Ribbon Communications Inc. RBBN Form 10-Q filing Q1 FY2026

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| PART I FINANCIAL INFORMATION | | | Financial Statements | |

Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets as of March 31, 2026 and December 31, 2025 (unaudited) 4 Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations for the Three Months Ended March 31, 2026 and 2025 (unaudited) 5 Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Loss for the Three Months Ended March 31, 2026 and 2025 (unaudited) 6 Condensed Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity for the Three Months Ended March 31, 2026 and 2025 (unaudited) 7 Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the Three Months Ended March 31, 2026 and 2025 (unaudited) 8 Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited) 10 Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations 35 Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk 47 Controls and Procedures 47 | PART II OTHER INFORMATION | | Legal Proceedings 48 Risk Factors 48 Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds 48 Other Information 49 Exhibits 50 Signatures 51

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PART I FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Item 1. Financial Statements

RIBBON COMMUNICATIONS INC.

Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets

(in thousands, except share and per share data)

(unaudited)

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See notes to the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

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See notes to the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

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See notes to the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

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RIBBON COMMUNICATIONS INC.

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity

(in thousands, except shares)

(unaudited)

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See notes to the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

RIBBON COMMUNICATIONS INC.

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

(in thousands)

(unaudited)

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See notes to the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

RIBBON COMMUNICATIONS INC.

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (continued)

(in thousands)

(unaudited)

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See notes to the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

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RIBBON COMMUNICATIONS INC.

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

(unaudited)

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(1) BASIS OF PRESENTATION

Business

Ribbon Communications Inc. ("Ribbon" or the "Company") is a leading global provider of communications technology to service providers and enterprises. The Company provides a broad range of software and high-performance hardware products, network solutions, and services that enable the secure delivery of data and voice communications, and high-bandwidth networking and connectivity for residential consumers and for small, medium, and large enterprises and industry verticals such as finance, education, government, utilities, and transportation. Ribbon’s mission is to create a recognized global technology leader that provides network solutions that are scalable, elastic and cloud-centric, enabling the secure exchange of information. The Company is at the intersection of the adoption of Artificial Intelligence (“AI”) by service providers and enterprises addressing the rapid growth in fiber connectivity and integration of voice capabilities into Agentic AI platforms. The Company is headquartered in Plano, Texas, and has a global presence with research and development, or sales and support locations in over 30 countries around the world.

Basis of Presentation

In the opinion of management, the accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements include all adjustments, consisting only of normal recurring items, necessary for their fair presentation with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America ("GAAP") and with the rules and regulations of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC").

Interim results are not necessarily indicative of results for a full year or any future interim period. The information included in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q should be read in conjunction with the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2025 (the "Annual Report"), which was filed with the SEC on February 26, 2026.

Operating Segments

The Company’s chief operating decision maker (the "CODM") is its president and chief executive officer. The CODM assesses the Company’s performance based on the performance of two separate organizations within Ribbon: the Cloud and Edge segment ("Cloud and Edge") and the IP Optical Networks segment ("IP Optical Networks").

Significant Accounting Policies

The Company’s significant accounting policies are disclosed in Note 2 to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in the Annual Report. There were no material changes to the Company’s significant accounting policies during the three months ended March 31, 2026.

Principles of Consolidation

The condensed consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Ribbon and its wholly-owned subsidiaries. Intercompany transactions and balances have been eliminated in consolidation.

Use of Estimates and Judgments

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting periods. Significant estimates and judgments relied upon in preparing these condensed consolidated financial statements include

RIBBON COMMUNICATIONS INC.

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)

(unaudited)

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revenue recognition for arrangements that contain multiple performance obligations, inventory valuations, assumptions used to determine the fair value of stock-based compensation and warrants, intangible asset and goodwill valuations, including impairments, warranty accruals, legal contingencies and recoverability of Ribbon’s net deferred tax assets and the related valuation allowances. Ribbon regularly assesses these estimates and records changes in estimates in the period in which they become known. Ribbon bases its estimates on historical experience and various other assumptions that it believes to be reasonable under the circumstances. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

Transfers of Financial Assets

The Company’s IP Optical Networks segment maintains customer receivables factoring agreements with a number of financial institutions. Under the terms of these agreements, the Company may transfer receivables to the financial institutions, on a non-recourse basis, provided that the financial institutions approve the receivables in advance. The Company maintains credit insurance policies from major insurance providers or obtains letters of credit from the customers for a majority of its factored trade receivables. The Company accounts for the factoring of its financial assets as a sale of the assets and records the factoring fees, when incurred, as a component of interest expense in the condensed consolidated statements of operations, and the proceeds from the sales of receivables are included in cash from operating activities in the condensed consolidated statements of cash flows.

Factoring of accounts receivable and associated fees for the three months ended March 31, 2026 and 2025 were as follows (in thousands):

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Recent Accounting Pronouncements

In December 2025, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (the "FASB") issued ASU 2025-11, Interim Reporting (Topic 270): Narrow-Scope Improvements (“ASU 2025-11”), to improve the navigability of the required interim disclosures, to clarify when that guidance is applicable and to enhance disclosure requirements. The amendments add to Topic 270 a principle that requires entities to disclose events since the end of the last annual reporting period that have a material impact on the entity. ASU 2025-11 will be effective for the Company beginning with its 2028 interim and annual financial statements, with early adoption permitted. The Company believes this ASU will have no material impact on its consolidated financial statements.

In December 2025, the FASB issued ASU 2025-10, Government Grants (Topic 832): Accounting for Government Grants Received by Business Entities (“ASU 2025-10”), to clarify the appropriate accounting, reduce diversity in practice, and increase consistency across business entities. ASU 2025-10 will be effective for us beginning with our 2029 interim and annual financial statements, with early adoption permitted. The Company believes this ASU will have no material impact on its consolidated financial statements.

In November 2025, the FASB issued ASU 2025-09, Derivatives and Hedging (Topic 815): Hedge Accounting Improvements (“ASU 2025-09”), to enhance hedge accounting guidance and better align it with entities’ risk management activities. The amendments expand eligibility for hedge accounting, simplify certain requirements, and address issues related to reference rate reform. Key changes include allowing cash flow hedge accounting for “choose-your-rate” debt instruments, introducing a principles-based “similar risk exposure” criterion for grouping forecasted transactions, permitting component hedging for nonfinancial forecasted transactions, and clarifying the

RIBBON COMMUNICATIONS INC.

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)

(unaudited)

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treatment of certain derivative structures. ASU 2025-09 will be effective for the Company beginning with its 2027 interim and annual financial statements, with early adoption permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of this accounting standard on its consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

In September 2025, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (the "FASB") issued ASU 2025-06, Intangibles- Goodwill and Other- Internal-Use Software (Subtopic 350-40): Targeted Improvements to the Accounting for Internal-Use Software (“ASU 2025-06”). To clarify how the accounting guidance applies to both linear and nonlinear software development, this standard removes all references to “developments stages” from ASC 350-40. ASU 2025-06 will be effective for the Company beginning with its 2028 interim and annual financial statements, with early adoption permitted as of the beginning of an annual reporting period. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of this accounting standard on its consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

In July 2025, the FASB issued ASU 2025-05, Financial Instruments-Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses for Accounts Receivable and Contract Assets (“ASU 2025-05”), which provides a practical expedient related to the estimation of expected credit losses for current accounts receivable and current contract assets that arise from transactions accounted for under ASC 606. In developing reasonable and supportable forecasts as part of estimating expected credit losses, all entities may elect a practical expedient that assumes that current conditions as of the balance sheet date do not change for the remaining life of the asset. ASU 2025-05 will be effective for the Company beginning with its 2026 interim and annual financial statements, with early adoption permitted. The Company believes this ASU will have no material impact on its consolidated financial statements.

In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU 2024-03, Income Statement, Reporting Comprehensive Income: Expense Disaggregation Disclosures (Subtopic 220-40) (“ASU 2024-03”), which requires disaggregation of certain expense captions into specified categories in disclosures within the footnotes to the financial statements. The objective of this standard is to provide investors with information to better understand a public entity’s performance and prospects for future cash flows, and to compare its performance over time with that of other entities. ASU 2024-03 will be effective for the Company beginning with our 2027 annual financial statements and interim financial statements thereafter, with early adoption permitted. The adoption of ASU 2024-03 will require the Company to provide new footnote disclosure about the types of expenses that are included in certain captions on its Statements of Operations, such as Cost of revenue, Research and development, Sales and marketing, and General and administrative.

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(2) EARNINGS (LOSS) PER SHARE

Basic earnings (loss) per share is computed by dividing net income (loss) by the weighted average number of shares outstanding during the period. For periods in which the Company reports net income, diluted net earnings per share is determined by using the weighted average number of common and dilutive common equivalent shares outstanding during the period, unless the effect is antidilutive.

RIBBON COMMUNICATIONS INC.

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)

(unaudited)

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The shares used to compute loss per share were as follows (in thousands):

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Options to purchase the Company’s common stock and unvested restricted and performance-based stock units aggregating 14.7 million and 6.8 million shares were excluded from the computation of diluted loss per share for the three months ended March 31, 2026 and 2025, respectively, because their effect would have been antidilutive.

In connection with a private placement completed in March 2023, the Company issued warrants that remain outstanding following the June 2024 redemption of the related preferred stock. No warrant exercises occurred during the three months ended March 31, 2026. In the three months ended March 31, 2025, holders exercised 0.2 million warrants, and the remaining warrants continue to be outstanding without modification (See Note 11).

The potential number of dilutive shares from the warrants outstanding totaled 4.7 million shares as of March 31, 2026 and 2025, respectively. There was no impact on weighted average shares outstanding from these warrants for the three months ended March 31, 2026 as the average market price of the Company’s common stock was below the exercise price of $3.77 per share and their effect would have been antidilutive. For the three months ended March 31, 2025, 0.5 million warrants would have been included in the calculation of diluted loss per share but had no impact due to the Company’s net loss position.

(3) INVENTORY

Inventory at March 31, 2026 and December 31, 2025 consisted of the following (in thousands):

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RIBBON COMMUNICATIONS INC.

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)

(unaudited)

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(4) INTANGIBLE ASSETS AND GOODWILL

The Company’s intangible assets at March 31, 2026 and December 31, 2025 consisted of the following (in thousands):

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Estimated future amortization expense for the Company’s intangible assets at March 31, 2026 was as follows (in thousands):

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There were no changes to the carrying value of the Company’s goodwill in the three months ended March 31, 2026. The components of goodwill at both March 31, 2026 and December 31, 2025 were as follows (in thousands):

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RIBBON COMMUNICATIONS INC.

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)

(unaudited)

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(5) FAIR VALUE HIERARCHY

The carrying amounts of the Company’s cash equivalents, accounts receivable, accounts payable and borrowings under a revolving credit facility in the condensed consolidated balance sheets approximate fair value due to the immediate or short-term nature of these financial instruments. The carrying amount of the Company’s term debt at March 31, 2026 and December 31, 2025 also approximates fair value, based on prevailing market conditions. The Company’s warrant liability had a fair value of $0.7 million and $1.9 million as of March 31, 2026 and December 31, 2025, respectively.

Fair value is the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants. As such, fair value is a market-based measurement that should be determined based on assumptions that market participants would use in pricing an asset or a liability. The three-tier fair value hierarchy is based on the level of independent, objective evidence surrounding the inputs used to measure fair value. A financial instrument’s categorization within the fair value hierarchy is based upon the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement. The fair value hierarchy is as follows:

• Level 1 applies to assets or liabilities for which there are quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities. The Company had no assets or liabilities fair valued using Level 1 inputs at March 31, 2026 or December 31, 2025.
• Level 2 applies to assets or liabilities for which there are inputs that are directly or indirectly observable in the marketplace, such as quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets or quoted prices for identical assets or liabilities in markets with insufficient volume or infrequent transactions (less active markets). At December 31, 2025, the Company determined the fair value of its defined benefit plans’ assets using Level 2 inputs. There were no significant changes to the Company’s defined benefit plans’ assets during the three months ended March 31, 2026 that required the calculation of their fair value as of March 31, 2026. Level 2 inputs were also used to determine the fair value of the Company’s derivative financial instruments at March 31, 2026.
• Level 3 applies to assets or liabilities for which there are unobservable inputs to the valuation methodology that are significant to the measurement of the fair value of the assets or liabilities. Level 3 inputs were used to determine the fair value of the Company’s warrants at March 31, 2026 and December 31, 2025.

The Company had no transfers between Level 2 and Level 3 fair value measurements during the three months ended March 31, 2026 and 2025.

(6) ACCRUED EXPENSES AND OTHER

Accrued expenses at March 31, 2026 and December 31, 2025 consisted of the following (in thousands):

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RIBBON COMMUNICATIONS INC.

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)

(unaudited)

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(7) WARRANTY

The changes in the Company’s warranty accrual balance in the three months ended March 31, 2026 were as follows (in thousands):

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At March 31, 2026, the Company’s accrual for product warranties was reflected in its condensed consolidated balance sheet as a current liability in Accrued expenses and other of $5.3 million, and as a long-term liability in Other long-term liabilities of $7.5 million.

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(8) RESTRUCTURING AND FACILITIES CONSOLIDATION INITIATIVES

The Company recorded restructuring and related expense aggregating $2.0 million and $5.3 million in the three months ended March 31, 2026 and 2025, respectively. Restructuring and related expense includes restructuring expense (primarily severance and related costs), estimated future variable and other lease costs for vacated properties with no intent or ability to sublease, and accelerated rent amortization expense.

For restructuring events that involve lease assets and liabilities, the Company applies lease reassessment and modification guidance and evaluates the right-of-use assets for potential impairment. If the Company plans to exit all or distinct portions of a facility and does not have the ability or intent to sublease, the Company will accelerate the amortization of each of those lease components through the vacate date. The accelerated amortization is recorded as a component of Restructuring and related expense in the Company’s condensed consolidated statements of operations. Related variable lease expenses will continue to be expensed as incurred through the vacate date, at which time the Company will reassess the liability balance to ensure it appropriately reflects the remaining liability associated with the premises and record a liability for the estimated future variable lease costs.

Accelerated amortization of lease assets is recognized from the date that the Company commences the plan to fully or partially vacate a facility, for which there is no intent or ability to enter into a sublease, through the final vacate date. Amounts of accelerated rent amortization that are included as a component of restructuring and related expense are excluded from the tables below, as the liability for lease payments for each respective facility is included as a component of Operating lease liabilities in the Company’s condensed consolidated balance sheets at March 31, 2026 and December 31, 2025 (see Note 17). The Company may incur additional future expense if it is unable to sublease other locations included in the facilities initiative.

The components of restructuring and related expense for the three months ended March 31, 2026 and 2025 were as follows (in thousands):

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RIBBON COMMUNICATIONS INC.

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)

(unaudited)

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The following table presents the rollforward of accrued restructuring liabilities for the Company’s restructuring plans for the three months ended March 31, 2026 (in thousands):

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2026 Restructuring Plan

During the fourth quarter of 2025, the Company’s President and Chief Executive Officer (“CEO”) approved a strategic restructuring program (the "2026 Restructuring Plan") that consists of workforce reductions in certain of the Company’s operating locations to correspond with current sales levels in those areas. Any positions eliminated in countries outside the United States are subject to local law and consultation requirements. In connection with the 2026 Restructuring Plan, the Company recorded restructuring and related expense of $1.3 million in the three months ended March 31, 2026.

2025 Restructuring Plan

During the first quarter of 2025, the Company’s President and CEO approved a strategic restructuring program (as subsequently amended, the "2025 Restructuring Plan") that consists of workforce reductions in certain of the Company’s operating locations to correspond with current sales levels in those areas. The 2025 Restructuring Plan was amended in the third quarter of 2025 to reflect an increase in the scope of the proposed reductions. Any positions eliminated in countries outside the United States are subject to local law and consultation requirements. In connection with the 2025 Restructuring Plan, the Company recorded nominal restructuring and related expense in the three months ended March 31, 2026, and $2.4 million in the three months ended March 31, 2025, respectively.

2022 and Prior Restructuring Plans

Prior to December 31, 2022, the Company engaged in various restructuring activities that included consolidation of facilities and workforce reductions. Substantially all the ongoing costs incurred under such plans in the periods presented relate to variable and other facilities-related costs. In connection with these plans, the Company recorded restructuring and related expense of $0.7 million and $3.1 million in the three months ended March 31, 2026 and 2025, respectively.

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Balance Sheet Classification

The current portions of accrued restructuring were $4.0 million and $9.4 million at March 31, 2026 and December 31, 2025, respectively, and are included as components of Accrued expenses and other in the condensed consolidated balance sheets. The long-term portions of accrued restructuring are included as components of Other long-term liabilities in the condensed consolidated balance sheets. The long-term portions of accrued restructuring were $0.4 million and $0.5 million at March 31, 2026 and December 31, 2025, respectively.

RIBBON COMMUNICATIONS INC.

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)

(unaudited)

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(9) DEBT

As of March 31, 2026, the Company had $339.9 million outstanding under its current credit facility (the “2024 Credit Facility”), all of which relate to the term loan. Scheduled quarterly principal repayments continued during the period in accordance with the credit agreement. There were no amounts outstanding under the revolving credit facility, and the Company had $35.0 million of available borrowing capacity as of March 31, 2026.

The Company remained in compliance with all financial covenants under the 2024 Credit Facility as of March 31, 2026.

On May 5, 2026, the Company entered into the First Amendment and Limited Waiver to Credit Agreement (the “First Amendment”) with Ribbon Communications Operating Company, Inc., HPS Investment Partners, LLC, as administrative agent, and the consenting lenders. The First Amendment (1) waives compliance with the maximum consolidated net leverage ratio financial covenant as of and for the period ending June 30, 2026, (2) increases the Maximum Consolidated Net Leverage Ratio (as defined in the 2024 Credit Facility) to 4.50:1.00 as of and for the period ending September 30, 2026, and sets the ratio for all subsequent quarters to 4.00:1.00, and (3) modifies the applicable interest rate margins for any quarter in which the Consolidated Net Leverage Ratio exceeds 3.75:1.00 to 7.00%.

The Company had the following outstanding borrowings, unamortized debt issuance costs and original issue discount, letters of credit, interest rates, and remaining borrowing capacity under its current credit facility as of March 31, 2026 and December 31, 2025:

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RIBBON COMMUNICATIONS INC.

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)

(unaudited)

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The Company’s debt maturities as of March 31, 2026 were as follows:

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Letters of Credit and Other Guarantees

In the course of its business, the Company uses letters of credit, bank guarantees, and surety bonds (collectively, "Guarantees"). The Company had $11.2 million and $11.1 million of Guarantees under various uncommitted facilities as of March 31, 2026 and December 31, 2025, respectively. The Company had no letters of credit outstanding under its current credit facility as of March 31, 2026 or December 31, 2025. At March 31, 2026 and December 31, 2025, the Company had cash collateral of $2.0 million and $1.7 million supporting the Guarantees, respectively, which are reported as Restricted cash in the Company’s condensed consolidated balance sheets.

(10) DERIVATIVE INSTRUMENTS AND HEDGING ACTIVITIES

The Company is exposed to financial market risk, primarily arising from fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates, and management actively monitors these exposures. As part of its overall risk management strategy, the Company may use derivative financial instruments to reduce volatility in earnings and cash flows resulting from changes in foreign exchange rates. Ribbon’s policies and practices limit the use of derivative instruments to risk management activities only, and the Company does not use derivatives for trading or speculative purposes.

The Company records derivatives on the balance sheet at fair value. The accounting for changes in the fair value of derivatives depends on the intended use of the derivative, whether the Company has elected to designate a derivative in a hedging relationship and apply hedge accounting and whether the hedging relationship has satisfied the criteria necessary to apply hedge accounting. Derivatives designated and qualifying as a hedge of the exposure to changes in the fair value of an asset, liability, or firm commitment attributable to a specific risk, such as interest rate risk, are considered fair value hedges. Derivatives designated and qualifying as a hedge of the exposure to variability in expected future cash flows, or other types of forecasted transactions, are considered cash flow hedges. Derivatives may also be designated as hedges of the foreign currency exposure of a net investment in a foreign operation. Hedge accounting generally provides for the matching of the timing of gain or loss recognition on the hedging instrument with the recognition of the changes in the fair value of the hedged asset or liability that are attributable to the hedged risk in a fair value hedge, or the earnings effect of the hedged forecasted transactions in a cash flow hedge. The Company may enter into derivative contracts that are intended to economically hedge certain of its risk even though hedge accounting does not apply or the Company elects not to apply hedge accounting.

Cash Flow Hedge of Foreign Exchange Rate Risk

The Company is exposed to foreign currency exchange rate risk related to forecasted operating expenses denominated in a foreign currency. To manage this exposure, the Company entered into foreign exchange forward arrangements, which were designated as hedging instruments beginning in January 2026. These derivatives are intended to reduce the variability in cash flows associated with changes in foreign currency exchange rates.

The Company’s objectives in using foreign exchange rate derivatives are to mitigate risk, add stability to cash flows, and manage its exposure to foreign exchange rate movements. To accomplish these objectives, the Company uses foreign exchange rate forward contracts as part of its foreign currency risk management strategy. Foreign exchange rate

RIBBON COMMUNICATIONS INC.

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)

(unaudited)

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forward contracts designated as cash flow hedges involve the exchange of fixed USD payments for fixed ILS receipts at predetermined exchange rates, thereby reducing the variability of forecasted ILS‑denominated expenditures.

The effective portion of changes in the fair value of designated derivatives that qualify as cash flow hedges is recorded in Accumulated other comprehensive income in the condensed consolidated balance sheet and is subsequently reclassified into earnings in the period that the hedged forecasted transactions affect earnings.

Amounts reported in Accumulated other comprehensive income related to the Company’s derivative are reclassified to Research and development in the condensed consolidated statement of operations.

The impact of the Company’s derivative financial instruments designated as cash flow hedges on the Company’s condensed consolidated statements of operations and condensed consolidated statements of comprehensive loss for the three months ended March 31, 2026 was as follows (in thousands):

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The Company expects that all amounts recorded in Accumulated other comprehensive income related to outstanding foreign exchange forward contracts will be reclassified into earnings within the next twelve months, as all contracts outstanding at March 31, 2026 mature no later than September 2026.

The Company's derivative liability designated as a hedging instrument and the related fair values and locations in the condensed consolidated balance sheet at March 31, 2026 are as follows (in thousands):

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The aggregate notional amounts and maturities of the Company’s outstanding foreign exchange rate forward contracts at March 31, 2026 were as follows:

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The Company has classified the foreign exchange derivative aggregating $0.3 million at March 31, 2026 as Level 2 within the fair value hierarchy (see Note 5).

(11) PREFERRED STOCK AND WARRANTS

In connection with a private placement completed in March 2023, the Company issued warrants that remain outstanding following the June 2024 redemption of the related preferred stock. No warrant exercises occurred during the three months ended March 31, 2026. In the three months ended March 31, 2025, holders exercised 0.2 million warrants, and the remaining warrants continue to be outstanding without modification. The Company accounts for the warrants as liability‑classified instruments under ASC 480, Distinguishing Liabilities from Equity, and remeasures them to fair value

RIBBON COMMUNICATIONS INC.

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)

(unaudited)

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at each reporting date using a Black‑Scholes option‑pricing model. Changes in fair value are recognized within Other income, net in the condensed consolidated statements of operations.

The Company determined the fair value of the warrants using Level 3 input. The key assumptions into the model utilized were as follows as of March 31, 2026 and December 31, 2025:

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The changes in the Company’s warrant liabilities for the three months ended March 31, 2026 and 2025 were as follows (in thousands):

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The warrants are immediately exercisable and upon an event such as a merger, consolidation, asset sale or similar change of control, the warrants may be exercised and the holders may vote the underlying shares of common stock. In connection with the private placement, the Company provided the investors with certain registration rights relating to the preferred stock, the warrants and the shares of the Company’s common stock underlying the warrants, that required the Company to file a registration statement on Form S-3 with the SEC within 30 days following the closing date of the Private Placement. The registration requirement was completed on May 19, 2023.

During the three months ended March 31, 2025, 176,658 of the warrants were exercised in cashless exercises, resulting in the issuance of 32,573 of the Company’s common stock at a weighted average fair value of $4.62 per share. There were 4,681,432 remaining warrants outstanding as of March 31, 2026.

(12) REVENUE RECOGNITION

The Company derives revenue from two primary sources: products and services. Product revenue includes: 1) the Company’s proprietary hardware and software that function together to deliver the products’ essential functionality and 2) the Company’s software only solutions that can be used on either the Company’s hardware or third-party hardware. Both proprietary hardware and software only solutions are also sold on a standalone basis.

Services include customer support (software updates, upgrades and technical support), consulting, design services, installation services and training. Generally, contracts with customers contain multiple performance obligations, consisting of products and services. For these contracts, the Company accounts for individual performance obligations separately if they are considered distinct.

RIBBON COMMUNICATIONS INC.

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)

(unaudited)

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When an arrangement contains more than one performance obligation, the Company will allocate the transaction price to each performance obligation on a relative standalone selling price basis. The Company utilizes the observable price of goods and services, including when they are sold separately to similar customers, in order to estimate standalone selling price (“SSP”).

The Company’s software licenses typically provide a perpetual right to use the Company’s software. However, the Company also sells term-based software licenses that expire and Software-as-a-Service (“SaaS”)-based software which are referred to as subscription arrangements. The Company does not customize its software nor are installation services required, as the customer has a right to utilize internal resources or a third-party service company. The software and hardware are delivered before related services are provided and are functional without professional services or customer support. The Company has concluded that its software licenses are functional intellectual property that are distinct, as the user can benefit from the software on its own.

Product revenue from sales of the Company’s perpetual and term-based software licenses is typically recognized when the software is made available for download, as this is the point the user of the software can direct the use of and obtain substantially all of the remaining benefits from the functional intellectual property. The Company begins to recognize software revenue related to the renewal of term-based software licenses at the start of the renewal period. Revenue related to sales of SaaS-based software is recognized ratably over the service period as the customer does not take possession of the software or have the ability to take possession of the software.

The Company offers warranties on its products. Certain of the Company’s warranties are considered to be assurance-type in nature, ensuring the product is functioning as intended. Assurance-type warranties do not represent separate performance obligations. The Company also sells separately-priced maintenance service contracts which qualify as service-type warranties and represent separate performance obligations. The Company does not allow and has no history of accepting product returns.

Service revenue includes revenue from customer support and other professional services. Customer support includes software updates on a when-and-if-available basis, telephone support, integrated web-based support and bug fixes or patches. The Company sells its customer support contracts at a percentage of list or net product price. Customer support revenue is recognized ratably over the term of the customer support agreement, which is typically one year.

The Company’s professional services include consulting, technical support, resident engineer services, design services and installation services. Because control transfers over time, revenue is recognized based on progress toward completion of the performance obligation. The method to measure progress toward completion requires judgment and is based on the nature of the products or services to be provided.

The Company generally uses the input method to measure progress for its contracts and to recognize revenue because it believes such method, in general, best depicts the transfer of assets to its customers. The input method measures costs the Company has incurred in the period for its contracts. In some infrequent instances, the Company may engage a third-party to perform services on its behalf and in those cases the output method is used to recognize revenue because it best depicts the transfer of assets to its customers. Under the output method, there is a cost-to-cost measure of progress. The progress toward completion is measured based on the ratio of costs incurred to date to the total estimated costs at completion of the performance obligation. When the measure of progress is based upon expended labor, progress toward completion is measured as the ratio of labor time expended to date versus the total estimated labor time required to complete the performance obligation. Revenue is recorded proportionally as costs are incurred or as labor is expended. Costs to fulfill these obligations can include internal labor as well as subcontractor costs.

​

Customer training includes courses offered by the Company. The related revenue is typically recognized as the training services are performed, typically over a period of one to five days.

RIBBON COMMUNICATIONS INC.

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)

(unaudited)

​

Payment terms for the Company’s contracts with its customers typically range from 30 to 60 days from the invoice date. In certain cases, the Company may offer extended payment terms, which are assessed on a case-by-case basis.

​

The Company does not generally offer significant financing components in its contracts with customers. However, if a contract includes a significant financing component, the transaction price is adjusted for the time value of money. For the three months ended March 31, 2026, the impact of financing components was immaterial.

​

Amounts billed to customers for sales and other taxes are excluded from the transaction price. Revenue is recognized net of any taxes collected from customers, which are subsequently remitted to government authorities.

​

The Company’s typical performance obligations include the following:

​

​ ​ ​ ​ ​

​ ​ ​ ​ When Performance Obligation is Typically ​ ​ ​ ​

Performance Obligation ​ Satisfied ​ When Payment is Typically Due

Software and Product Revenue ​ ​ ​ ​

Software licenses (perpetual or term) For perpetual licenses, typically when made available for download (point in time); for term-based licenses, at the beginning of the specified term (point in time) Generally, within 30-60 days of invoicing, except for term licenses which may be paid for over time

Software licenses (subscription) Upon activation of hosted site (over time) ​ Generally, within 30-60 days of invoicing

Hardware When control of the hardware passes to the customer; typically, upon delivery (point in time) Generally, within 30-60 days of invoicing

Software upgrades Upon transfer of control; typically, when made available for download (point in time) Generally, within 30-60 days of invoicing

Customer Support Revenue ​ ​

Customer support Ratably over the course of the support contract (over time) Generally, within 30-60 days of invoicing

Professional Services ​ ​

Other professional services (excluding training services) As work is performed (over time), typically on the input method based on hours incurred Generally, within 30-60 days of invoicing (upon completion of services)

Training As the training is delivered (over time), typically one to five days Generally, within 30-60 days of services being performed

​

Significant Judgments

The Company’s contracts with customers often include promises to transfer multiple products and services to the customer. Determining whether products and services are considered distinct performance obligations that should be accounted for separately versus together may require significant judgment.

Judgment is required to determine the SSP for each distinct performance obligation. The Company typically has more than one SSP for individual products and services due to the stratification of those products and services by customers and circumstances. In these instances, the Company may use information such as the size of the customer and geographic region in determining the SSP.

RIBBON COMMUNICATIONS INC.

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)

(unaudited)

​

Deferred Revenue

Deferred revenue is a contract liability representing amounts collected from or invoiced to customers in excess of revenue recognized. This results primarily from the billing of annual customer support agreements where the revenue is recognized over the term of the agreement. The value of deferred revenue will increase or decrease based on the timing of invoices and recognition of revenue.

Disaggregation of Revenue

The Company disaggregates its revenue from contracts with customers based on the nature of the products and services and the geographic regions in which each customer is domiciled. The Company’s total revenue for the three months ended March 31, 2026 and 2025 was disaggregated geographically as follows:

​

​

​

The Company’s product revenue from its direct sales program and from indirect sales through its channel partner program for the three months ended March 31, 2026 and 2025 was as follows (in thousands):

​

The Company’s product revenue from sales to enterprise customers and from sales to service provider customers for the three months ended March 31, 2026 and 2025 was as follows (in thousands):

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RIBBON COMMUNICATIONS INC.

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)

(unaudited)

​

The Company’s product revenue and service revenue components by segment for the three months ended March 31, 2026 and 2025 were as follows (in thousands):

​

Revenue Contract Balances

The timing of revenue recognition, billings and cash collections results in billed accounts receivable, unbilled receivables, which are contract assets, and customer advances and deposits, which are contract liabilities, in the Company’s condensed consolidated balance sheets. Amounts are billed as work progresses in accordance with agreed-upon contractual terms, either at periodic intervals or upon achievement of contractual milestones. Billing may occur subsequent to revenue recognition, resulting in contract assets. The Company may receive advances or deposits from its customers before revenue is recognized, resulting in contract liabilities which are classified as deferred revenue. These assets and liabilities are reported in the Company’s condensed consolidated balance sheets on a contract-by-contract basis as of the end of each reporting period. Changes in the contract asset and liability balances during the three months ended March 31, 2026 were not materially impacted by any factors other than billing and revenue recognition. Nearly all of the Company’s deferred revenue balance is related to services revenue, primarily customer support contracts. Unbilled receivables stem primarily from engagements where services have been performed; however, billing cannot occur until services are completed.

In some arrangements, the Company allows customers to pay for term-based software licenses and products over the term of the software license. The Company also sells SaaS-based software under subscription arrangements, with payment terms over the term of the SaaS agreement. Amounts recognized as revenue in excess of amounts billed are recorded as unbilled receivables. Unbilled receivables that are anticipated to be invoiced in the next twelve months are included in Accounts receivable on the Company’s condensed consolidated balance sheets.

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RIBBON COMMUNICATIONS INC.

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)

(unaudited)

​

The changes in the Company’s accounts receivable, unbilled receivables and deferred revenue balances for the three months ended March 31, 2026 were as follows (in thousands):

​

The Company recognized approximately $43 million of revenue in the three months ended March 31, 2026 that was recorded as deferred revenue at December 31, 2025 and approximately $51 million of revenue in the three months ended March 31, 2025 that was recorded as deferred revenue at December 31, 2024. Of the Company’s deferred revenue reported as long-term in its condensed consolidated balance sheet at March 31, 2026, the Company expects that approximately $12 million will be recognized as revenue in 2027, approximately $9 million will be recognized as revenue in 2028 and approximately $11 million will be recognized as revenue in 2029 and beyond.

The Company applies the optional exemption of not disclosing the transaction price allocated to the remaining performance obligation for its contracts with an original duration of less than one year. In 2024, the Company entered into a contract with an existing customer that has revenue allocated to remaining performance obligations, which includes unearned revenue and amounts that will be invoiced and recognized as revenue in future periods of approximately $163 million and $171 million as of March 31, 2026 and December 31, 2025, respectively. At this time, the Company expects to recognize the majority of the revenue related to this contract in the years 2026 through 2028.

All freight-related customer invoicing is recorded as revenue, while the shipping and handling costs that occur after control of the promised goods or services transfer to the customer are reported as fulfillment costs, a component of Cost of revenue - product in the Company’s condensed consolidated statements of operations.

Deferred Commissions Cost

Sales commissions earned by the Company’s employees are considered incremental and recoverable costs of obtaining a contract with a customer. These costs have been deferred on our condensed consolidated balance sheet and are being amortized over the expected life of the customer contract, which is generally five years. At March 31, 2026 and December 31, 2025, the Company had $2.1 million of deferred sales commissions capitalized.

(13) OPERATING SEGMENT INFORMATION

The Company has two operating and reportable segments, Cloud and Edge and IP Optical Networks, that align with the way the business is managed. The Company’s CODM, its President and Chief Executive Officer, makes key operating decisions and assesses performance based upon these reportable segments.

​

The Cloud and Edge segment provides secure and reliable software and hardware products, solutions and services for enabling Voice over Internet Protocol ("VoIP") communications, Voice over Long-Term Evolution ("VoLTE") and Voice Over 5G ("VoNR") communications, and Unified Communications and Collaboration ("UC&C") within service provider and enterprise networks and from the cloud. The Cloud and Edge products are increasingly software-centric and cloud-native for deployment on private, public or hybrid cloud infrastructures, in data centers, on enterprise premises and within service provider networks. Ribbon's Cloud and Edge product portfolio consists primarily of its Session Border Controller ("SBC") products and its Network Transformation products.

​

The IP Optical Networks segment provides high-performance, secure solutions for IP networking and optical

RIBBON COMMUNICATIONS INC.

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)

(unaudited)

​

transport, supporting wireless networks including 5G, metro and edge aggregation, core networking, data center interconnect, legacy transformation and transport solutions for wholesale carriers. This portfolio is offered to service provider, enterprise and industry verticals with critical transport network infrastructures including utilities, government, defense, transportation, and education and research.

​

The Company does not provide segment asset information as such information is not provided to the CODM and accordingly, asset information is not used in assessing segment performance. Segment revenue and expenses included in the tables below represent direct revenue and expense attributable to each segment. Please see Note 4 for information regarding the allocation of goodwill between segments.

​

The CODM utilizes adjusted gross profit to evaluate each segment's performance. The Company calculates adjusted gross profit by excluding from cost of revenue both amortization of acquired technology and stock-based compensation and may also exclude other items in future periods that the Company believes are not part of the Company's core business. The Company uses adjusted gross profit to develop its annual budget and quarterly forecasts. The CODM analyzes adjusted gross profit compared to the annual budget and quarterly forecasts to allocate resources. Ribbon’s calculation of adjusted gross profit may not be comparable to similarly titled measures used by other companies. See below for a reconciliation of segment adjusted gross profit to gross profit and loss before income taxes.

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RIBBON COMMUNICATIONS INC.

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)

(unaudited)

​

The tables below present significant segment expenses regularly reviewed by the CODM for the three months ended March 31, 2026 and 2025 (in thousands):

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​

​

​

​

​

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RIBBON COMMUNICATIONS INC.

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)

(unaudited)

​

(14) MAJOR CUSTOMERS

The following customers contributed 10% or more of the Company’s revenue in the three months ended March 31, 2026 and 2025:

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​

At March 31, 2026 and December 31, 2025, no customer accounted for 10% or more of the Company’s accounts receivable balance. The Company performs ongoing credit evaluations of its customers and generally does not require collateral on accounts receivable. The Company maintains an allowance for doubtful accounts and such losses have historically been within management’s expectations.

(15) COMMON STOCK REPURCHASES

​

In the second quarter of 2025, the Company's Board of Directors approved a program to repurchase up to $50 million of the Company’s common stock (the “2025 Repurchase Program” or the “Repurchase Program”). Commencing on June 5, 2025 and continuing through December 31, 2027, the Repurchase Program is being funded with cash on hand or cash generated from operations. During the three months ended March 31, 2026, the Company used $0.8 million, including transaction fees, to repurchase and retire 0.4 million shares of its common stock under the Repurchase Program. Since the start of the Repurchase Program, the Company has used $9.8 million, including transaction fees, to repurchase and retire 2.9 million shares of its common stock. Repurchases are subject to the terms of the Company’s senior secured credit facility, as amended, which limits aggregate share repurchases to $15 million and subjects such repurchases to compliance with specified financial covenants and leverage requirements.

(16) STOCK-BASED COMPENSATION PLANS

The Company grants stock-based compensation to employees, officers and non-employee directors, as well as consultants and advisors of the Company and its subsidiaries under its 2025 Incentive Award Plan (the “2025 Plan”) which provides for the award of stock options, stock appreciation rights ("SARs"), restricted stock awards ("RSAs"), performance-based stock awards ("PSAs"), restricted stock units ("RSUs"), performance-based stock units ("PSUs") and other stock- or cash-based awards. The 2025 Plan has been approved by the Company’s stockholders.

Executive Equity Arrangements

Performance-Based Stock Grants

In addition to granting RSAs and RSUs to its executives and certain of its employees, the Company also grants PSUs to certain of its executives and certain other employees. Vesting periods for RSAs, RSUs, and PSUs granted range from one to three years. PSUs granted consist of 60% that have both performance and service conditions (the "Performance PSUs") and 40% that have both market and service conditions (the "Market PSUs"). Each Performance PSU is comprised of three consecutive fiscal year performance periods beginning in the year of grant, with one-third of the Performance PSUs attributable to each fiscal year performance period. The Market PSUs have one three-year performance period, beginning January 1 in the year of grant and ending on December 31, three years thereafter. The number of shares of common stock underlying the PSUs that can be earned will not exceed 150% of the Performance or 200% Market PSUs. Shares subject to PSUs that fail to be earned will be forfeited.

RIBBON COMMUNICATIONS INC.

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)

(unaudited)

​

Restricted Stock Units

The activity related to the Company’s RSUs for the three months ended March 31, 2026 was as follows:

​

​

The total grant date fair value of shares of restricted stock underlying RSUs that vested during the three months ended March 31, 2026 was $0.5 million.

Performance-Based Stock Units

The activity related to the Company’s PSUs for the three months ended March 31, 2026 was as follows:

​

​

Stock-Based Compensation

The condensed consolidated statements of operations include stock-based compensation for the three months ended March 31, 2026 and 2025 as follows (in thousands):

​

At March 31, 2026, there was $25.1 million, net of expected forfeitures, of unrecognized stock-based compensation expense related to unvested RSUs and PSUs. This expense is expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of approximately 1.4 years.

RIBBON COMMUNICATIONS INC.

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)

(unaudited)

​

(17) LEASES

The Company has operating leases for corporate offices and research and development facilities. Operating leases are reported separately in the Company’s condensed consolidated balance sheets.

The Company determines if an arrangement is a lease at inception. A contract is determined to contain a lease component if the arrangement provides the Company with a right to control the use of an identified asset. Lease agreements may include lease and non-lease components. In such instances for all classes of underlying assets, the Company does not separate lease and non-lease components but rather, accounts for the entire arrangement under leasing guidance. Leases with an initial term of 12 months or less are not recorded on the balance sheet and lease expense for these leases is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term.

Right-of-use assets and lease liabilities are initially measured based on the present value of the future minimum fixed lease payments (i.e., fixed payments in the lease contract) over the lease term at the commencement date. As the Company’s existing leases do not have a readily determinable implicit rate, the Company uses its incremental borrowing rate based on the information available at the commencement date in determining the present value of future minimum fixed lease payments. The Company calculates its incremental borrowing rate to reflect the interest rate that it would have to pay to borrow on a collateralized basis an amount equal to the lease payments in a similar economic environment over a similar term and considers its historical borrowing activities and market data from entities with comparable credit ratings in this determination. The measurement of the right-of-use asset also includes any lease payments made prior to the commencement date (excluding any lease incentives) and initial direct costs incurred. The Company assessed its right-of-use assets for impairment as of March 31, 2026 and December 31, 2025 and determined no impairment has occurred.

Lease terms may include options to extend or terminate the lease and the Company incorporates such options in the lease term when it has the unilateral right to make such an election and it is reasonably certain that the Company will exercise that option. In making this determination, the Company considers its prior renewal and termination history and planned usage of the assets under lease, incorporating expected market conditions.

For operating leases, lease expense for minimum fixed lease payments is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term. Lease contracts may contain variable lease costs, such as common area maintenance, utilities and tax reimbursements that vary over the term of the contract. Variable lease costs are not included in minimum fixed lease payments and as a result, are excluded from the measurement of the right-of-use assets and lease liabilities. The Company expenses all variable lease costs as incurred.

Certain leased facilities are being partially or fully vacated as part of the 2022 Restructuring Plan and for some of those facilities, the Company has no plans to enter into sublease agreements. Accordingly, the Company may accelerate the amortization of those lease assets through the planned cease-use date of each facility, resulting in additional amortization expense. No such accelerated amortization was recorded in the three months ended March 31, 2026 or 2025. The Company did not record estimated future variable lease costs in the three months ended March 31, 2026 or 2025 related to the 2022 Restructuring Plan.

All incremental accelerated amortization and accruals for estimated future variable costs are included in Restructuring and related expense in the Company’s condensed consolidated statements of operations. At March 31, 2026 and December 31, 2025, the Company had accruals of $0.7 million and $0.8 million, respectively, for all future anticipated variable lease costs related to these facilities. The Company may incur additional future expense if it is unable to sublease other locations included in the facilities initiative.

The Company leases its corporate offices and other facilities under operating leases, which expire at various times through 2036.

RIBBON COMMUNICATIONS INC.

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)

(unaudited)

​

The Company’s right-of-use lease assets and lease liabilities at March 31, 2026 and December 31, 2025 were as follows (in thousands):

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The components of lease expense for the three months ended March 31, 2026 and 2025 were as follows (in thousands):

* No accelerated amortization was recorded in the three months ended March 31, 2026 or 2025.

** No variable lease costs were expensed in the three months ended March 31, 2026 or 2025 for future estimated variable expenses related to certain assets partially or fully vacated with no intent or ability to sublease.

Cash flows related to the Company’s leases included in the measurement of operating lease liabilities were classified as operating cash flows and totaled $4.4 million and $3.5 million in the three months ended March 31, 2026 and 2025, respectively.

The Company’s non-cash investing and financing activities in the three months ended March 31, 2025 related to the addition of operating leases resulted in right-of-use assets (“ROUs”) obtained in exchange for lease obligations of $16.6 million and operating lease liabilities recorded of $27.3 million. There were no non‑cash investing or financing activities related to operating leases in the three months ended March 31, 2026.

Other information related to the Company’s leases as of March 31, 2026 and December 31, 2025 was as follows (in thousands):

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RIBBON COMMUNICATIONS INC.

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)

(unaudited)

​

Future minimum fixed lease payments under noncancelable leases at March 31, 2026 were as follows (in thousands):

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(18) INCOME TAXES

The Company recorded an income tax benefit of $6.4 million and $0.8 million in the three months ended March 31, 2026 and 2025, respectively. These amounts reflect the Company’s estimates of the effective rates expected to be applicable for the respective full years, adjusted for any discrete events, which are recorded in the period in which they occur. These estimates are reevaluated each quarter based on the Company’s estimated tax expense for the full fiscal year. The estimated effective tax rate includes the impact of valuation allowances in various jurisdictions. The Company intends to continue to maintain a valuation allowance on its deferred tax assets until there is sufficient evidence to support the reversal of all or some portion of the respective allowances.

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(19) RELATED PARTIES

The Company recognized revenue from its largest stockholder of $0.9 million and $1.7 million in the three months ended March 31, 2026 and 2025, respectively. As of March 31, 2026, the Company had accounts receivable of $7.1 million outstanding from its largest stockholder, compared to $8.5 million as of December 31, 2025.

(20) COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES

Contingencies

Liabilities for Royalty Payments to the IIA

In connection with the Company’s acquisition of ECI Telecom Group Ltd. ("ECI") in 2020, ECI had previously received research and development grants from the Office of the Innovation Authority of the Israeli Ministry of Economics (the "IIA"). The Company assumed ECI’s contract with the IIA, which requires the Company to pay royalties to the IIA on proceeds from the sale of products that the Israeli government has supported by way of research and development grants.

The royalties for grants prior to 2017 were calculated at the rates of 1.3% to 5.0% of the aggregated proceeds from the sale of such products developed at certain of the Company’s research and development (“R&D”) centers, up to an amount not exceeding 100% of such grants plus interest at the London Inter-Bank Offered Rate (“LIBOR”). Effective for grants approved in 2017 and effective through 2023, interest was calculated at the higher of LIBOR plus 1.5% to 2.75%. For grants approved in 2024 and thereafter, interest is calculated based on the Secured Overnight Financing Rate (“SOFR”).

RIBBON COMMUNICATIONS INC.

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)

(unaudited)

​

At March 31, 2026, the Company had $2.1 million of unpaid royalties accrued. The Company’s maximum possible future royalties commitment at March 31, 2026 of $11.5 million, including interest of $0.8 million, was based upon estimates of future sales of product and services and the grants received from the IIA not yet repaid.

Litigation

The Company is often a party to disputes and legal proceedings that it considers routine and incidental to its business, including those described below. The Company believes that it has meritorious defenses to the allegations made in the pending cases and intends to vigorously defend these lawsuits; however, the Company is currently unable to forecast the ultimate outcome of these or similar matters. Since it is difficult to predict the outcome of legal proceedings, it is possible that the ultimate outcomes could materially and adversely affect the Company’s business, financial position, results of operations or cash flows. Accordingly, with respect to these proceedings, the Company is currently unable to reasonably estimate the possible loss or range of possible loss.

Charter Complaint. On September 19, 2022, Charter Communications Operating, LLC (“Charter”) filed two complaints against two of our subsidiaries (Sonus Networks, Inc. and Ribbon Communications Operating Company, Inc.) alleging breach of contract with respect to indemnification obligations purportedly owed to Charter in connection with Charter’s legal dispute with Sprint Communications Company L.P., which was settled by Charter in March 2022. One complaint was filed in the Supreme Court of the State of New York, in New York County; the second complaint was filed by Charter as well as co-plaintiffs Charter Communications Holding Company, LLC and Bright House Networks, LLC, in the Superior Court of the State of Delaware in and for New Castle County. In both complaints, Charter is seeking monetary damages. The Company filed its answer to the first complaint file in New York on December 7, 2022 and to the second complaint filed in Delaware on January 9, 2023. On May 14, 2025, the Delaware court granted our dispositive motion for summary judgment and denied Charter’s motion for partial summary judgment. Charter appealed the Delaware court’s decision, but on December 18, 2025, the Delaware Supreme Court affirmed the lower court’s judgment. This resolved the case in Delaware. No trial date has been set for the case in New York.

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Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

The following discussion of the financial condition and results of operations of Ribbon Communications Inc. should be read in conjunction with the condensed consolidated financial statements and the related notes thereto included elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and the audited financial statements and notes thereto and Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2025, which was filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission on February 26, 2026.

Overview

We are a leading global provider of communications technology to service providers and enterprises. We provide a broad range of software and high-performance hardware products, network solutions, and services that enable the secure delivery of data and voice communications, and high-bandwidth networking and connectivity for residential consumers and for small, medium, and large enterprises and industry verticals such as finance, education, government, utilities, and transportation. Our mission is to create a recognized global technology leader providing cloud-centric solutions that enable the secure exchange of information, with unparalleled scale, performance and elasticity. We are at the intersection of the adoption of Artificial Intelligence (“AI”) by service providers and enterprises addressing the rapid growth in fiber connectivity and integration of voice capabilities into agentic AI platforms. We are headquartered in Plano, Texas, and have a global presence with research and development or sales and support locations in over thirty countries around the world.

Key Trends and Economic Factors Affecting Ribbon

Tariffs. The global trade landscape continues to be highly volatile. In 2025, the U.S. government implemented a series of trade tariffs on goods imported into the U.S. from various countries. In many cases, these tariffs resulted in reciprocal tariffs and other actions on goods being exported from the U.S. These associated tariffs are complex and continue to evolve as negotiations occur. In February 2026, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that the International Emergency Economic Powers Act (“IEEPA”), which the U.S. government relied on to impose certain tariffs, does not authorize the administration to impose tariffs. On March 4, 2026, the U.S. Court of International Trade ordered the U.S. Customs and Border Protection (“CBP”) to process refunds of the IEEPA tariffs, although the Court immediately suspended the order while the CBP determines a refund process. The IEEPA tariffs remain subject to ongoing litigation between the administration and other parties. In response to the U.S. Supreme Court ruling mentioned above, the administration announced plans to implement new tariffs under alternative statutory authority. The full impact of the U.S. Supreme Court’s ruling and the administration’s response, including the timing and extent of any refunds and the impact of the new tariffs, remain uncertain. While the announced tariffs enacted in 2025 and in the first quarter of 2026 have not had a material impact on our business to date, new or proposed tariffs, including exemptions under existing trade agreements or otherwise, could result in additional expenses for products we import into the United States. In addition, the economic uncertainty caused by the tariffs may result in customers delaying planned purchases of products and services.

Supplier Disruptions. Ongoing uncertainty in the global economy due to tariffs, inflation, global military conflicts, including in the Middle East and Ukraine, rising fuel prices, national security concerns and other factors, continue to disrupt various manufacturing, commodity and financial markets, increase volatility, and impede global supply chains. Our ability to deliver our solutions as agreed upon with our customers depends in part on the ability of our global contract manufacturers, vendors, licensors and other business partners to deliver products or perform services we have procured from them.

Continued uncertain global economic conditions may cause our customers to restrict spending or delay purchases for an indeterminate period of time and consequently cause our revenues to decline. Further, such factors may negatively impact our operating costs resulting in a reduction in net income. The degree to which the ongoing wars in the Middle East and Ukraine, and the high interest rate environment impacts our future business, financial position and results of operations will depend on developments beyond our control.

The Ongoing War in Ukraine and the Middle East. The uncertainty resulting from the recent war in the Middle East and ongoing war in Ukraine, and the threat for expansion of one or both of these wars, could result in some of our customers delaying purchases from us. The conflict in the Middle East has significantly reduced the export of oil and natural gas from the Persian Gulf, creating upward pressure on oil and natural gas prices, and has also disrupted and increased the costs of certain other supplies. Further, a number of our employees in Israel are members of the military reserves and subject to immediate call-up in response to the war in the Middle East. Following the terrorist attacks in Israel in October 2023, a number of our employees have been activated for military duty and we expect that additional employees will also be activated if the war in Israel continues. While we have business continuity plans in place to address the military call-ups, it could affect the timing of projects in the short-term as the work is shifted to other team members both inside and outside of Israel.

The U.S. and other European countries have imposed sanctions and trade restrictions against Russia in connection with the war in Ukraine. These sanctions and restrictions currently prohibit our ability to sell hardware products in Russia or provide any replacement parts in Russia. The sanctions continue to evolve and further changes in the current sanctions or trade restrictions could further limit our ability to sell products and services to customers in Russia, our ability to collect on outstanding accounts receivable from such customers, and our ability to repatriate funds. If we are further limited in our ability to sell products and services to Russia and other countries for an extended period, it could have a material impact on our financial results.

Inflation and Interest Rates. We continue to see near-term impacts on our business due to inflation, including ongoing global price pressures resulting in higher energy prices, component costs, freight premiums, and other operating costs above normal rates. Although headline inflation in the United States and Europe appears to be easing, core inflation (excluding food and energy prices) remains elevated and is a source of continued cost pressure on businesses and households. Interest rates remain high as central banks in developed countries attempt to subdue inflation while government deficits and debt remain at high levels in many global markets. However, since its peak in 2024, the Federal Reserve lowered the federal funds rate to its current target range of 3.50% to 3.75% as a result of indicators that inflation had made progress toward the Federal Reserve’s objective and labor market conditions had generally eased. Yet, the economic outlook remains uncertain, and the implications of current and future tariffs, higher government deficits and debt, tighter monetary policy, and potentially higher long-term interest rates may drive a higher cost of capital for our business.

Foreign currency. As a portion of our business is conducted outside the United States, we face exposure to adverse movements in foreign currency exchange rates. A weakened U.S. dollar could increase the cost of local operating expenses and procurement of raw materials from sources outside the United States. Therefore, changes in the value of the U.S. dollar against other currencies would affect our revenue, income from operations, net income and the value of balance sheet items originally denominated in other currencies. There is no guarantee that our financial results will not be adversely affected by currency exchange rate fluctuations.

Presentation

Unless otherwise noted, all financial amounts, excluding tabular information, in this Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations ("MD&A") are rounded to the nearest million dollar amount, and all percentages, excluding tabular information, are rounded to the nearest percentage point.

Operating Segments

Our Chief Operating Decision Maker (“CODM”) assesses our performance based on the performance of two separate organizations within Ribbon: the Cloud and Edge operating segment ("Cloud and Edge") and the IP Optical Networks operating segment ("IP Optical Networks"). For additional details regarding our operating segments, see Note 13 - Operating Segment Information to our condensed consolidated financial statements.

Financial Overview

Financial Results

We reported a loss from operations of $31.7 million and $19.6 million for the three months ended March 31, 2026 and 2025, respectively.

Our revenue was $162.6 million and $181.3 million in the three months ended March 31, 2026 and 2025, respectively. Our gross profit and gross margin were $69.7 million and 42.9%, respectively, in the three months ended March 31, 2026, and $82.4 million and 45.4%, respectively, in the three months ended March 31, 2025. The lower revenue in the three months ended March 31, 2026 compared to 2025 is due to $10.6 million of lower IP Optical Networks sales plus $8.1 million of lower Cloud and Edge revenue. The IP Optical Networks revenue was lower primarily due to $8.3 million of lower product sales, and lower professional services sales and maintenance revenue of $2.3 million. The lower Cloud and Edge revenue was attributable to $5.6 million of lower product sales and $2.5 million of lower professional services sales and maintenance revenue.

Revenue from our Cloud and Edge segment was $99.5 million and $107.6 million in the three months ended March 31, 2026 and 2025, respectively. Gross profit and gross margin for this segment were $56.1 million and 56.4%, respectively, in the three months ended March 31, 2026, and $66.1 million and 61.5%, respectively, in the three months ended March 31, 2025.

Revenue from our IP Optical Networks segment was $63.1 million and $73.7 million in the three months ended March 31, 2026 and 2025, respectively. Gross profit and gross margin for this segment were $13.6 million and 21.5%, respectively, in the three months ended March 31, 2026, and $16.2 million and 22.0%, respectively, in the three months ended March 31, 2025.

Our operating expenses were $101.4 million and $102.0 million in the three months ended March 31, 2026 and 2025, respectively. The decreased operating expenses are primarily attributable to lower restructuring and related expense, offset by higher general and administrative expense. Operating expenses for the three months ended March 31, 2026 included $5.7 million of amortization of acquired intangible assets and $2.0 million of restructuring and related expense. Operating expenses for the three months ended March 31, 2025 included $6.2 million of amortization of acquired intangible assets and $5.3 million of restructuring and related expense.

We recorded stock-based compensation expense of $6.0 million and $4.3 million in the three months ended March 31, 2026 and 2025, respectively. These amounts are included as components of both Cost of revenue and Operating expenses in our condensed consolidated statements of operations.

See "Results of Operations" in this MD&A for a discussion of the changes in our revenue and expenses for three months ended March 31, 2026 compared to three months ended March 31, 2025.

Restructuring and Cost Reduction Initiatives

During the fourth quarter of 2025, our President and CEO approved a strategic restructuring program (the "2026 Restructuring Plan") that consists of workforce reductions in certain of the Company’s operating locations to correspond with current sales levels in those areas. Any potential positions eliminated in countries outside the United States are subject to local law and consultation requirements. In connection with the 2026 Restructuring Plan, we recorded restructuring and related expense of $1.3 million in the three months ended March 31, 2026. We anticipate that we will record additional expense of approximately $4 million in 2026 related to the 2026 Restructuring Plan.

During the first quarter of 2025, our President and CEO approved a strategic restructuring program (as subsequently amended, the "2025 Restructuring Plan") that consists of workforce reductions in certain of our operating locations to correspond with current sales levels in those areas. The 2025 Restructuring Plan was amended in the third quarter of 2025 to reflect an increase in the scope of the proposed reductions. Any potential positions eliminated in countries outside the United States are subject to local law and consultation requirements. In connection with the 2025

Restructuring Plan, we recorded nominal restructuring and related expense in the three months ended March 31, 2026 and $2.4 million in the three months ended March 31, 2025, respectively. We anticipate that we will record nominal additional expense in 2025 for workforce reductions in connection with the 2025 Restructuring Plan.

In February 2022, our Board of Directors approved a strategic restructuring program (the "2022 Restructuring Plan") to streamline our operations in order to support our investment in critical growth areas. The 2022 Restructuring Plan includes, among other things, charges related to a consolidation of facilities and a workforce reduction. Any positions eliminated in countries outside the United States are subject to local law and consultation requirements. In connection with the 2022 Restructuring Plan, we recorded restructuring and related expense of $0.7 million and $3.1 million in the three months ended March 31, 2026 and 2025, respectively, for variable and other facilities-related costs. We anticipate that we will record approximately $2 million of expense in the remainder of 2026 related to the 2022 Restructuring Plan.

For facilities that are part of a restructuring plan, for which we have no intent or ability to enter into a sublease, we recognize accelerated rent amortization over the period from the date that we commence the plan to fully or partially vacate a facility through the final vacate date. We did not record accelerated rent amortization in the three months ended March 31, 2026 or 2025. We continue to evaluate our properties included in our restructuring plans for accelerated amortization and/or right-of-use asset impairment. We may incur additional expense in the future if we are unable to sublease other locations included in these initiatives.

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

This MD&A is based upon our condensed consolidated financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. The preparation of these financial statements requires us to make estimates and judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses, and related disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities. We base our estimates and judgments on historical experience, knowledge of current conditions and beliefs of what could occur in the future given available information. We consider certain accounting policies to be both those most important to the portrayal of our financial condition and those that require the most subjective judgment. The significant accounting policies that we believe are the most critical include revenue recognition, the valuation of inventory, warranty accruals, loss contingencies and reserves, stock-based compensation, the warrants, business combinations, goodwill and intangible assets, accounting for leases, and accounting for income taxes. If actual results differ significantly from management’s estimates and projections, there could be a material effect on our condensed consolidated financial statements. There were no significant changes to our critical accounting policies from January 1, 2026 through March 31, 2026. For a further discussion of our critical accounting policies and estimates, please refer to our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2025.

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Results of Operations

Three months ended March 31, 2026 and 2025

Revenue. Revenue for the three months ended March 31, 2026 and 2025 was as follows (in thousands, except percentages):

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Segment revenue for the three months ended March 31, 2026 and 2025 was as follows (in thousands):

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The decrease in our product revenue in the three months ended March 31, 2026 compared to the three months ended March 31, 2025 was the result of $5.6 million of lower sales of our Cloud and Edge products and $8.3 million of lower sales of IP Optical Networks products. The decrease in revenue from the sale of Cloud and Edge products was primarily attributable to sales to Tier 1 and other service providers, U.S. Federal agencies and global enterprise customers due to lower customer demand and delayed purchasing. The decrease in revenue from the sale of IP Optical products was primarily attributable to lower sales in Asia, Europe and the Americas.

Revenue from sales to enterprise customers was 32% and 28% of our product revenue in the three months ended March 31, 2026 and 2025, respectively. These sales were made through both our direct sales team and indirect sales channel partners. The increase in enterprise sales in the three months ended March 31, 2026 primarily reflects higher sales of our products to IP Optical Networks enterprise customers.

Revenue from indirect sales through our channel partner program was 28% of our product revenue in the three months ended March 31, 2026 and 2025, respectively. Channel sales remained unchanged in the three months ended March 31, 2026 reflecting constant sales of products to enterprise customers.

The timing of the completion of customer projects and revenue recognition criteria satisfaction may cause our product revenue to fluctuate from one period to the next.

Service revenue is primarily comprised of software and hardware maintenance and support (“maintenance revenue”) and network design, installation and other professional services (“professional services revenue”).

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Service revenue for the three months ended March 31, 2026 and 2025 was comprised of the following (in thousands, except percentages):

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Segment service revenue for the three months ended March 31, 2026 and 2025 was comprised of the following (in thousands):

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Total service revenue was lower by $4.8 million in the three months ended March 31, 2026 compared to the three months ended March 31, 2025 due to lower maintenance revenue and lower professional services revenue.

Maintenance revenue decreased $2.8 million in the three months ended March 31, 2026 compared to the three months ended March 31, 2025 due to lower revenue in our IP Optical Networks segment and relatively flat revenue in our Cloud and Edge segment. The decrease in our IP Optical Networks maintenance revenue is due to the completion of a legacy access maintenance contract with a European customer that completed in the fourth quarter of 2025.

Professional services revenue decreased $2.0 million in the three months ended March 31, 2026 compared to the three months ended March 31, 2025 primarily driven from our Cloud and Edge segment. Our Cloud and Edge segment decrease was due to lower deployment services associated with a voice modernization project with one of our U.S. service providers, which we expect to increase in the upcoming quarters.

The following customers contributed 10% or more of our revenue in the three months ended March 31, 2026 and 2025:

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Revenue earned from customers domiciled outside the United States was 55% and 54% in the three months ended March 31, 2026 and 2025, respectively. Due to the timing of project completions, we expect that the domestic and international components as a percentage of our revenue may fluctuate from quarter to quarter and year to year.

Our deferred product revenue was $8 million and $7 million at March 31, 2026 and December 31, 2025, respectively. Our deferred service revenue was $147 million and $149 million at March 31, 2026 and December 31, 2025, respectively. Our deferred revenue balance may fluctuate as a result of the timing of revenue recognition, customer payments, maintenance contract renewals, contractual billing rights and maintenance revenue deferrals included in multiple element arrangements.

We expect total revenue in 2026 to be relatively consistent with 2025 in both segments.

Cost of Revenue/Gross Margin. Our cost of revenue consists primarily of amounts paid to third-party manufacturers for purchased materials and services, royalties, amortization of acquired technology, inventory valuation adjustments, warranty costs, and manufacturing and services personnel and related costs. Our cost of revenue, gross profit and gross margin for the three months ended March 31, 2026 and 2025 were as follows (in thousands, except percentages):

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Our segment cost of revenue, gross profit and gross margin for the three months ended March 31, 2026 and 2025 were as follows (in thousands, except percentages):

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Our overall gross margin decreased by 2.5 percentage points for the three months ended March 31, 2026, as compared to the three months ended March 31, 2025.

Gross margin for our Cloud and Edge segment was lower in the three months ended March 31, 2026 as compared to the prior year by 510 basis points and was attributable to lower product and Professional services sales, as well as the effect of lower fixed cost absorption and unfavorable mix. We expect Cloud and Edge gross margin to rebound as the deployment of services associated with a voice modernization project with one of our U.S. service providers returns to higher activity levels in the upcoming quarters. Gross margin for IP Optical Network remained relatively flat in the three months ended March 31, 2026 as compared to the three months ended March 31, 2025.

We expect gross margin in 2026 to be relatively flat compared to 2025 across both segments.

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Research and Development. R&D expenses consist primarily of salaries and related personnel expenses and prototype costs for the design, development, testing, and enhancement of our products. R&D expenses for the three months ended March 31, 2026 and 2025 were as follows (in thousands, except percentages):

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The increase in our R&D expenses in the three months ended March 31, 2026 compared to the three months ended March 31, 2025 was primarily attributable to our Cloud and Edge segment. The increase in R&D expenses was primarily driven by higher employee-related costs, including the impact of increased non‑U.S. expenses associated with a weakening dollar.

Our IP Optical Networks R&D investment is focused on expanding our portfolio of IP Routing solutions, adding additional features and capabilities to our Optical Transport portfolio, and supporting features in our next generation SDN management and orchestration platform.

Some aspects of our R&D efforts require significant short-term expenditures, the timing of which may cause significant variability in our expenses. We believe that rapid technological innovation is critical to our long-term success, and we are tailoring our investments to meet the requirements of our customers and market.

We expect that our R&D expenses will increase in 2026 primarily due to higher employee and consulting costs related to supporting certain legacy products and development of our cloud-native solutions.

Sales and Marketing Expenses. Sales and marketing expenses consist primarily of salaries and related personnel costs, commissions, travel and entertainment expenses, promotions, customer trial and evaluations inventory and other marketing and sales support expenses. Sales and marketing expenses for the three months ended March 31, 2026 and 2025 were as follows (in thousands, except percentages):

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Sales and marketing expenses in the three months ended March 31, 2026 were relatively flat as compared to the three months ended March 31, 2025.

We expect sales and marketing expenses will remain relatively flat in 2026 compared to 2025, with higher employee-related variable compensation expenses, partially driven by a weakening dollar, offset by cost efficiencies.

General and Administrative Expenses. General and administrative expenses consist primarily of salaries and related personnel costs for executive and administrative personnel, and audit, legal and other professional fees. General and administrative expenses for the three months ended March 31, 2026 and 2025 were as follows (in thousands, except percentages):

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The increase in general and administrative expenses in the three months ended March 31, 2026 compared to the three months ended March 31, 2025 was primarily attributable to higher stock compensation expense.

We expect that our general and administrative expenses will increase modestly in 2026 as compared to 2025, primarily due to higher employee-related variable compensation associated with stock-based compensation expenses, partially offset by continued cost efficiencies.

Amortization of Acquired Intangible Assets included in Operating expenses. Amortization of acquired intangible assets included in Operating expenses ("Opex Amortization") for the three months ended March 31, 2026 and 2025 was as follows (in thousands, except percentages):

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Opex Amortization was lower for the three months ended March 31, 2026 compared to the three months ended March 31, 2025. We record our amortization in relation to expected future cash flows rather than on a straight-line basis. Accordingly, such expense may vary from one period to the next.

Restructuring and Related. We have been committed to streamlining our operations and reducing operating costs by closing and consolidating certain facilities and reducing our worldwide workforce. Please see the additional discussion of our restructuring initiatives in the "Restructuring and Cost Reduction Initiatives" section of the Overview of this MD&A.

We recorded restructuring and related expense of $2.0 million and $5.3 million in the three months ended March 31, 2026 and 2025, respectively. Although we have eliminated positions as part of our restructuring initiatives, we continue to hire in certain areas that we believe are important to our future growth.

Interest Expense, Net. Interest expense and interest income for the three months ended March 31, 2026 and 2025 were as follows (in thousands, except percentages):

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Interest income increased slightly in 2026 as compared to 2025. Our interest expense in the three months ended March 31, 2026 and 2025 primarily represents term debt interest, amortization of debt issuance costs and original issue discount and interest associated with factoring arrangements. Interest expense in the three months ended March 31, 2026 was lower than the same period in 2025 primarily due to lower applicable interest margins and a reduction in the outstanding term debt balance.

Other Income, Net. We recorded other income, net of $0.5 million and $3.1 million in the three months ended March 31, 2026 and 2025, respectively. Other income, net in the three months ended March 31, 2026 was primarily comprised of approximately $1.2 million of fair value adjustments of our warrants, partially offset by foreign currency exchange losses of $1.2 million. Other income, net in the three months ended March 31, 2025 was primarily comprised of $1.7 million of the fair value adjustments of our warrants and foreign currency exchange gains of $1.3 million.

Income Taxes. We recorded an income tax benefit of $6.4 million and $0.8 million in the three months ended March 31, 2026 and 2025, respectively. These amounts reflect our estimates of the effective rates expected to be applicable for the respective full fiscal years, adjusted for any discrete events, which are recorded in the period that they occur. These estimates are reevaluated each quarter based on our estimated tax rate for the full year. The estimated effective tax rate includes the impact of valuation allowances in various jurisdictions. We intend to continue to maintain a valuation allowance on our deferred tax assets until there is sufficient evidence to support the reversal of all or some portion of the respective allowances.

In October 2021, the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (the "OECD") announced the OECD/G20 Inclusive Framework on Base Erosion and Profit Shifting, which agreed to a two-pillar solution to address tax challenges arising from digitalization of the economy. In December 2021, the OECD released Pillar Two Model Rules defining the global minimum tax rules, which contemplate a minimum tax rate of 15% (“Pillar Two”). In addition, the OECD issued administrative guidance providing transition and safe harbor rules that could delay the impact of the minimum tax directive. Certain countries in which we operate have enacted legislation consistent with the OECD model rules effective beginning in 2024. We considered the applicable tax laws in relevant jurisdictions and concluded there was no material effect on our tax provision for the three months ended March 31, 2026 and 2025. We will continue to evaluate the potential effect of Pillar Two rules on our future reporting periods, but we do not expect Pillar Two to have a significant impact on our results of operations, financial position, or cash flows.

The One Big Beautiful Bill Act (the "Act") was signed into law on July 4, 2025. The Act reinstated bonus depreciation, allowed for full expensing of R&D expenses, and increased the limitation of interest deductibility for 2025, amongst many other provisions that are effective January 1, 2026. The tax effects of the Act were reflected in our income tax provision for the year ended December 31, 2025 and the three months ended March 31, 2026.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

We have no off-balance sheet arrangements that have or are reasonably likely to have a current or future material effect on our financial position, changes in financial position, revenues or expenses, results of operations, liquidity, capital expenditures or capital resources.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Our condensed consolidated statements of cash flows are summarized as follows (in thousands):

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We had cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash aggregating $70 million and $98 million at March 31, 2026 and December 31, 2025, respectively. We had cash held by our non-U.S. subsidiaries aggregating $46 million and $50 million at March 31, 2026 and December 31, 2025, respectively. If we elect to repatriate all of the funds held by our non-U.S. subsidiaries as of March 31, 2026, we do not believe that the amounts of potential withholding taxes that would arise from the repatriation would have a material effect on our liquidity.

At March 31, 2026, we had an outstanding balance under the current credit facility of $339.9 million at an average interest rate of 9.9%, with no revolver balance and no letters of credit outstanding. We were in compliance with all covenants of the current credit facility at both March 31, 2026 and December 31, 2025.

On May 5, 2026, we entered into the First Amendment, which (1) waives compliance with the maximum consolidated net leverage ratio financial covenant as of and for the period ending June 30, 2026, (2) increases the Maximum Consolidated Net Leverage Ratio (as defined in the 2024 Credit Facility) to 4.50:1.00 as of and for the period ending September 30, 2026, and sets the ratio for all subsequent quarters to 4.00:1.00, and (3) modifies the applicable interest rate margins for any quarter in which the Consolidated Net Leverage Ratio exceeds 3.75:1.00 to 7.00%. Management believes that, together with expected operating cash flows, the First Amendment provides sufficient liquidity to enable the Company to meet its anticipated operating and capital requirements for at least the next twelve months.

In the course of our business, we use letters of credit, bank guarantees, and surety bonds (collectively, "Guarantees"). We had $11.2 million and $11.1 million of Guarantees under various uncommitted facilities as of March 31, 2026 and December 31, 2025, respectively. We had no letters of credit outstanding under the current credit facility as of March 31, 2026 or December 31, 2025. At March 31, 2026 and December 31, 2025, we had cash collateral of $2.0 million and $1.7 million supporting the Guarantees, respectively, which are reported as Restricted cash in our condensed consolidated balance sheets.

We are exposed to financial market risk related to foreign currency fluctuations and changes in interest rates. These exposures are actively monitored by management. To manage the volatility related to the exposure to changes in interest rates, we may enter into a derivative financial instrument. Management’s objective has been to reduce, where it is deemed appropriate to do so, fluctuations in earnings and cash flows associated with changes in interest rates. Our policies and practices are to use derivative financial instruments only to the extent necessary to manage exposures. We do not hold or issue derivative financial instruments for trading or speculative purposes.

As a result of exposure to foreign currency fluctuations, we entered into foreign exchange forward activity in January 2026 which effectively hedges a portion of the Company’s foreign‑currency exposure arising from international transactions.

Our objectives in using foreign exchange derivatives have been to add stability to operating expenses and to manage our exposure to foreign currency movements. To accomplish these objectives, we have used foreign exchange forward contracts as part of our foreign currency risk management strategy. Foreign exchange forwards designated as cash flow hedges involve the exchange of variable foreign‑currency cash flows for fixed rate cash flows over the life of the agreement, without an exchange of the underlying notional amount.

The effective portion of changes in the fair value of designated derivatives that qualify as cash flow hedges is recorded in Accumulated other comprehensive income in the condensed consolidated balance sheet and is subsequently reclassified into earnings in the period that the hedged forecasted transactions affect earnings. Any ineffective portion of the change in the fair value of the derivative would be recognized directly in earnings. We had no derivative assets or liabilities at December 31, 2025.

In the second quarter of 2025, our Board approved a share repurchase program (the "2025 Repurchase Program" or the “Repurchase Program”) pursuant to which we are authorized to repurchase up to $50 million of our common stock prior to December 31, 2027. We repurchased 0.4 million shares in the three months ended March 31, 2026, using $0.8 million. Since the start of the Repurchase Program, the Company has repurchased 2.9 million shares using $9.8 million.

Cash Flows from Operating Activities

Our primary source of cash from operating activities has been from cash collections from our customers. We expect cash flows from operating activities to be affected by increases and decreases in sales volumes and timing of collections, and by purchases and shipments of inventory. Our primary uses of cash for operating activities have been for personnel costs and investment in our research and development and in our sales and marketing, and general and administrative departments.

Our operating activities used $22.0 million of cash in the three months ended March 31, 2026 largely driven by payments of variable employee compensation, decreases in accounts payable, accrued expenses, and other long‑term liabilities reflecting the timing of vendor and other operating payments, and increases in inventory and other operating assets, as well as a result of our net loss adjusted for non-cash expenses. These uses of cash were partially offset by a decrease in accounts receivable. Net loss was adjusted for non‑cash items, including amortization of intangible assets, stock‑based compensation, the decrease in the fair value of the warrant liability, and deferred income tax expense.

Our operating activities used cash of $3.5 million in the three months ended March 31, 2025, largely driven by the payment of variable employee compensation and primarily as a result of our net loss adjusted for non-cash expenses, lower accrued expenses and other long-term liabilities, lower accounts payable, and higher other operating assets and inventory. These amounts were partially offset by lower accounts receivable. Our net loss is adjusted for non-cash

expenses such as amortization of intangible assets, stock-based compensation, the decrease in the fair value of our warrant liability and deferred income tax expense.

Cash Flows from Investing Activities

Our investing activities used $3.1 million and $12.1 million of cash to purchase property and equipment in the three months ended March 31, 2026 and 2025, respectively. The decrease in capital expenditures compared to the prior‑year period was primarily attributable to the completion of the build‑out of our new facility in Israel during 2025.

Cash Flows from Financing Activities

Our financing activities used $3.1 million of cash in the three months ended March 31, 2026. We paid $2.2 million in principal payments on our term debt, $0.1 million of tax obligations related to the vesting of stock awards and units and $0.8 million for the repurchase and retirement of our common stock under the 2025 Repurchase Program.

Our financing activities used $1.8 million of cash in the three months ended March 31, 2025. We paid $0.9 million in principal payments on our term debt and $0.9 million of tax obligations related to the vesting of stock awards and units.

The rate at which we consume cash is dependent upon the cash needs of our future operations, including our contractual obligations at March 31, 2026, primarily comprised of our debt principal and interest obligations as described above, and our operating lease and purchase obligations. Our operating lease obligations totaled $95.4 million at March 31, 2026, with payments to be made aggregating $13.2 million in the remainder of 2026, $16.6 million in 2027, $13.9 million in 2028 and $51.7 million thereafter. Estimated payments for purchase obligations for the full year 2026 total approximately $102 million. We anticipate devoting substantial capital resources to continue our R&D efforts, to maintain our sales, support and marketing, and for other general corporate activities. We believe that our financial resources, along with managing discretionary expenses, will allow us to manage the ongoing impact of inflation on our business operations. Looking ahead, we have developed contingency plans to reduce costs further if the situation deteriorates.

Based on our current expectations, we believe that our current cash balances and available borrowings under the current credit facility will be sufficient to meet our anticipated cash needs for working capital and capital expenditures for at least twelve months from the date of issuance of these financial statements.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

In December 2025, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (the "FASB") issued ASU 2025-11, Interim Reporting (Topic 270): Narrow-Scope Improvements (“ASU 2025-11”), to improve the navigability of the required interim disclosures, to clarify when that guidance is applicable and to enhance disclosure requirements. The amendments add to Topic 270 a principle that requires entities to disclose events since the end of the last annual reporting period that have a material impact on the entity. ASU 2025-11 will be effective for the Company beginning with its 2028 interim and annual financial statements, with early adoption permitted. The Company believes this ASU will have no material impact on its consolidated financial statements.

In December 2025, the FASB issued ASU 2025-10, Government Grants (Topic 832): Accounting for Government Grants Received by Business Entities (“ASU 2025-10”), to clarify the appropriate accounting, reduce diversity in practice, and increase consistency across business entities. ASU 2025-10 will be effective for us beginning with our 2029 interim and annual financial statements, with early adoption permitted. The Company believes this ASU will have no material impact on its consolidated financial statements.

In November 2025, the FASB issued ASU 2025-09, Derivatives and Hedging (Topic 815): Hedge Accounting Improvements (“ASU 2025-09”), to enhance hedge accounting guidance and better align it with entities’ risk management activities. The amendments expand eligibility for hedge accounting, simplify certain requirements, and address issues related to reference rate reform. Key changes include allowing cash flow hedge accounting for

“choose-your-rate” debt instruments, introducing a principles-based “similar risk exposure” criterion for grouping forecasted transactions, permitting component hedging for nonfinancial forecasted transactions, and clarifying the treatment of certain derivative structures. ASU 2025-09 will be effective for the Company beginning with its 2027 interim and annual financial statements, with early adoption permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of this accounting standard on its consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

In September 2025, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (the "FASB") issued ASU 2025-06, Intangibles- Goodwill and Other- Internal-Use Software (Subtopic 350-40): Targeted Improvements to the Accounting for Internal-Use Software (“ASU 2025-06”). To clarify how the accounting guidance applies to both linear and nonlinear software development, this standard removes all references to “developments stages” from ASC 350-40. ASU 2025-06 will be effective for us beginning with our 2028 interim and annual financial statements, with early adoption permitted as of the beginning of an annual reporting period. We are currently evaluating the impact of this accounting standard on our consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

In July 2025, the FASB issued ASU 2025-05, Financial Instruments-Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses for Accounts Receivable and Contract Assets (“ASU 2025-05”), which provides a practical expedient related to the estimation of expected credit losses for current accounts receivable and current contract assets that arise from transactions accounted for under ASC 606. In developing reasonable and supportable forecasts as part of estimating expected credit losses, all entities may elect a practical expedient that assumes that current conditions as of the balance sheet date do not change for the remaining life of the asset. ASU 2025-05 will be effective for us beginning with our 2026 interim and annual financial statements, with early adoption permitted. We believe this ASU will have no material impact on our consolidated financial statements.

In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU 2024-03, Income Statement, Reporting Comprehensive Income: Expense Disaggregation Disclosures (Subtopic 220-40) (“ASU 2024-03”), which requires disaggregation of certain expense captions into specified categories in disclosures within the footnotes to the financial statements. The objective of this standard is to provide investors with information to better understand a public entity’s performance and prospects for future cash flows, and to compare its performance over time with that of other entities. ASU 2024-03 will be effective for us beginning with our 2027 annual financial statements and interim financial statements thereafter, with early adoption permitted. The adoption of ASU 2024-03 will require us to provide new footnote disclosure about the types of expenses that are included in certain captions on our Statements of Operations, such as Cost of revenue, Research and development, Sales and marketing, and General and administrative.

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Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk

We are exposed to market risk related to changes in interest rates and foreign currency exchange rates. There have been no material changes in market risk from the information provided in Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk of our Annual Report on Form 10-K, for the year ended December 31, 2025.

Item 4. Controls and Procedures

Disclosure Controls and Procedures

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures. Our management, with the participation of our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the "Exchange Act")) as of the end of the period covered by this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. Based on this evaluation, our principal executive officer and principal financial officer concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of March 31, 2026.

Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting. There have been no changes in our internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act) during the fiscal quarter ended

March 31, 2026 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

PART II OTHER INFORMATION

Item 1. Legal Proceedings

We are subject to legal proceedings and claims that have not been fully resolved and that have arisen in the ordinary course of business. Our material legal proceedings are described in Part I, Item 1 of this Form 10-Q in the Notes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements in Note 20, "Commitments and Contingencies," under the heading "Contingencies."

The outcome of litigation is inherently uncertain. If one or more legal matters were resolved against the Company in a reporting period for amounts above management’s expectations, our financial condition and operating results for that reporting period could be materially adversely affected. We settled certain matters during the three months ended March 31, 2026 that did not individually or in the aggregate have a material impact on our financial condition or operating results.

Item 1A. Risk Factors

Our business faces significant risks and uncertainties, which may have a material adverse effect on our business prospects, financial condition and results of operations, and you should carefully consider them. There have been no material changes in the three months ended March 31, 2026 to the risk factors described in Part I, Item 1A. of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2025.

Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds

(c) Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

The following table provides information with respect to the shares of common stock repurchased by us for the periods indicated:

(1) Upon vesting of restricted stock awards and performance-based stock units, certain of our employees surrender a portion of the newly vested shares of common stock to satisfy the tax withholding obligations that arise in connection with their vesting. During the first quarter of 2026, 45,455 restricted stock awards were surrendered, with no performance-based stock units surrendered.

(2) Represents a weighted‑average price of shares surrendered by employees to satisfy tax withholding obligations.

(3) In June 2025, we announced a stock repurchase program for the period beginning June 5, 2025 through December 31, 2027, under which our Board of Directors authorized the repurchase of up to $50 million of our common stock at management’s discretion in the open market, in privately negotiated transactions structured through investment banking institutions, or a combination of the foregoing, (the "2025 Repurchase Program" or the “Repurchase Program”). We used $0.8 million to repurchase 400,333 shares of our common stock under the Repurchase Program

during the first quarter of 2026. Repurchases are subject to the terms of the Company’s 2024 Credit Facility, as amended, which limits aggregate share repurchases to $15 million and subjects such repurchases to compliance with specified financial covenants and leverage requirements. Based on the foregoing, the Company has $40.2 million remaining authorized for future repurchases. The amount and timing of repurchases are subject to a variety of factors including liquidity, cash flow, stock price, compliance with our credit facility and general business and market conditions. We may also from time to time, enter into Rule 10b5-1 plans to facilitate repurchases of our shares under this authorization. The Repurchase Program may be modified, increased, suspended, or discontinued at any time. The Repurchase Program is being funded using cash on hand and cash from operations.

(4) Represents amounts available for repurchases under the Repurchase Program.

Item 5. Other Information

Credit Facility Waiver

On May 5, 2026, the Company entered into the First Amendment and Limited Waiver to Credit Agreement (the “First Amendment”) with Ribbon Communications Operating Company, Inc., HPS Investment Partners, LLC, as administrative agent, and the consenting lenders. The First Amendment (1) waives compliance with the maximum consolidated net leverage ratio financial covenant as of and for the period ending June 30, 2026, (2) increases the Maximum Consolidated Net Leverage Ratio (as defined in the 2024 Credit Facility) to 4.50:1.00 as of and for the period ending September 30, 2026, and sets the ratio for all subsequent quarters to 4.00:1.00, and (3) modifies the applicable interest rate margins for any quarter in which the Consolidated Net Leverage Ratio exceeds 3.75:1.00 to 7.00%.

The foregoing description of the First Amendment does not purport to be complete and is qualified in its entirety by reference to the full text of the First Amendment, a copy of which is filed as Exhibit 10.1 to this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and is incorporated herein by reference.

Insider Trading Arrangements

During the three months ended March 31, 2026, none of the Company’s directors or officers (as defined in Rule 16a-1(f) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934) adopted, terminated or modified a Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement or non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement (as such terms are defined in Item 408 of Regulation S-K of the Securities Act of 1933).

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Item 6. Exhibits

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Exhibit No. Description

2.1 Agreement and Plan of Merger, dated as of November 14, 2019, by and among the Registrant, Ribbon Communications Israel Ltd., Eclipse Communications Ltd., ECI Telecom Group Ltd. and ECI Holding (Hungary) Korlátolt Felelősségű Társág (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.1 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed November 14, 2019 with the SEC). 2.2 Amended and Restated Purchase Agreement, dated December 1, 2020, among Ribbon Communications Inc., Ribbon Communications Operating Company, Inc., Ribbon Communications International Limited and American Virtual Cloud Technologies, Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.1 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed December 7, 2020 with the SEC). 3.1 Restated Certificate of Incorporation of the Registrant (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.2 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K12B, filed October 30, 2017 with the SEC). 3.2 Certificate of Amendment of the Restated Certificate of Incorporation of the Registrant (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed November 28, 2017 with the SEC). 3.3 Certificate of Designation of Series A Preferred Stock (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed March 30, 2023 with the SEC). 3.4 Certificate of Amendment of the Restated Certificate of Incorporation of the Registrant (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed August 4, 2023 with the SEC). 3.5 Certificate of Amendment of the Restated Certificate of Incorporation of the Registrant (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed May 30, 2025 with the SEC). 3.6 Amended and Restated By-Laws of the Registrant (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.3 to the Registrant’s Annual Report on Form 10-K, filed March 8, 2018 with the SEC). 10.1 First Amendment and Limited Waiver to Credit Agreement, dated May 5, 2026 31.1 Certificate of Ribbon Communications Inc. Chief Executive Officer Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. 31.2 Certificate of Ribbon Communications Inc. Chief Financial Officer Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. 32.1 Certificate of Ribbon Communications Inc. Chief Executive Officer Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. 32.2 Certificate of Ribbon Communications Inc. Chief Financial Officer Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. 101.INS Inline XBRL Instance Document 101.SCH Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema 101.CAL Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase 101.DEF Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase 101.LAB Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase 101.PRE Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase (104) Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101)

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* Filed herewith.

Furnished herewith.

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​ RIBBON COMMUNICATIONS INC.

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​ By: /s/ Eric Marmurek

​ ​ Eric Marmurek

​ ​ Executive Vice President, Chief Financial Officer and Chief Accounting Officer

​ ​ (Principal Financial Officer)

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​ Date: May 6, 2026

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