $16,640 | $313 | $(2,392) | $14,561 | $(12,053) | $(1,671) | $2,392 | $(11,332) | $4,587 | $3,229 |
| Balances as of May 31, 2025 |
| 57,049 |
| 2,732 |
| 2,426 |
| 62,207 |
| Goodwill adjustments, net(1) | 65 | — | (11) | 54 |
| Balances as of May 31, 2026 | $57,114 | $2,732 | $2,415 | $62,261 |
| €750, 3.125%, due July 2025(1) | July 2013 | — | N.A | $841 | 3.17% |
| $1,000, 5.80%, due November 2025 | November 2022 | — | N.A | 1,000 | 5.93% |
| $2,750, 1.65%, due March 2026 | March 2021 | — | N.A | 2,750 | 1.67% |
| $3,000, 2.65%, due July 2026 | July 2016 | 3,000 | 2.73% | 3,000 | 2.73% |
| $2,250, 2.80%, due April 2027 | April 2020 | 2,250 | 2.87% | 2,250 | 2.87% |
| $2,750, 3.25%, due November 2027 | November 2017 | 2,750 | 3.29% | 2,750 | 3.29% |
| $2,000, 2.30%, due March 2028 | March 2021 | 2,000 | 2.36% | 2,000 | 2.36% |
| $750, 4.50%, due May 2028 | February 2023 | 750 | 4.60% | 750 | 4.60% |
| $1,500, 4.80%, due August 2028 | February 2025 | 1,500 | 4.94% | 1,500 | 4.94% |
| $3,000, 4.55%, due February 2029(3) | February 2026 | 3,000 | 4.74% | — | N.A |
| $1,500, 4.20%, due September 2029 | September 2024 | 1,500 | 4.27% | 1,500 | 4.27% |
| $1,250, 6.15%, due November 2029 | November 2022 | 1,250 | 6.21% | 1,250 | 6.21% |
| $3,250, 2.95%, due April 2030 | April 2020 | 3,250 | 3.00% | 3,250 | 3.00% |
| $750, 4.65%, due May 2030 | February 2023 | 750 | 4.75% | 750 | 4.75% |
| $500, 3.25%, due May 2030 | May 2015 | 500 | 3.35% | 500 | 3.35% |
| $3,000, 4.45%, due September 2030(3) | September 2025 | 3,000 | 4.55% | — | N.A |
| $3,500, 4.95%, due February 2031(3) | February 2026 | 3,500 | 5.08% | — | N.A |
| $3,250, 2.875%, due March 2031 | March 2021 | 3,250 | 2.92% | 3,250 | 2.92% |
| $1,250, 5.25%, due February 2032 | February 2025 | 1,250 | 5.36% | 1,250 | 5.36% |
| $3,000, 4.80%, due September 2032(3) | September 2025 | 3,000 | 4.87% | — | N.A |
| $2,250, 6.25%, due November 2032 | November 2022 | 2,250 | 6.32% | 2,250 | 6.32% |
| $1,500, 4.90%, due February 2033 | February 2023 | 1,500 | 4.95% | 1,500 | 4.95% |
| $3,000, 5.35%, due May 2033(3) | February 2026 | 3,000 | 5.42% | — | N.A |
| $1,750, 4.30%, due July 2034 | July 2014 | 1,750 | 4.30% | 1,750 | 4.30% |
| $1,750, 4.70%, due September 2034 | September 2024 | 1,750 | 4.77% | 1,750 | 4.77% |
| $1,250, 3.90%, due May 2035 | May 2015 | 1,250 | 4.00% | 1,250 | 4.00% |
| $1,750, 5.50%, due August 2035 | February 2025 | 1,750 | 5.55% | 1,750 | 5.55% |
| $4,000, 5.20%, due September 2035(3) | September 2025 | 4,000 | 5.25% | — | N.A |
| $5,000, 5.70%, due February 2036(3) | February 2026 | 5,000 | 5.78% | — | N.A |
| $1,250, 3.85%, due July 2036 | July 2016 | 1,250 | 3.89% | 1,250 | 3.89% |
| $1,750, 3.80%, due November 2037 | November 2017 | 1,750 | 3.86% | 1,750 | 3.86% |
| $1,250, 6.50%, due April 2038 | April 2008 | 1,250 | 6.51% | 1,250 | 6.51% |
| $1,250, 6.125%, due July 2039 | July 2009 | 1,250 | 6.17% | 1,250 | 6.17% |
| $3,000, 3.60%, due April 2040 | April 2020 | 3,000 | 3.64% | 3,000 | 3.64% |
| $2,250, 5.375%, due July 2040 | July 2010 | 2,250 | 5.45% | 2,250 | 5.45% |
| $2,250, 3.65%, due March 2041 | March 2021 | 2,250 | 3.72% | 2,250 | 3.72% |
| $1,000, 4.50%, due July 2044 | July 2014 | 1,000 | 4.50% | 1,000 | 4.50% |
| $2,000, 4.125%, due May 2045 | May 2015 | 2,000 | 4.20% | 2,000 | 4.20% |
| $2,500, 5.875%, due September 2045(3) | September 2025 | 2,500 | 5.91% | — | N.A |
| $2,250, 6.55%, due February 2046(3) | February 2026 | 2,250 | 6.59% | — | N.A |
| $3,000, 4.00%, due July 2046 | July 2016 | 3,000 | 4.03% | 3,000 | 4.03% |
| $2,250, 4.00%, due November 2047 | November 2017 | 2,250 | 4.05% | 2,250 | 4.05% |
| $4,500, 3.60%, due April 2050 | April 2020 | 4,500 | 3.64% | 4,500 | 3.64% |
| $3,250, 3.95%, due March 2051 | March 2021 | 3,250 | 3.98% | 3,250 | 3.98% |
| $2,500, 6.90%, due November 2052 | November 2022 | 2,500 | 6.94% | 2,500 | 6.94% |
| $2,250, 5.55%, due February 2053 | February 2023 | 2,250 | 5.62% | 2,250 | 5.62% |
| $1,750, 5.375%, due September 2054 | September 2024 | 1,750 | 5.43% | 1,750 | 5.43% |
| $1,250, 4.375%, due May 2055 | May 2015 | 1,250 | 4.44% | 1,250 | 4.44% |
| $1,750, 6.00%, due August 2055 | February 2025 | 1,750 | 6.04% | 1,750 | 6.04% |
| $3,500, 5.95%, due September 2055(3) | September 2025 | 3,500 | 6.05% | — | N.A |
| $5,000, 6.70%, due February 2056(3) | February 2026 | 5,000 | 6.74% | — | N.A |
| $3,500, 3.85%, due April 2060 | April 2020 | 3,500 | 3.89% | 3,500 | 3.89% |
| $1,500, 4.10%, due March 2061 | March 2021 | 1,500 | 4.13% | 1,500 | 4.13% |
| 5.55% |
| 1,250 |
| 5.55% |
| $1,000, 6.125%, due August 2065 | February 2025 | 1,000 | 6.17% | 1,000 | 6.17% |
| $2,000, 6.10%, due September 2065(3) | September 2025 | 2,000 | 6.17% | — | N.A |
| $2,750, 6.85%, due February 2066(3) | February 2026 | 2,750 | 6.89% | — | N.A |
| Floating-rate senior notes: |
| $500, Compounded SOFR plus 0.76%, due August 2028 | February 2025 | 500 | 4.43% | 500 | 5.28% |
| $500, Compounded SOFR plus 1.11%, due February 2029(3) | February 2026 | 500 | 4.78% | — | N.A |
| Term loan credit agreements: |
| $5,630, SOFR plus 1.35%, due August 2027(2) | June 2024 | 5,137 | 5.29% | 5,419 | 6.10% |
| Commercial paper notes | 1,468 | 4.35% | 2,294 | 4.88% |
| Other borrowings due August 2025 | November 2016 | — | N.A | 113 | 3.53% |
| Total senior notes and other borrowings | $130,105 | $92,917 |
| Unamortized discount/issuance costs | (564) | (348) |
| Hedge accounting fair value adjustments(1) | — | (1) |
| Total notes payable and other borrowings | $129,541 | $92,568 |
| Notes payable and other borrowings, current | $7,199 | $7,271 |
| Notes payable and other borrowings, non-current | $122,342 | $85,297 |
| $718 |
| AccruedMay 31,2026(2) |
|---|
| Total CostsAccruedto Date |
|---|
| Total ExpectedProgram Costs |
|---|
| Cloud and software | — | $601 | $58 | $(439) | $(1) | $219 | $659 | $786 |
| Hardware | — | 75 | 3 | (49) | — | 29 | 78 | 83 |
| Services | — | 290 | 17 | (157) | (1) | 149 | 307 | 399 |
| Other | — | 674 | 86 | (591) | 1 | 170 | 760 | 835 |
| Total Fiscal 2026 Oracle Restructuring Plan | — | $1,640 | $164 | $(1,236) | $(1) | $567 | $1,804 | $2,103 |
| Total other restructuring plans(6) | $212 | — | $(25) | $(105) | $4 | $86 | ||
| Total restructuring plans | $212 | $1,640 | $139 | $(1,341) | $3 | $653 |
| AccruedMay 31,2025(2) |
|---|
| Cloud and software | $87 | $115 | $(6) | $(118) | $1 | $79 |
| Hardware | 4 | 17 | — | (11) | — | 10 |
| Services | 12 | 37 | — | (28) | 1 | 22 |
| Other | 49 | 153 | (2) | (142) | 2 | 60 |
| Total Fiscal 2024 Oracle Restructuring Plan | $152 | $322 | $(8) | $(299) | $4 | $171 |
| Total other restructuring plans(6) | $84 | — | $(15) | $(29) | $1 | $41 |
| Total restructuring plans | $236 | $322 | $(23) | $(328) | $5 | $212 |
| AccruedMay 31,2024 |
|---|
| Cloud and software | — | $204 | $(9) | $(108) | — | $87 |
| Hardware | — | 9 | — | (5) | — | 4 |
| Services | — | 46 | (1) | (33) | — | 12 |
| Other | — | 188 | (5) | (134) | — | 49 |
| Total Fiscal 2024 Oracle Restructuring Plan | — | $447 | $(15) | $(280) | — | $152 |
| Total other restructuring plans(6) | $199 | — | $(28) | $(89) | $2 | $84 |
| Total restructuring plans | $199 | $447 | $(43) | $(369) | $2 | $236 |
| Deferred revenues, current | 9,916 | 9,387 |
| Deferred revenues, non-current (in other non-current liabilities) | 5,479 | 1,346 |
| Total deferred revenues | $15,395 | $10,733 |
| $48 |
| — |
| Interest on lease liabilities | 279 | 38 | — |
| Total finance lease cost | $630 | $86 | — |
| $3,542 |
| $1,914 |
| Operating lease liabilities, non-current | 26,648 | 11,536 |
| Total operating lease liabilities | $30,190 | $13,450 |
| Weighted average remaining lease term | 12 years | 10 years |
| Weighted average discount rate | 5.7% | 5.3% |
| Finance leases: |
| Finance lease ROU assets | $7,464 | $2,874 |
| Finance lease liabilities: |
| Finance lease liabilities, current | $620 | $257 |
| Finance lease liabilities, non-current | 7,081 | 2,677 |
| Total finance lease liabilities | $7,701 | $2,934 |
| Weighted average remaining lease term | 14 years | 15 years |
| Weighted average discount rate | 5.7% | 5.5% |
| $27 |
| — |
| ROU assets obtained in exchange for lease obligations: |
| Operating leases | $18,246 | $6,970 | $4,246 |
| Finance leases | $4,946 | $2,921 | — |
| Fiscal 2031 | 3,519 | 740 |
| Thereafter | 23,933 | 7,973 |
| Total lease payments | 41,867 | 11,460 |
| Less: imputed interest | (11,677) | (3,759) |
| Total lease liability | $30,190 | $7,701 |
| $(1,175) |
| (53) |
| $66.97 |
| Canceled | (8) | $77.52 |
| Balance, May 31, 2024 | 138 | $83.43 |
| Granted | 38 | $159.11 |
| Vested and issued | (52) | $78.30 |
| Canceled | (7) | $99.44 |
| Balance, May 31, 2025 | 117 | $108.91 |
| Granted | 23 | $243.23 |
| Vested and issued | (47) | $98.06 |
| Canceled | (12) | $132.82 |
| Balance, May 31, 2026 | 81 | $149.88 |
| $34.84 |
| Balance, May 31, 2024 | 51 | $51.05 |
| Granted | — | — |
| Exercised | (10) | $44.84 |
| Balance, May 31, 2025 | 41 | $52.58 |
| Granted | 15 | 79.53 |
| Exercised | (25) | $50.04 |
| Canceled | (10) | $60.51 |
| Balance, May 31, 2026 | 21 | $217.63 |
| Total | 20 | $223.97 | 7.58 | $884 |
| $142.64 |
| Sales and marketing | 759 | 757 | 667 |
| Research and development | 2,805 | 2,638 | 2,225 |
| General and administrative | 388 | 439 | 367 |
| Total stock-based compensation | $4,811 | $4,674 | $3,974 |
| Estimated income tax benefit included in provision for income taxes | (1,100) | (1,050) | (913) |
| Total stock-based compensation, net of estimated income tax benefit | $3,711 | $3,624 | $3,061 |
| $11,741 |
| 420 |
| Foreign | 2,005 | 1,986 | 1,994 |
| Total current provision | $3,384 | $3,354 | $3,413 |
| Deferred benefit: |
| Federal | $(1,783) | $(2,208) | $(2,020) |
| State | (152) | (202) | (280) |
| Foreign | 1,018 | 773 | 161 |
| Total deferred benefit | $(917) | $(1,637) | $(2,139) |
| Total provision for income taxes | $2,467 | $1,717 | $1,274 |
| Effective income tax rate | 12.6% | 12.1% | 10.9% |
| -1.9% |
| Other | 21 | 0.1% |
| Malta |
| Statutory tax rate difference between Malta and U.S. | 255 | 1.3% |
| Equity allowance | (546) | -2.8% |
| Other | (78) | -0.4% |
| Bermuda |
| Statutory tax rate difference between Bermuda and U.S. | (105) | -0.5% |
| Income exclusion | (263) | -1.4% |
| Other foreign jurisdictions | 1,016 | 5.2% |
| Effect of changes in tax laws or rates enacted in the current period(1) | 933 | 4.8% |
| Tax credits | (1,587) | -8.1% |
| Federal research and development credit | (621) | -3.2% |
| Foreign tax credits | (965) | -4.9% |
| Other | (1) | 0.0% |
| Nontaxable or nondeductible items | (1,970) | -10.1% |
| Stock-based compensation | (2,062) | -10.6% |
| Other | 92 | 0.5% |
| Changes in unrecognized tax benefits | 847 | 4.3% |
| Other adjustments(2) | 215 | 1.1% |
| Effective income tax rate | $2,467 | 12.6% |
| 128 |
| 81 |
| Settlements and releases from judicial decisions and statute expirations, net | (149) | (124) |
| Tax contingency interest accrual, net | 322 | 157 |
| Domestic tax contingency, net | 75 | 131 |
| Federal research and development credit | (411) | (372) |
| Stock-based compensation | (801) | (624) |
| Realization of a one-time tax attribute | — | (235) |
| Other, net | (40) | 56 |
| Total provision for income taxes | $1,717 | $1,274 |
| Total cash paid for income taxes, net of refunds received | $3,704 |
| 894 |
| Lease liabilities | 9,333 | 3,279 |
| Basis of property, plant and equipment and intangible assets | 6,882 | 7,800 |
| Capitalized research and development | 5,784 | 4,153 |
| Tax credit and net operating loss carryforwards | 6,602 | 5,857 |
| Total deferred tax assets | 31,772 | 23,841 |
| Valuation allowance | (2,483) | (1,962) |
| Total deferred tax assets, net | 29,289 | 21,879 |
| Deferred tax liabilities: |
| Acquired intangible assets | (544) | (920) |
| GILTI deferred | (6,852) | (6,949) |
| ROU assets | (9,181) | (3,207) |
| Withholding taxes on foreign earnings | (424) | (364) |
| Other | (1,069) | (191) |
| Total deferred tax liabilities | (18,070) | (11,631) |
| Net deferred tax assets | $11,219 | $10,248 |
| Recorded as: |
| Non-current deferred tax assets | $11,541 | $11,877 |
| Non-current deferred tax liabilities | (322) | (1,629) |
| Net deferred tax assets | $11,219 | $10,248 |
| (98) |
| (128) |
| Increases related to tax positions taken during current fiscal year | 931 | 846 | 889 |
| Settlements with tax authorities | (171) | (161) | (46) |
| Lapses of statutes of limitation | (216) | (162) | (129) |
| Cumulative translation adjustments and other, net | 22 | (11) | (8) |
| Total gross unrecognized tax benefits as of May 31 | $10,126 | $9,438 | $8,785 |
| 10,827 |
| 8,783 |
| Sales and marketing expenses | 7,212 | 7,473 | 7,167 |
| Margin(1) | $34,468 | $30,930 | $28,514 |
| Hardware: |
| Revenues | $3,084 | $2,936 | $3,066 |
| Hardware expenses | 832 | 742 | 855 |
| Sales and marketing expenses | 235 | 276 | 296 |
| Margin(1) | $2,017 | $1,918 | $1,915 |
| Services: |
| Revenues | $5,743 | $5,233 | $5,431 |
| Expenses | 4,210 | 4,240 | 4,515 |
| Margin(1) | $1,533 | $993 | $916 |
| Totals: |
| Revenues | $67,357 | $57,399 | $52,961 |
| Expenses | 29,339 | 23,558 | 21,616 |
| Margin(1) | $38,018 | $33,841 | $31,345 |
| (1,548) |
| Amortization of intangible assets | (1,671) | (2,307) | (3,010) |
| Restructuring and other | (1,838) | (374) | (718) |
| Stock-based compensation for operating segments | (1,618) | (1,597) | (1,382) |
| Expense allocations and other, net | (395) | (423) | (419) |
| Interest expense | (4,599) | (3,578) | (3,514) |
| Non-operating income (expenses), net | 3,547 | 60 | (98) |
| Income before income taxes | $19,554 | $14,160 | $11,741 |
| 6,809 |
| Total revenues | $67,357 | $57,399 | $52,961 |
| $24,690 |
| $19,774 |
| U.S. | $39,835 | $102,717 | $32,075 | $45,439 | $29,055 | $24,798 |
| United Kingdom | 2,816 | 3,903 | 2,594 | 2,530 | 2,423 | 1,164 |
| Germany | 1,993 | 2,432 | 1,817 | 2,013 | 1,794 | 1,192 |
| Japan | 1,870 | 3,183 | 1,759 | 2,320 | 1,662 | 1,144 |
| Other countries | 20,843 | 21,029 | 19,154 | 7,841 | 18,027 | 3,962 |
| Total | $67,357 | $133,264 | $57,399 | $60,143 | $52,961 | $32,260 |
| $10,467 |
| Weighted-average common shares outstanding | 2,860 | 2,789 | 2,744 |
| Dilutive effect of employee stock plans | 54 | 77 | 79 |
| Dilutive weighted-average common shares outstanding | 2,914 | 2,866 | 2,823 |
| Basic earnings per share attributable to common shareholders | $5.94 | $4.46 | $3.82 |
| Diluted earnings per share attributable to common shareholders | $5.83 | $4.34 | $3.71 |
| Stock awards and shares excluded from calculation(1) | 31 | 23 | 27 |
| Incorporated by ReferenceForm |
|---|
| Incorporated by ReferenceFile No. |
|---|
| Incorporated by ReferenceExhibit |
|---|
| Incorporated by ReferenceFiling Date |
|---|
| Incorporated by ReferenceFiled By |
|---|
| 3.01 | Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of Oracle Corporation and Certificate of Amendment of Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of Oracle Corporation | 8-K 12G3 | 000-51788 | 3.1 | 2/6/06 | Oracle Corporation |
| 3.02 | Amended and Restated Bylaws of Oracle Corporation | 8-K | 001-35992 | 3.02 | 11/17/23 | Oracle Corporation |
| 3.03 | Certificate of Designations, filed with the Secretary of State of the State of Delaware and effective February 5, 2026 | 8-K | 001-35992 | 3.1 | 2/5/26 | Oracle Corporation |
| 4.01 | Indenture dated January 13, 2006, among Ozark Holding Inc., Oracle Corporation and Citibank, N.A. | 8-K | 000-14376 | 10.34 | 1/20/06 | Oracle Systems Corporation |
| 4.02 | First Supplemental Indenture dated May 9, 2007 among Oracle Corporation, Citibank, N.A. and The Bank of New York Trust Company, N.A. | S-3 ASR | 333-142796 | 4.3 | 5/10/07 | Oracle Corporation |
| 4.03 | Form of 6.50% Note due 2038, together with Officers’ Certificate issued April 9, 2008 setting forth the terms of the Note | 8-K | 000-51788 | 4.09 | 4/8/08 | Oracle Corporation |
| 4.04 | Form of 6.125% Note due 2039, together with Officers’ Certificate issued July 8, 2009 setting forth the terms of the Note | 8-K | 000-51788 | 4.08 | 7/8/09 | Oracle Corporation |
| 4.05 | Form of 2040 Note, together with Officers’ Certificate issued July 19, 2010 setting forth the terms of the Note | 10-Q | 000-51788 | 4.08 | 9/20/10 | Oracle Corporation |
| Exhibit No. | Exhibit Description | Incorporated by ReferenceForm | Incorporated by ReferenceFile No. | Incorporated by ReferenceExhibit | Incorporated by ReferenceFiling Date | Incorporated by ReferenceFiled By |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 4.06 | Form of New 2040 Note | S-4 | 333-176405 | 4.5 | 8/19/11 | Oracle Corporation |
| 4.07 | Forms of 4.30% Notes due 2034 and 4.50% Notes due 2044, together with Officers’ Certificate issued July 8, 2014 setting forth the terms of the Notes | 8-K | 001-35992 | 4.13 | 7/8/14 | Oracle Corporation |
| 4.08 | Forms of 3.25% Notes due 2030, 3.90% Notes due 2035, 4.125% Notes due 2045 and 4.375% Notes due 2055, together with Officers’ Certificate issued May 5, 2015 setting forth the terms of the Notes | 8-K | 001-35992 | 4.13 | 5/5/15 | Oracle Corporation |
| 4.09 | Forms of 2.65% Notes due 2026, 3.85% Notes due 2036 and 4.00% Notes due 2046, together with Officers’ Certificate issued July 7, 2016 setting forth the terms of the Notes | 8-K | 001-35992 | 4.1 | 7/7/16 | Oracle Corporation |
| 4.10 | Forms of 3.250% Notes due 2027, 3.800% Notes due 2037 and 4.000% Notes due 2047, together with Officers’ Certificate issued November 9, 2017 setting forth the terms of the Notes | 8-K | 001-35992 | 4.1 | 11/9/17 | Oracle Corporation |
| 4.11 | Forms of 2.800% Notes due 2027, 2.950% Notes due 2030, 3.600% Notes due 2040, 3.600% Notes due 2050 and 3.850% Notes due 2060, together with Officers’ Certificate issued April 1, 2020 setting forth the terms of the Notes | 8-K | 001-35992 | 4.1 | 4/1/20 | Oracle Corporation |
| 4.12 | Forms of 2.300% Notes due 2028, 2.875% Notes due 2031, 3.650% Notes due 2041, 3.950% Notes due 2051 and 4.100% Notes due 2061, together with Officers’ Certificate issued March 24, 2021 setting forth the terms of the Notes | 8-K | 001-35992 | 4.1 | 3/24/21 | Oracle Corporation |
| Exhibit No. | Exhibit Description | Incorporated by ReferenceForm | Incorporated by ReferenceFile No. | Incorporated by ReferenceExhibit | Incorporated by ReferenceFiling Date | Incorporated by ReferenceFiled By |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 4.13 | Forms of 6.150% Notes due 2029, 6.250% Notes due 2032 and 6.900% Notes due 2052, together with an Officers’ Certificate issued November 9, 2022 setting forth the terms of the Notes | 8-K | 001-35992 | 4.1 | 11/9/22 | Oracle Corporation |
| 4.14 | Forms of 4.500% Notes due 2028, 4.650% Notes due 2030, 4.900% Notes due 2033 and 5.550% Notes due 2053, together with an Officers’ Certificate issued February 6, 2023 setting forth the terms of the Notes | 8-K | 001-35992 | 4.1 | 2/6/23 | Oracle Corporation |
| 4.15 | Forms of 4.200% Notes due 2029, 4.700% Notes due 2034, 5.375% Notes due 2054 and 5.500% Notes due 2064, together with an Officers' Certificate issued September 27, 2024 setting forth the terms of the Notes | 8-K | 001-35992 | 4.1 | 9/27/24 | Oracle Corporation |
| 4.16 | Forms of Floating Rate Notes due 2028, 4.800% Notes due 2028, 5.250% Notes due 2032, 5.500% Notes due 2035, 6.000% Notes due 2055 and 6.125% Notes due 2065, together with an Officers' Certificate issued February 3, 2025 setting forth the terms of the Notes | 8-K | 001-35992 | 4.1 | 2/3/25 | Oracle Corporation |
| 4.17 | Forms of 4.450% Notes due 2030, 4.800% Notes due 2032, 5.200% Notes due 2035, 5.875% Notes due 2045, 5.950% Notes due 2055 and 6.100% Notes due 2065, together with an Officers’ Certificate issued September 26, 2025 setting forth the terms of the Notes | 8-K | 001-35992 | 4.1 | 9/26/25 | Oracle Corporation |
| 4.18 | Form of Certificate for the 6.50% Series D Mandatory Convertible Preferred Stock | 8-K | 001-35992 | 4.1 | 2/5/26 | Oracle Corporation |
| Exhibit No. | Exhibit Description | Incorporated by ReferenceForm | Incorporated by ReferenceFile No. | Incorporated by ReferenceExhibit | Incorporated by ReferenceFiling Date | Incorporated by ReferenceFiled By |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 4.19 | Deposit Agreement, dated as of February 5, 2026, by and among Oracle Corporation, Equiniti Trust Company, LLC, acting as depositary, and the holders from time to time of the depositary receipts described therein | 8-K | 001-35992 | 4.2 | 2/5/26 | Oracle Corporation |
| 4.20 | Form of Depositary Receipt for the Depositary Shares | 8-K | 001-35992 | 4.3 | 2/5/26 | Oracle Corporation |
| 4.21 | Forms of Floating Rate Notes due 2029, 4.550% Notes due 2029, 4.950% Notes due 2031, 5.350% Notes due 2033, 5.700% Notes due 2036, 6.550% Notes due 2046, 6.700% Notes due 2056 and 6.850% Notes due 2066, together with an Officers’ Certificate issued February 4, 2026 setting forth the terms of the Notes | 8-K | 001-35992 | 4.1 | 2/4/26 | Oracle Corporation |
| 4.22 | Description of Oracle Corporation’s Securities Registered Under Section 12 of the Exchange Act | 10-K | 001-35992 | 4.15 | 6/21/19 | Oracle Corporation |
| 10.01* | Oracle Corporation Deferred Compensation Plan, as amended and restated as of July 1, 2015 | 10-Q | 001-35992 | 10.01 | 9/18/15 | Oracle Corporation |
| 10.02* | Oracle Corporation Employee Stock Purchase Plan (1992), as amended and restated as of May 3, 2022 | 10-K | 001-35992 | 10.02 | 6/21/22 | Oracle Corporation |
| 10.03* | Oracle Corporation Amended and Restated 1993 Directors’ Stock Plan, as amended and restated on April 29, 2016 | 10-K | 001-35992 | 10.03 | 6/22/16 | Oracle Corporation |
| 10.04* | Amended and Restated 2000 Long-Term Equity Incentive Plan, as approved on November 15, 2017 | 8-K | 001-35992 | 10.04 | 11/17/17 | Oracle Corporation |
| Exhibit No. | Exhibit Description | Incorporated by ReferenceForm | Incorporated by ReferenceFile No. | Incorporated by ReferenceExhibit | Incorporated by ReferenceFiling Date | Incorporated by ReferenceFiled By |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 10.05* | Form of Stock Option Agreement under the Amended and Restated 2000 Long-Term Equity Incentive Plan for U.S. Executive Vice Presidents and Section 16 Officers | 10-Q | 001-35992 | 10.05 | 9/18/17 | Oracle Corporation |
| 10.06* | Form of Indemnity Agreement for Directors and Executive Officers | 10-Q | 000-51788 | 10.07 | 12/23/11 | Oracle Corporation |
| 10.07* | Oracle Corporation Amended and Restated Executive Bonus Plan, as amended and restated as of February 12, 2019 | 10-Q | 001-35992 | 10.09 | 3/18/19 | Oracle Corporation |
| 10.08* | Oracle Corporation Stock Unit Award Deferred Compensation Plan, as amended and restated as of July 1, 2015 | 10-Q | 001-35992 | 10.15 | 9/18/15 | Oracle Corporation |
| 10.09* | Form of Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement under the Oracle Corporation Amended and Restated 1993 Directors’ Stock Plan | 10-K | 001-35992 | 10.17 | 6/25/15 | Oracle Corporation |
| 10.10* | Form of Restricted Stock Unit Agreement under the 2020 Equity Incentive Plan for U.S. Employees | 10-Q | 001-35992 | 10.16 | 12/11/20 | Oracle Corporation |
| 10.11* | Oracle Corporation Amended and Restated 2020 Equity Incentive Plan, as approved on November 15, 2023 | 8-K | 001-35992 | 10.18 | 11/17/23 | Oracle Corporation |
| 10.12* | Form of Stock Option Agreement under the Amended and Restated 2020 Equity Incentive Plan for U.S. Employees | 10-Q | 001-35992 | 10.17 | 9/10/25 | Oracle Corporation |
| 10.13* | Form of Performance-Based Stock Option Agreement under the Amended and Restated 2020 Equity Incentive Plan | 10-Q | 001-35992 | 10.16 | 12/11/25 | Oracle Corporation |
| Exhibit No. | Exhibit Description | Incorporated by ReferenceForm | Incorporated by ReferenceFile No. | Incorporated by ReferenceExhibit | Incorporated by ReferenceFiling Date | Incorporated by ReferenceFiled By |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 10.14§ | $10,000,000,000 5-Year Revolving Credit Agreement dated as of March 6, 2026 among Oracle Corporation and the lenders and agents named therein | 10-Q | 001-35992 | 10.17 | 3/11/26 | Oracle Corporation |
| 10.15* | Offer letter and employment agreement with Hilary Maxson, Chief Financial Officer, dated January 25, 2026 | |||||
| 19 | Oracle Corporation Insider Trading Policy | |||||
| 21.01 | Subsidiaries of the Registrant | |||||
| 23.01 | Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm | |||||
| 31.01 | Rule 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a) Certification of Principal Executive Officer | |||||
| 31.02 | Rule 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a) Certification of Principal Executive Officer | |||||
| 31.03 | Rule 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a) Certification of Principal Financial Officer | |||||
| 32.01 | Section 1350 Certification of Principal Executive Officers and Principal Financial Officer | |||||
| 97 | Oracle Corporation Compensation Clawback Policy | 10-K | 001-35992 | 97 | 6/20/24 | Oracle Corporation |
| 99.01 | $5,630,000,000 Term Loan Credit Agreement dated as of June 10, 2024 among Oracle Corporation and the lenders and agents named therein | 10-K | 001-35992 | 99.01 | 6/20/24 | Oracle Corporation |
Incorporated by Reference
Exhibit No. Exhibit Description Form File No. Exhibit Filing Date Filed By
101 Interactive Data Files Pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T, formatted in Inline XBRL: (1) Consolidated Balance Sheets as of May 31, 2026 and 2025, (2) Consolidated Statements of Operations for the years ended May 31, 2026, 2025 and 2024, (3) Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income for the years ended May 31, 2026, 2025 and 2024, (4) Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity for the years ended May 31, 2026, 2025 and 2024, (5) Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the years ended May 31, 2026, 2025 and 2024 and (6) Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
104 The cover page from the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended May 31, 2026, formatted in Inline XBRL and included in Exhibit 101
§ Certain schedules and attachments have been omitted pursuant to Item 601(a)(5) of Regulation S-K. The Company agrees to provide, on a supplemental basis, a copy of any omitted schedules and attachments to the SEC or its staff upon its request.
Filed herewith.
Furnished herewith.