Neonc Technologies Holdings NTHI Form 10-Q filing Q2 FY2026

PART I - FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Item 1. Financial Statements

See accompanying notes to the condensed consolidated financial statements.

See accompanying notes to the condensed consolidated financial statements.

NEONC TECHNOLOGIES HOLDINGS, INC.

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders’ Deficit (Unaudited)

Six Months Ended June 30, 2025

See accompanying notes to the condensed consolidated financial statements.

NEONC TECHNOLOGIES HOLDINGS, INC.

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders’ Deficit (Unaudited)

Six Months Ended June 30, 2026

See accompanying notes to the condensed consolidated financial statements.

See accompanying notes to the condensed consolidated financial statements.

Note 1 – Description of Business and Liquidity and Going Concern

NeOnc Technologies, Inc. (“NTI”) was incorporated on April 13, 2005, as a California corporation. On April 7, 2023, NTI merged into NeOnc Technologies Holdings, Inc. (“NTHI” and the combined entities “NeOnc” or the “Company”). NTHI was incorporated January 5, 2023, as a Delaware Corporation.

On August 6, 2025, the Company incorporated NuroMENA Holdings Ltd. (“NuroMENA”), which is a wholly-owned subsidiary of NTHI established as part of the United Arab Emirates structure to oversee regional clinical operations, partnerships, and innovation in the Middle East and North Africa. NuroMENA was inactive through June 30, 2026.

On August 18, 2025, the Company executed a Share Exchange Agreement with Dr. Ishwar K. Puri and Beth R. Levinson, acquiring 100% of the membership interests of JandB, which became a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company. The 120,000 shares of common stock to be issued under the Share Exchange Agreement were not issued as of June 30, 2026.

NeOnc is the developer of a novel molecular technology that provides enhanced targeted delivery of technologies for treating central nervous system diseases. The Company’s lead products include NEO100 and NEO212. NEO100 is in clinical trials treating glioblastoma and has Orphan Drug and Fast Track designation from the United States Food and Drug Administration (“FDA”). NEO212 is an oral chemical conjugate combining NEO100 with temozolomide, the current standard of care for glioblastoma, and has received FDA authorization to proceed with Phase 2a/2b clinical trials. The Company licensed the underlying technology from the University of Southern California. (“USC”).

On October 11, 2024, the Company entered into an agreement with a broker dealer to serve as placement agent and provide broker services in connection with the proposed sale of common stock up to $10,000,000. Under this agreement, through December 31, 2024, the Company closed on commitments from investors to purchase 625,000 shares of common stock of the Company at $16.00 per share for total commitments of $10,000,000, which were to be held in escrow until the Company’s registration statement was declared effective. From January 1 to March 10, 2025, prior to the Company having an effective registration statement, the Company closed on an additional commitment to purchase 102,750 shares of common stock of the Company at $16.00 per share, for total commitments of $1,644,000, On March 10, 2025, the Company’s registration statement was declared effective at which time the $11,644,000 in escrow was released to the Company. On March 26, 2025, the Company was listed (“Listing”) on the Nasdaq Global Market.

Liquidity and Going Concern

The accompanying financial statements have been prepared on the basis that the Company is a going concern, which contemplates, among other things, the realization of assets and satisfaction of liabilities in the normal course of business. At June 30, 2026, the Company had cash totaling $1,973,420. For the three and six months ended June 30, 2026, the Company incurred a net loss of $14,240,044 and $23,059,976, respectively, and the Company had an accumulated deficit of $135,814,631 at June 30, 2026.

The Company has financed its working capital requirements to date primarily through the sale of common stock, stockholder loans and related party bridge loans. In January 2026, the Company entered into a series of related Securities Purchase Agreements providing for the issuance of up to an aggregate of 2,222,222 shares of common stock and warrants to purchase up to 2,222,222 shares of common stock for gross proceeds of approximately $16 million. As of June 30, 2026, the Company had completed closings under these agreements for an aggregate of 2,093,305 shares of common stock and warrants to purchase 2,093,305 shares of common stock, resulting in gross proceeds of approximately $15.1 million (see Note 7).

In June 2026, the Company entered into and closed a Securities Purchase Agreement providing for the issuance of shares of Series A Convertible Preferred Stock for aggregate gross proceeds of $5,000,000. See Note 8 to the condensed consolidated financial statements for additional information regarding the terms of the Series A Convertible Preferred Stock.

The Company does not have sufficient available capital to fund operations for a period of one year from the issuance date of these financial statements. Although the Company has established agreements with several potential funding sources (see Notes 8 and 10), the Company does not know whether additional financing will be available when needed, whether it will be available on favorable terms, or if it will be available at all. Additionally, we have not yet commercialized any products, and we do not expect to generate revenue from sales of any product candidates for a number of years, if ever. As reflected in the accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements, we have incurred recurring net losses since our inception. These factors raise substantial doubt regarding the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern one year from the issuance date of this Form 10-Q. The financial statements do not include any adjustments that might result from the outcome of this uncertainty.

The Company is actively taking steps to mitigate the substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern, including pursuing additional financing. If the Company is unable to obtain additional capital and continue as a going concern, it may have to further scale back operations or liquidate its assets and cease operations entirely, and the values received for assets in liquidation or dissolution could be significantly lower than the values reflected in these financial statements. Accordingly, these financial statements do not include any adjustments that might result from the outcome of this uncertainty.

Other risks and uncertainties

The Company is subject to risks common to biopharmaceutical companies, including, but not limited to, new technological innovations, dependence on key personnel, protection of proprietary technology, compliance with government regulations, product liability, and the uncertainty of market acceptance of products and the potential need to obtain additional financing. The Company is dependent on third-party suppliers and, in some cases, single-source suppliers. The Company’s products require approval or clearance from the FDA prior to commencing commercial sales in the United States. Approvals or clearances are also required in foreign jurisdictions where the Company may license or sell its products. There can be no assurance that the Company’s products will receive all required approvals or clearances.

There can be no assurance that the Company’s products, if approved, will be accepted in the marketplace, nor can there be any assurance that any future products can be developed or manufactured at an acceptable cost with appropriate performance characteristics or that such products will be successfully marketed, if at all.

Note 2 – Basis of Presentation and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Basis of presentation

The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States (“GAAP”) and disclosure rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”), and reflect all adjustments consisting only of normal recurring adjustments of the Company, which are, in the opinion of management, necessary for a fair presentation of the financial position as of June 30, 2026 and December 31, 2025, and the results of operations and cash flows for the three and six months ended June 30, 2026 and 2025. Any reference in these notes to applicable guidance is meant to refer to GAAP as found in the Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) and Accounting Standards Updates (“ASU”) promulgated by the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”).

The unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements contained herein have been prepared by the Company pursuant to the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”). Certain information and note disclosures normally included in annual financial statements prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles have been condensed or omitted pursuant to SEC rules and regulations, although the Company believes that the disclosures made are adequate to make the information not misleading. Accordingly, the condensed consolidated financial statements reflect all normal recurring adjustments, which are, in the opinion of management, necessary for a fair presentation of the results of interim periods and may not include all disclosures required by accounting principles generally accepted in the United States (“GAAP”). The information as of June 30, 2026, and for the three and six months ended June 30, 2026 and 2025, is unaudited, whereas the condensed consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2025, is derived from the Company’s audited consolidated financial statements as of that date. These condensed consolidated financial statements and notes hereto should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and notes thereto included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2025, filed with the SEC on March 31, 2026.

The results of operations for the interim periods presented are not necessarily indicative of results to be expected for any other interim period or for the year.

Principles of consolidation

The accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements and related notes to the consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its wholly owned subsidiaries. All significant intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.

Use of estimates

In preparing the Company’s condensed consolidated financial statements in conformity with GAAP, management is required to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosures of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements, as well as the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Significant estimates reflected in these consolidated financial statements include, but are not limited to, the valuation of stock-based compensation awards, the valuation of warrants, the completeness and accuracy of clinical and pre-clinical trial accruals, and the operating lease right-of-use (“ROU”) assets and operating lease liability. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

Concentrations of Credit Risk and Off-Balance Sheet Risk

The Company, from time to time during the period covered by these condensed consolidated financial statements, may have cash balances deposited at major financial institutions exceeding the federally insured limit. The Company regularly monitors the financial condition of the institutions in which it has depository accounts and believes the risk of loss is minimal. The Company has not experienced any losses in such accounts.

Cash and cash equivalents

Cash and cash equivalents are comprised of deposits at major financial banking institutions and highly liquid investments with an original maturity of three months or less at the date of purchase. As of June 30, 2026 and December 31, 2025, the Company had money market funds of approximately $1,600,000 and $2,000, respectively.

Deferred offering costs

The Company complies with the requirements of the ASC 340-10-S99-1 and SEC Staff Accounting Bulletin (“SAB”) Topic 5A “Expenses of Offering”. If planned offerings are terminated, the related capitalized deferred offering costs are written off.

Offering costs consist principally of professional and registration fees incurred through December 31, 2024, that were related to the planned public offering of its securities. These costs had been capitalized and upon the completion of the securities offering were recorded as additional paid-in capital (see Note 8). At June 30, 2026, costs incurred in connection with the equity purchase agreement have been charged against additional paid-in capital (see Note 8).

Debt issuance costs

Debt issuance costs represent costs directly attributable to warrants issued for a line of credit commitment by a related party. Such costs represent the fair value of warrants issued to the debt facility provider and are amortized to the statement of operations on a straight-line basis over the term of the commitment period, as no borrowings have occurred under the facility and an effective interest rate cannot be determined. Prior to the Company drawing on the line of credit, unamortized debt issuance costs are classified as a long-term other asset, consistent with ASC 835-30-45-3, which requires presentation of issuance costs related to unused credit facilities as an asset rather than as a deduction from a liability. Once the Company begins to draw funds under the facility, a pro-rata portion of the deferred issuance costs, based on the ratio of amounts borrowed to the total facility capacity, is reclassified as a contra-debt balance and subsequently amortized as an adjustment to interest expense over the remaining term of the borrowing.

Intangible Assets

Intangible assets acquired in an asset acquisition are initially recognized at their fair value on the acquisition date. Intangible assets that have not yet been placed in service are not amortized; rather, they are tested for impairment annually, and more frequently when events or changes in circumstances indicate that it is more likely than not that the asset is impaired. Once placed in service, intangible assets with finite useful lives are amortized on a straight-line basis over their estimated useful lives and are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable.

During the six months ended June 30, 2026, the Company placed into service an intangible asset with a carrying value of approximately $500,000 that was acquired in October 2025. The Company has determined the estimated useful life of the intangible assets to be 18 years. Amortization expense for the three and six months ended June 30, 2026 was $6,944 and $18,519, respectively, and is included in general and administrative expense in the condensed consolidated statements of operations. No impairment was recognized during the three and six months ended June 30, 2026.

Impairment of Long-Lived Assets

The Company evaluates the recoverability of long-lived assets whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. Recoverability of assets to be held and used is measured by a comparison of the carrying amount of an asset to the future undiscounted net cash flows expected to be generated by the asset. If the carrying amount is not fully recoverable, an impairment loss is recognized to reduce the carrying amount to fair value and is charged to expense in the period of impairment. During the six months ended June 30, 2026 no impairments were recognized.

Warrants

The Company evaluates the terms of warrants issued and determines if the instrument requires liability or equity accounting classification under ASC 815: Derivatives and Hedging and ASC 480: “Distinguishing Liabilities from Equity”.

Leases

ASC Topic 842, Leases, (“ASC 842”) requires a lessee to recognize a right-of-use (“ROU”) asset and corresponding lease liability on the balance sheet for all leases with a term longer than 12 months. Leases will be classified as finance or operating, with classification affecting the pattern and classification of expense recognition in the consolidated statements of operations as well as the reduction of the ROU asset.

Operating lease ROU assets and the related lease liabilities are recognized based on the present value of the future minimum lease payments over the lease term at commencement date. The operating lease ROU assets also include lease incentives and initial direct costs incurred. For operating leases, interest on the lease liability and the amortization of ROU asset result in straight-line rent expense over the lease term. Leases may include options to extend or terminate the lease which are included in the ROU operating lease assets and operating lease liability when they are reasonably certain of exercise. Non-lease components are paid separately from rent based on actual costs incurred. Therefore, these costs are not included in the right-of-use asset and lease liability and are reflected as an expense in the period incurred. Operating lease expense associated with minimum lease payments is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term. This lease is recorded as an operating lease and has recognized, right of use (ROU) assets and operating lease liabilities on the accompanying consolidated balance sheets.

Fair value measurements

FASB ASC Topic 820, “Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures” (“ASC 820”), defines fair value, the methods used to measure fair value and the expanded disclosures about fair value measurements. Fair value is the price received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between the buyer and the seller at the measurement date. In determining fair value, the valuation techniques consistent with the market approach, income approach and cost approach shall be used to measure fair value. ASC 820 establishes a fair value hierarchy for inputs, representing the assumptions the buyer and seller use in pricing the asset or liability. These inputs are further defined as observable and unobservable inputs. Observable inputs are those that the buyer and seller would use in pricing the asset or liability based on market data obtained from sources independent of the Company. Unobservable inputs reflect the Company’s assumptions about the inputs the buyer and seller would use to price the asset or liability developed based on the best information available in the circumstances.

The Company’s money market funds are valued at quoted prices in active markets and are classified as Level 1 within the fair value hierarchy. The notes payable – related party was reported at fair value (Level 3) as the Company elected the fair value option for such a note (see Note 4) prior to its extinguishment. The carrying value of the Company’s accounts payable and accounts payable – related parties approximates its fair value because of the short-term nature of these consolidated financial instruments.

The derivative liability associated with the Series A Convertible Preferred Stock (see Note 8) is measured at fair value on a recurring basis and is classified as Level 3 within the fair value hierarchy, as its valuation requires significant unobservable inputs, including expected volatility, risk-free rate, and the timing and probability of conversion and reset events, estimated using a Monte Carlo simulation model. The carrying value of the Company’s accounts payable and accounts payable – related parties approximates its fair value because of the short-term nature of these financial instruments.

The fair value hierarchy is categorized into three levels based on the inputs as follows:

• Level 1 — Valuations based on unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that the Company has the ability to access. Valuation adjustments and block discounts are not being applied. Since valuations are based on quoted prices that are readily and regularly available in an active market, the valuation of these securities does not entail a significant degree of judgment.
• Level 2 — Valuations based on (i) quoted prices in active markets for similar assets and liabilities, (ii) quoted prices in markets that are not active for identical or similar assets, (iii) inputs other than quoted prices for the assets or liabilities, or (iv) inputs that are derived principally from or corroborated by the market through correlation or other means.
• Level 3 — Valuations based on unobservable inputs and significant to the overall fair value measurement.

Revenue

The Company recognizes revenue in accordance with Accounting Standards Codification Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (“ASC 606”). Under ASC 606, revenue is recognized when a customer obtains control of promised goods or services in an amount that reflects the consideration the Company expects to receive in exchange for those goods or services.

The Company has received limited fees in connection with compassionate use of its lead investigational drug candidate, NEO100, made available on a right-to-try basis. The Company concluded that such fees are incidental to, and directly related to, recovering costs associated with the Company’s research and development activities, rather than representing revenue generated from the Company’s ongoing central operations. Accordingly, such fees are presented as a reduction of research and development expense in the period received, rather than as revenue.

The Company did not recognize any revenue during the three and six months ended June 30, 2026. During the three and six months ended June 30, 2026, the Company received $20,000, respectively, related to compassionate use of NEO100, which was recorded as a reduction of research and development expense. During the three and six months ended June 30, 2025, the Company received $0 and $39,990, respectively, related to compassionate use of NEO100, which has been reclassified from revenue to a reduction of research and development expense to conform to the current period presentation. This reclassification had no effect on net loss, total stockholders’ deficit, or cash flows for the six months ended June 30, 2025.

Research and development

Research and development costs are expensed as incurred. Research and development expenses include personnel costs associated with research and development activities, including third-party contractors performing research, conducting clinical trials, and manufacturing drug supplies and materials. Based on the timing of payments to service providers, the Company may also record prepaid expenses for those service providers that will be recognized as expenses in future periods as the related services are rendered. Research and development costs may be offset by research grants and research and development refundable tax rebates received by the Company.

Patent costs

All patent-related costs incurred in filing and prosecuting patent applications are expensed as incurred due to the uncertainty about the recovery of the expenditure. Amounts incurred are classified as legal and professional expenses in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations.

Accounting for Government Grants

Grant Income

The Company generates grant income through grants from government organizations. As there is no authoritative guidance under U.S. GAAP on accounting for grants to for-profit business entities from government entities, the Company accounts for government assistance by applying the principles of International Accounting Standards Topic 20, Accounting for Government Grants and Disclosure of Government Assistance (“IAS 20”). Under IAS 20, government grants are recognized when there is reasonable assurance that the grant will be received and that all conditions related to the grant will be met.

Grant income is recognized in other income (expense) in the period in which the reimbursable research and development services are incurred and the right to payment is realized. The income from NIH grants are based upon subcontractor costs and internal costs incurred that are specifically covered by the grants, plus a facilities and administrative rate that provides funding for overhead expenses. The Company presents grant income on a gross basis, recognizing income for its own allowable costs incurred, while costs incurred by USC as subcontractor are recognized as research and development expense, with a corresponding subcontract payable to USC, rather than being netted against grant income.

Grant Receivables

Grant receivables relate to outstanding amounts due for reimbursable expenditures of awarded grants issued by the National Institute of Aging (“NIA”) a division of the National Institutes of Health (“NIH”) and are carried at their estimated collectible amounts. The amounts were billed in the month subsequent to period end and collected shortly thereafter. The Company expects all receivables to be collectible, and accordingly, there is no allowance for doubtful accounts required on these grant receivables. Grant receivables are included in prepaid expenses and other current assets in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets.

Stock-based compensation

The Company has granted stock options and common stock to employees, non-employee consultants and non-employee members of our Board of Directors. The Company measures the compensation cost associated with all stock-based payments based on the grant date fair values. Compensation costs associated with grants of common stock are measured at fair value at the date of grant, which has historically been the most recent price paid by investors to purchase shares of the Company’s common stock prior to such grant. The Company recognizes stock-based compensation expense on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period of each award, which generally equals the vesting period for awards that contain only service conditions. If the stock grant is contingent upon events that have not yet happened, then the grant is not considered issued. If an award holder leaves the company prior to vesting, an adjustment of the compensation expense will be made to reflect only those awards that vested.

The Company recognizes the stock-based compensation expense for the shares of restricted stock based upon the fair value of the common stock at the date of the grant. The expense is recognized over the service period provided in the restricted stock awards, however expense was not recognized prior to the listing date (“Listing Date”), as prior to such date it was not probable that condition to commence vesting would be met.

When the vesting contingency is met, the Company will commence to recognize expense related to the restricted stock. For time based vested restricted stock, the expense will be recognized on a straight-line basis from the grant date to the last vesting date. The expense recognized will include the expense from the date of the grant over the total vesting period and reflect the portion attributable to the service provided prior to the listing. For performance based restricted stock, the Company will determine the probability of the contingency being met each quarter end based upon an assessment of progress made under such performance criteria.

Net loss per share

Basic net loss per share is computed by dividing net loss available to common stockholders by the weighted average number of common stock outstanding during the period. Diluted net loss per share is computed by dividing net loss by the sum of the weighted average number of common stock outstanding during the period. For periods in which the Company reports a net loss, the diluted net loss per share is the same as basic net loss per share.

For the three and six months ended June 30, 2026, there were 573,666 unvested shares of restricted stock, 2,243,305 warrants outstanding, and 6,000 shares of Series A Convertible Preferred Stock (on an as-converted basis) outstanding, which were not included in the calculation of diluted net loss per share because their inclusion would have been anti-dilutive. For the three and six months ended June 30, 2025, there were 3,110,000 shares of unvested restricted stock and 150,000 warrants outstanding, which were not included in the calculation of diluted net loss per share because their inclusion would have been anti-dilutive.

Income taxes

The Company recognizes federal, state, and foreign current tax liabilities or assets based on its estimate of taxes payable to or refundable by tax authorities in the current fiscal year. For the three and six months ended June 30, 2026 and 2025, there is no current tax provision due to losses generated. The Company also recognizes federal and state deferred tax liabilities or assets based on the Company’s estimate of future tax effects attributable to temporary differences and carry forwards. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled.

Deferred tax assets are reduced by valuation allowances if, based on the consideration of all available evidence, it is more likely than not that some portion of the deferred tax asset will not be realized. The Company evaluates deferred income taxes quarterly to determine if valuation allowances are required by considering available evidence. If the Company is unable to generate sufficient future taxable income in certain tax jurisdictions, or if there is a material change in the actual effective tax rates or time period within which the underlying temporary differences become taxable or deductible, the Company could be required to increase its valuation allowance against its deferred tax assets which could result in an increase in the Company’s effective tax rate and an adverse impact on operating results. The Company will continue to evaluate the necessity of the valuation allowance based on the remaining deferred tax assets. The difference between the statutory and effective rates for the three and six months ended June 30, 2026 and 2025 is a result of the Company applying a full valuation allowance against any deferred tax assets as a result of net operating losses due to uncertainties surrounding the usability of such net operating losses. The ability to utilize such net operating loss carry forwards may be limited due to possible changes in ownership as defined under Internal Revenue Code section 382.

The Company follows the accounting guidance related to financial statement recognition, measurement and disclosure of uncertain tax positions. The Company recognizes the impact of an uncertain income tax position on an income tax return at the largest amount that is more likely than not to be sustained upon audit by the relevant taxing authority. An uncertain income tax position will not be recognized if it is less than 50% likely to be sustained. Uncertain tax positions are recognized in the first subsequent financial reporting period in which that threshold is met or from changes in circumstances such as the expiration of applicable statutes of limitations. The Company will recognize interest and penalties related to tax positions in income tax expense.

Segment Reporting

The Company follows Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2023-07, “Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures.” The standard expands reportable segment disclosure requirements for public business entities primarily through enhanced disclosures about significant segment expenses that are regularly provided to the chief operating decision maker (“CODM”) and included within each reported measure of segment profit (referred to as the “significant expense principle”). The Company operates in a single segment – biotechnology research.

Reclassifications

Certain reclassifications of previously reported amounts have been made to conform to the current year presentation. The Company reclassified $39,990 of previously reported revenue for the six months ended June 30, 2025, related to compassionate use of NEO100, to a reduction of research and development expense. In addition, the Company separated certain previously combined balance sheet captions as of December 31, 2025 as follows: (i) accounts payable – related parties was separated into accounts payable – related parties and accrued expenses – related parties, and (ii) accounts payable and accrued expenses was separated into accounts payable, and accrued expenses and other current liabilities, with accrued compensation previously presented separately now included within accrued expenses and other current liabilities. Such reclassifications did not impact net income, total stockholders’ deficit, or cash flows as previously reported.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements Not Yet Adopted

From time to time, new accounting pronouncements are issued by the FASB or other standard setting bodies and are adopted by the Company as of the specified effective date. Unless otherwise discussed, the Company believes that the impact of recently issued standards that are not yet effective will not have a material impact on its financial position or results of operations upon adoption.

In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU 2024-03, Income Statement—Reporting Comprehensive Income—Expense Disaggregation Disclosures (DISE), which specifies additional disclosure requirements. The new guidance requires additional disclosures, including the composition of certain income expense line items (such as purchases of inventory, employee compensation, and “other expenses”) and a separate disclosure for selling expenses. This change is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2026, and interim periods beginning after December 15, 2027, however, early adoption is permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact that the adoption of ASU 2024-03 will have on the consolidated financial statements and disclosures.

Recently Adopted Accounting Pronouncements

In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures, which requires disclosure of disaggregated income taxes paid, prescribes standard categories for the components of the effective tax rate reconciliation, and modifies other income tax-related disclosures. As an emerging growth company that has elected the extended transition period, ASU 2023-09 is effective for the Company for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2025. The Company is currently evaluating the impact ASU 2023-09 will have on its consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

There were no other accounting pronouncements adopted during the six months ended June 30, 2026 that had a material effect on the Company’s condensed consolidated financial statements.

Note 3 – Intangible asset – Patent

In October 2025, the Company paid $500,000 to McMaster University pursuant to a Patent Purchase Agreement, and the Patent was formally assigned effective October 8, 2025. The acquisition was evaluated and determined to be an asset acquisition rather than a business combination, as substantially all of the fair value of the gross assets acquired is concentrated in the single identifiable asset. No other assets, liabilities, employees, or facilities were acquired in connection with this agreement. The Patent is recorded at $500,000, representing the total cash consideration paid to McMaster University, and is included in intangible assets in the accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheets.

Effective January 1, 2026, the Company placed the Patent into service and began amortizing it on a straight-line basis over its estimated useful life of 18 years, based on the remaining patent term. Amortization expense related to the Patent is recorded in general and administrative expense in the condensed consolidated statements of operations.

The following table summarizes the carrying amount of the Patent as of June 30, 2026 and December 31, 2025:

Amortization expense was $6,944 and $0 for the three months ended June 30, 2026 and 2025, respectively, and $18,519 and $0 for the six months ended June 30, 2026 and 2025, respectively. Estimated future amortization expense related to the Patent is as follows:

Note 4 – Related Party Transactions

AFH Holdings and Advisory, LLC Advisory Agreement

On December 19, 2022, the Company entered into an advisory agreement with AFH Holdings and Advisory, LLC (“AFH”), an entity owned and controlled by Amir Heshmatpour, the Company’s Executive Chairman and Chief Executive Officer, to assist the Company in connection with its intent to affect a public listing. AFH was retained to assist the Company with investor presentations and decks, coordinate the retention of an investment banker for an initial public offering, identify legal and accounting professionals to assist in connection with such public offering, identify investor relations/public relations firms, advise on private capital markets activities prior to the initial public offering and coordinate the closing process for the offering.

On July 12, 2024, the Company amended the AFH advisory agreement section to allow for an upfront payment on the Listing Date of $2,500,000 and the remaining amount of the fee to be paid in equal monthly installments for one year. AFH was paid a fee of $500,000 as consideration for entering into the amendment, which is included in advisory fees in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations.

On March 26, 2025, and as a result of the listing of the Company on Nasdaq, the Company incurred $11,328,565 for the fee earned in accordance with the AFH advisory agreement which was recorded as advisory fee expense in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations. In accordance with the amendment, the Company paid $2,500,000 of such fee on March 26, 2025, and paid an additional $7,071,424 in the monthly installments from April through December 2025. The remaining outstanding accrued advisory fee of $1,757,141 was paid in full in January 2026.

On June 11, 2026, the Company and AFH entered into a Second Addendum to the Letter of Intent and Advisory Services Agreement. Under the Second Addendum, AFH is entitled to an annual advisory fee equal to 2.5% of the Company’s fully diluted market capitalization, determined as of December 31 of each fiscal year, including all issued and outstanding common shares, vested restricted stock, vested options, warrants, convertible securities, and other equity-linked instruments. Based on a December 31, 2025 closing share price and approximately 22.0 million fully diluted shares outstanding, the 2025 advisory fee was calculated at $4,546,575. As of June 30, 2026, the Company had an outstanding accrued advisory fee – related party balance of $1,656,575 payable to AFH.

During the three and six months ended June 30, 2026, the Company incurred advisory fee expense of $3,586,575 and $4,946,575, respectively, to AFH for advisory services related to the Company’s capital financing arrangements pursuant to the Second Addendum to the Letter of Intent. There was no comparable advisory fee expense incurred during the three and six months ended June 30, 2025 other than the $11,328,565 Nasdaq listing fee described above.

Amounts advanced to our Chief Executive Officer and Executive Chairman in excess of reimbursable expenses totaled $55,933 as of June 30, 2026, which are included within prepaid expenses – related parties on the condensed consolidated balance sheets. As of December 31, 2025, reimbursable expenses payable to AFH totaled $351,302, which was included within accrued advisory fee – related party on the condensed consolidated balance sheets.

In addition, the Company agreed to retain AFH as an exclusive advisor to the Company on all financing and mergers and acquisitions for a period of two years from the closing of the private securities offering.

Transactions with the University of Southern California

Dr. Thomas Chen, the Company’s founder, Chief Medical Officer, and Chief Scientific Officer, is a tenured Professor of Neurosurgery and Pathology and the Director of Surgical Neuro-Oncology at the USC.

The Company maintains a license agreement with USC, under which the Company will pay USC an annual patent maintenance fee of $20,000 and nonrefundable earned royalties of 4% on Net Sales (as defined in the Amended Agreement) of Licensed Products covered by the licensed patents in all countries in which the manufacture, use, sale, offer for sale, or import of such Licensed Products, as such capitalized terms are defined in the Amended Agreement. To date, no sales have been made using Licensed Products, and no royalties are due to USC. In addition, the Company will assume responsibility for patent-related costs.

The Company utilizes laboratory and patent maintenance services from the University of Southern California (“USC”). For the three and six months ended June 30, 2026, the Company incurred $0 and $38,409, respectively, of expenses related to such services, of which $0 and $0, respectively, are recorded within research and development expenses, and $0 and $38,409, respectively, are recorded within general and administrative expenses in the condensed consolidated statements of operations. The Company incurred $82,225 and $184,449 related to such services for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025, respectively, of which $82,225 and $164,449, respectively, are recorded within research and development expenses, and $0 and $20,000, respectively, are recorded within general and administrative expenses in the condensed consolidated statements of operations. As of June 30, 2026 and December 31, 2025, the Company had accrued laboratory and patent maintenance fees payable to USC of $361,535 and $361,535, respectively, which are included within accrued expenses – related parties in the condensed consolidated balance sheets.

In addition, the Company conducts certain clinical trial activities at USC. These services are provided pursuant to clinical trial agreements entered into in the ordinary course of business on substantially the same terms and conditions as the Company’s agreements with non-related party clinical trial sites. As of June 30, 2026 and December 31, 2025, the Company had outstanding amounts payable to USC for clinical trial services of $1,135 and $283,250, respectively, which are included within accounts payable – related parties and accrued expenses – related parties in the condensed consolidated balance sheets.

The Company is a party to two Small Business Technology Transfer grants from the National Institutes of Health, awarded in August 2025 and September 2025, respectively, pursuant to which USC serves as the Company’s academic research subcontractor. As of June 30, 2026, the Company had a corresponding subcontract payable to USC of $435,655 included within accounts payable – related parties in the condensed consolidated balance sheets. (See Note 11)

Accrued compensation

The amount accrued for the management team, including related payroll taxes, was $255,099 as of June 30, 2026 and December 31, 2025. There is no specified timetable for payment of such amounts.

Note 5 – Related Party Loans Payable

Due from Related Party

The Company previously paid legal fees on behalf of HCWG LLC, which resulted in a receivable due from HCWG LLC totaling $138,247 as of June 30, 2026 and December 31, 2025, which is recorded within prepaid expenses – related parties on the condensed consolidated balance sheets.

Advances from Executive Chairman

In February 2025, the Executive Chairman and CEO advanced the Company approximately $300,000. The advances carried a 50% (or 1 times amounts borrowed) original issue discount (“OID”) on the principal. On March 10, 2025, the outstanding balance of $600,000 was repaid. Interest expense of $300,000 was recognized in the condensed consolidated statements of operations for the six months ended June 30, 2025. There was no comparable activity during the three and six months ended June 30, 2026.

Note 6 – Convertible Debt

On July 16 and July 18, 2025, the Company entered into a series of convertible promissory notes with a group of investors for the aggregate purchase price of $4,000,000 (the “Notes”). The Notes are payable three months from the date of issuance, with an aggregate face value of $5,000,000, reflecting a 20% original issue discount (“OID”). The Company has the option to extend the maturity date for up to three additional one-month periods. In the event of any such extension, the OID shall increase to 25%, 30%, and 35% for the first, second, and third extension periods, respectively. Further, upon the occurrence of an Event of Default, as that term is defined in the Notes, the Notes shall be convertible at the option of the holders into shares of the Common stock of the Company at a price equal to 80% of the lowest closing sale price of the Company’s common stock as reported on the Nasdaq Global Market on any trading day during the five (5) trading days prior to the respective conversion date. The Company also recorded debt issuance cost of $320,000 to be amortized as interest expense over the term of the loan.

In accordance with ASU 2020-06, the Company accounts for the convertible notes as a single liability instrument. The notes are recorded at amortized cost, and interest expense is recognized using the effective interest method.

During the year ended December 31, 2025, the Company exercised the first three available extensions, thereby increasing the OID to 35%. On January 21, 2026, the Company and the holders entered into a Convertible Promissory Note Extension agreement (the “Extension”), which further extended the maturity date of the Notes to January 28, 2026 in exchange for an additional 5% OID, thereby increasing the OID to 40% and the aggregate face value of the Notes to $6,666,667. In January 2026, the Company repaid the full outstanding balance of $6,666,667 upon maturity, and the Notes were terminated.

The following table summarizes the activity related to the Notes during the six months ended June 30, 2026:

For the three and six months ended June 30, 2026, the Company incurred total interest expense of $0 and $725,601, respectively, related to the Notes, which consists of $714,601 from the accretion of OID and $11,000 from the amortization of debt issuance costs.

Note 7 – Leases

The Company has an operating lease for its office facilities and has no financing leases. The Company previously leased office space under a 24-month operating lease that, as amended on November 27, 2024, expired on January 31, 2025.

In April 2025, the Company entered into a 63-month lease for office space, which calls for a monthly base rent of $6,778, increasing at approximately 3% per annum. The lease liability was computed using an interest rate of 3.72%, and as of June 30, 2026, the lease has a remaining 48 months. In calculating the present value of future lease payments, the Company utilized its incremental borrowing rate based on the lease term. The Company’s non-lease components (e.g., common area maintenance, maintenance, consumables, etc.) are paid separately from rent based on actual costs incurred and, therefore, are not included in the right-of-use asset and lease liability and are reflected as an expense in the period incurred. Upon commencement of the lease, the Company recognized a right-of-use asset and corresponding operating lease liability of $412,129.

As of June 30, 2026 and December 31, 2025, the Company reported a right-of-use asset of $322,049 and $361,045, respectively, and a lease liability of $328,217 and $361,813, respectively. The Company recorded lease expense of $21,668 and $43,377 during the three and six months ended June 30, 2026, respectively, and $15,581 and $40,303 during the three and six months ended June 30, 2025, respectively, within general and administrative expenses on the condensed consolidated statements of operations. There were no short-term or variable lease costs during the three and six months ended June 30, 2026 or 2025. Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities amounted to $20,934 and $41,269 during the three and six months ended June 30, 2026, respectively, and $13,557 and $38,557 during the three and six months ended June 30, 2025, respectively.

The following are the expected maturities of lease liabilities for operating leases as of June 30, 2026:

Note 8 – Common and Preferred Stock

NTHI is authorized to issue 100,000,000 shares of common stock, par value $0.0001 per share and 10,000,000 shares of preferred stock, par value $0.0001 per share. The board of directors is authorized, subject to any limitations prescribed by law, to provide for the issuance of shares of Preferred Stock in one or more series, and by filing a certificate pursuant to the applicable law of the State of Delaware*,* to establish from time to time the number of shares to be included in each such series, and to fix the designation, powers, preferences, and rights of the shares of each wholly unissued series and any qualifications, limitations or restrictions thereof. The number of authorized shares of Preferred Stock may be increased or decreased (but not below the number of shares thereof then outstanding) by the affirmative vote of the holders of a majority of the Common Stock, without a vote of the holders of the Preferred Stock, or any series thereof, unless a vote of any such holders is required pursuant to the terms of any Preferred Stock Designation.

During the six months ended June 30, 2025, the Company sold 727,750 shares of common stock at a price of $16.00 per share for gross proceeds of $11,644,005 pursuant to a private placement of its securities, issued 46,000 shares as part of advisory services related to the listing and as part of the private placement fee for the equity line of credit, issued 162,500 shares for the cashless exercise of warrants, and released 3,110,000 shares for the vesting of shares of restricted stock.

Series A Convertible Preferred Stock

On June 11, 2026, the Company entered into a Securities Purchase Agreement, pursuant to which the Company issued 6,000 shares of Series A Convertible Preferred Stock (the “Series A Preferred Stock”) for aggregate gross proceeds of $5,000,000 in a private placement exempt from registration under Section 4(a)(2) of the Securities Act and Rule 506(b) of Regulation D. The rights, preferences, and privileges of the Series A Preferred Stock are set forth in the Certificate of Designations, Preferences and Rights filed with the Secretary of State of the State of Delaware on June 10, 2026.

The Series A Preferred Stock has a stated value of $1,000 per share, for an aggregate Stated Value of $6,000,000, and ranks senior to the Company’s common stock. The Series A Preferred Stock is redeemable for cash at the Stated Value at the Company’s option on or before the redemption date, which is four months from the issuance date and may be extended by the Company for up to two additional one-month periods. If the Company does not redeem the Series A Preferred Stock on or before the Redemption Date, the Stated Value of each outstanding share increases by $166.67, and the holders may convert their shares into common stock at a conversion price equal to 80% of the lowest closing price of the Company’s common stock during the five trading days immediately preceding the conversion date, subject to a floor price of $1.00 per share and to beneficial ownership limitations.

The Company evaluated the Series A Preferred Stock under ASC 480, Distinguishing Liabilities from Equity, and concluded that the instrument does not require classification as a liability, as it is not mandatorily redeemable and does not meet the criteria for liability classification. Accordingly, the Series A Preferred Stock is classified as permanent equity. The Company further evaluated the embedded conversion feature under ASC 815-15 and ASC 815-40 to determine whether it required bifurcation from the host instrument and separate accounting as a derivative liability. Since the conversion price is variable, the conversion feature does not meet the “fixed-for-fixed” criteria required for the feature to be considered indexed to the Company’s own stock and is therefore not eligible for the scope exception. The Company concluded that the embedded conversion feature is not clearly and closely related to the economic characteristics of the host instrument and meets the definition of a derivative under ASC 815-10-15. As such, the conversion feature has been bifurcated from the Series A Preferred Stock and is separately recognized as a derivative liability, initially and subsequently measured at fair value, with changes in fair value recognized in the condensed consolidated statements of operations at each reporting period.

The Company allocated the $5,000,000 of gross proceeds between the derivative liability and the Series A Preferred Stock using the residual method, under which the derivative liability was recorded at its issuance-date fair value of $1,593,474, with the remaining proceeds of $3,406,526 allocated to the Series A Preferred Stock. The Company paid a placement fee of $400,000 (8% of gross proceeds) in connection with the offering, which was allocated between the derivative liability and the Series A Preferred Stock in the same proportion as the proceeds. The difference between the proceeds allocated to the Series A Preferred Stock and its aggregate Stated Value is not accounted for as a discount and is not amortized. It will be recognized as a deemed dividend, reducing income available to common stockholders, only if and to the extent the Series A Preferred Stock is redeemed for cash in excess of its carrying amount.

The fair value of the embedded derivative was determined using a Monte Carlo Simulation model, which incorporates the redemption and conversion outcomes available under the terms of the Series A Preferred Stock. The model simulates the Company’s future common stock price using a Geometric Brownian Motion framework and, in the conversion scenario, determines the conversion payoff based on the lowest simulated closing price during the five trading days preceding the assumed conversion date, subject to the $1.00 floor price. The conversion payoff was adjusted for a discount for lack of marketability (“DLOM”) to reflect the estimated period during which shares issued upon conversion would not be freely tradable. The probability-weighted value of the redemption and conversion scenarios was reduced by an implied calibration discount, which equates the modeled fair value of the Series A Preferred Stock to the cash proceeds received on the issuance date, and which is amortized over the expected term to the Redemption Date.

Key assumptions used in the Monte Carlo Simulation valuation of the embedded derivative were as follows:

Equity volatility was estimated based on the Company’s estimated equity volatility of a group of guideline public companies over a period commensurate with the expected term, given the Company’s limited public trading history. The risk-free interest rate at each measurement date was based on the U.S. Treasury yield curve at that date, interpolated to match the expected term. The probability of redemption reflects a market-participant assessment of the likelihood that the Company redeems the Series A Preferred Stock for cash at the Redemption Date, considering the Company’s available funding sources and execution risk.

The following table presents a reconciliation of the embedded derivative liability, which is measured at fair value on a recurring basis using significant unobservable inputs (Level 3), for the six months ended June 30, 2026:

As of June 30, 2026, the fair value of the derivative liability was $1,654,795, and the Company recognized a loss of $61,321 for the change in fair value during the three and six months ended June 30, 2026, presented within loss on change in fair value of derivative liability related to Series A preferred stock in the condensed consolidated statements of operations. As of June 30, 2026, 6,000 shares of Series A Preferred Stock remained outstanding, and the aggregate carrying amount of the Series A Preferred Stock was $3,134,004. No shares of Series A Preferred Stock have been redeemed or converted as of the date of this filing.

Except for the Series A Preferred Stock derivative liability described above, as of June 30, 2026 and December 31, 2025, the Company had no other instruments that required classification as a derivative liability.

Private Placement – January 2026

In January 2026, the Company entered into a securities purchase agreement (the “January 2026 PIPE”) pursuant to which the Company agreed to sell, in one or more closings, up to an aggregate of 2,222,222 shares of its common stock at a price of $7.20 per share, for aggregate gross proceeds of up to $16,000,000. In connection with the January 2026 PIPE, the Company also agreed to issue warrants to purchase up to 2,222,222 shares of common stock at an exercise price of $9.00 per share, exercisable for a period of 5 years from the date of issuance.

As of June 30, 2026, the Company had completed closings under the January 2026 PIPE for an aggregate of 2,093,305 shares of common stock and warrants to purchase 2,093,305 shares of common stock, resulting in gross proceeds of approximately $15,071,783.

Warrants Issued in Connection with the January 2026 PIPE

In connection with the issuance of common stock under the January 2026 PIPE, each investor received warrants to purchase shares of common stock. The warrants have an initial exercise price of $9.00 per share and a contractual term of 5 years from the date of issuance. The warrants contain a down-round protective provision pursuant to which, if the Company subsequently issues equity-linked instruments at an effective price below the then-current exercise price of the warrants, the exercise price of the warrants will be adjusted downward to match the lower issuance price. The Company evaluated the warrants under ASC 815-40. In performing this evaluation, the Company applied the guidance under ASU 2017-11, Accounting for Certain Financial Instruments with Down Round Features, which excludes down-round features from the assessment of whether an instrument is considered indexed to the Company’s own stock. Based on this evaluation, the Company determined that the warrants meet the criteria for classification as equity. Accordingly, the warrants have been recorded within additional paid-in capital.

The aggregate proceeds of $15,071,783 received during the six months ended June 30, 2026 from closings under the January 2026 PIPE were allocated between the common stock and the warrants using the relative fair value method, resulting in $8,993,916 allocated to common stock and $6,077,867 allocated to warrants, each recorded within additional paid-in capital. The fair value of the common stock and warrants was measured separately at each individual issuance date during the period from January 29, 2026 through April 20, 2026, reflecting the market conditions and valuation inputs on each respective issuance date. The fair value of the warrants at each measurement date was determined using a Monte Carlo Simulation model that incorporates the down-round protective provision and management’s expectations regarding future financing events that could trigger the provision. At each measurement date, the aggregate modeled fair value of the common stock and warrants was reduced by an implied calibration discount, which equates the modeled fair value of the units to the cash proceeds received at that closing.

Key assumptions used in the Monte Carlo Simulation valuation of the warrants at each measurement date were as follows:

Equity volatility was estimated based on the median observed daily equity volatility of a group of guideline public companies over a period commensurate with the adjusted term of the warrants, given the Company’s limited public trading history. The risk-free interest rate at each measurement date was based on the U.S. Treasury yield curve at that date, interpolated to match the adjusted term of the warrants.

As of June 30, 2026, no down-round adjustment to the exercise price of the warrants had been triggered, and the warrants remained outstanding with an exercise price of $9.00 per share.

Private Placement – October 2024

On October 11, 2024, the Company entered into an agreement with RBW Capital Partners LLC, a division of Dawson James Securities, Inc. (“Broker”) to serve as placement agent and provide broker services in connection with the possible sale of common stock up to $10 million. If a sale is made between the Company and any institutional or individual third-party funding source introduced by the placement agent, the Company will pay a placement fee of 8% of the gross proceeds. In addition, the company agrees to pay; (a) 1.0% of the gross proceeds for non-accountable expenses; and (b) out of pocket expenses plus the costs associated with the use of a third-party electronic road show service up to $10,000. The agreement expired on January 11, 2025 and was amended and restated on January 29, 2025 to extend the term for another six months through July 29, 2025 and increased the placement fee to 12% from 8% of the gross proceeds, and eliminated the 1% non-accountable expense fee. This agreement expired in July 2025.

Under this agreement, through December 31, 2024, the Company closed on commitments from investors to purchase 625,000 shares of common stock of the Company at $16 per share for total commitments of $10,000,000, which were to be held in escrow until the Company’s registration statement was declared effective. During the three months ended March 31, 2025, prior to the Company having an effective registration statement, the Company closed on an additional commitment to purchase 102,750 shares of common stock of the Company at $16 per share, for total commitments of $1,644,005, also to be held in escrow until the Company’s registration statement was declared effective. On March 25, 2025, the Company’s registration statement was declared effective at which time the $11,644,005 in escrow was released to the Company.

In connection with the agreement, the Company paid $300,000 in placement agent fees to the Broker for securing $2,500,000 in commitments for the private placement, which was recorded as a reduction to additional paid-in capital.

Advisory Services

On October 3, 2024, as amended on January 23, 2025, the Company entered into an agreement with Broker, for financial advisory and investment banking services in connection with a direct listing of the Company’s common stock on the Nasdaq Global Market or other major US market. The agreement provides for a one-time fee of $250,000 payable three days after the direct listing and the issuance of 30,000 shares of common stock (which are restricted until the shares are registered by filing a resale S-1 within 30 days after the effective date of the direct listing). In addition, the Company agreed to pay up to $100,000 for fees and expenses of legal counsel and other out-of-pocket expenses plus the costs associated with the use of a third-party electronic road show service. Such fees were included in accounts payable and deferred offering costs in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets as of December 31, 2024. The fair value of the 30,000 shares issued in March 2025, amounting to $363,300, was determined using the closing day price of $12.11. This amount was recorded as an advisory fee on the consolidated statements of operations for the year ended December 31, 2025. The agreement expired on January 3, 2025 and was amended and restated on January 23, 2025 to extend the term for another six months through July 23, 2025. This agreement expired in July 2025.

Equity Purchase Agreement

On October 22, 2024, the Company entered into an equity purchase agreement (the “Equity Purchase Agreement”) with Mast Hill Fund, LP (“Mast Hill”) pursuant to which the Company may sell and issue to Mast Hill, and the investor may purchase from the Company, up to $50,000,000 of Company’s common stock. Under the Equity Purchase Agreement, the Company has the right, but not the obligation, to direct Mast Hill, by its delivery to the Mast Hill of a Put Notice from time to time, to purchase Put Shares (i) in a minimum amount not less than $50,000 and (ii) in a maximum amount up to the lesser of (a) $750,000 or (b) 150% of the average trading volume of the Company’s common stock during the five trading days immediately preceding the Put Date.

The actual amount of proceeds the Company receives pursuant to each Put Notice (each, the “Put Amount”) is determined by multiplying the Put Amount requested by the applicable purchase price. The purchase price for each of the Put Shares equals 95% of the Market Price, (as defined below) less the Clearing Costs (as defined below). Market Price is the lowest volume weighted average prices of the Company’s common stock on its principal market on any trading day during the Valuation Period (as defined below). The Valuation Period is the five trading days immediately following the date on which Mast Hill receives the Put Shares in its brokerage account. Clearing Costs are all the fees incurred by Mast Hill with respect to its brokerage firm, clearing firm, Company transfer agent fees, and attorney fees, with respect to the Put Shares.

The term of the Equity Purchase Agreement commenced on the effective date of the direct listing and will terminate on the earlier of (i) the date on which the Mast Hill shall have purchased Put Shares equal to the $50,000,000, (ii) twenty-four (24) months after the date of the Equity Purchase Agreement, (iii) written notice of termination by the Company to Mast Hill, (iv) this Registration Statement is no longer effective after the initial effective date of this Registration Statement, or (v) the date that, pursuant to or within the meaning of any Bankruptcy Law, the Company commences a voluntary case or any Person commences a proceeding against the Company, a receiver, trustee, assignee, liquidator or similar official is appointed for the Company or for all or substantially all of its property or the Company makes a general assignment for the benefit of its creditors.

During the six months ended June 30, 2026, the Company sold 76,648 shares of common stock at prices ranging from $8.40 to $8.97 per share under the Equity Purchase Agreement, resulting in net proceeds of $663,727. Since the shares were purchased at a discount as a result of the five-day settlement period, the settlement feature is considered a derivative liability. Changes in the fair value of the derivative liability resulted in a gain on settlement of $2,801, which was recognized in the condensed consolidated statements of operations during the six months ended June 30, 2026. There were no transactions under the Equity Purchase Agreement during the three months ended June 30, 2026 or during the three and six months ended June 30, 2025.

In connection with this agreement, we issued 16,000 shares of common stock to Mast Hill in March 2025. The fair value of the shares issued was determined by using the closing day price of $12.11 per share, resulting in a total value of $193,760, which has been recorded as additional paid-in capital in the consolidated balance sheets. As proceeds are received under the Equity Purchase Agreement, the related offering costs are reclassified as a reduction of additional paid-in capital.

Note 9 – Stock-Based Compensation

On April 12, 2023, the Company adopted the 2023 Equity Incentive Plan (the “2023 Plan”), which allows the issuance of up to 3,440,000 shares of the Company’s authorized and unissued common stock in the form of incentive stock options, non-qualified stock options, restricted stock units, performance share units, or other forms of equity as may be added in the future to employees, directors and consultants of the Company and its affiliates. The allowable number of shares that can be issued under the 2023 Plan increased upon the completion of the listing to 4,764,507 which represents 20% of the fully diluted capitalization of the Company on the closing of Company’s initial public price.

In January and February 2024, 2,460,000 and 200,000, respectively, shares of restricted stock were granted to the executive officers and members of the Board of Directors further to the 2023 Plan as described above. Of the total shares of restricted stock granted (tranche 1) 1,686,667 vest 100% seven months from the date that the Company lists on a national exchange, (tranche 2) 486,666 will vest in equal monthly instalments over a one (1) year period commencing on the eighth month from the effective date of the listing on a national exchange and (tranche 3) 486,666 are performance-based, the vesting of which will be predicated on certain financial and operational performance metrics being met after the effective date of the listing on a national exchange as set forth the grant agreements. Since tranche 3 is performance based, management has determined that it is not yet probable that all of the performance vesting conditions will be met and as such no expense has been recognized for tranche 3 as of June 30, 2026.

On October 23, 2024, 200,000 shares of restricted stock were granted to each of the CEO and the Executive Chairman, for a total of 400,000, and 100,000 granted to two members of the Board of Directors were canceled. These shares of restricted stock vest 100% seven months from the date the Company lists on a national exchange.

On March 26, 2025, 150,000 shares of restricted stock were granted to the three board members, in the amount of 50,000 each. These shares of restricted stock vest 100% seven months from the date the Company lists on a national exchange.

Prior to March 26, 2025, the Company determined that no expense should be recognized for the shares of restricted stock since the contingency related to the commencement of vesting (i.e., the listing) of the shares of restricted stock had not been met. On March 26, 2025, the listing occurred, satisfying the contingency required for vesting to begin and defining the service period.

On June 1, 2025, 300,000 shares of restricted stock were forfeited resulting in a reversal of $1,329,062 of shared based compensation during the year ended December 31, 2025.

On June 5, 2025, 200,000 shares of restricted stock were granted to the one board member. 66,667 shares of restricted stock vest 100% seven months from the date of issuance, 66,667 shares of restricted stock vest 100% thirty-six months from the date of issuance. The remaining 66,666 shares of restricted stock vest thirty-six months from the date certain performance metrics are achieved.

On September 24 and 25, 2025, 50,000 shares of restricted stock were granted to the five board members or advisors; of which 25,000 shares of restricted stock were vested immediately, remaining vest evenly over ten months after two-month delay.

On November 6, 2025, 1,200,000 shares of restricted stock were granted to the CEO, 15,000 to the Chair of the Scientific Advisory Board, and 70,000 to an employee of the Company. 600,000 of the shares of restricted stock issued to the CEO will vest January 2, 2026 and the remaining vest evenly over twelve months commencing January 2, 2026. Of the 85,000 shares of restricted stock issued to the advisors, 42,500 will vest immediately and the remaining vest evenly over ten months commencing January 2026.

On March 12, 2026, 170,000 shares of restricted stock were granted to the Chief Accounting Officer; of which 53,333 shares of restricted stock vested immediately upon grant, 58,333 shares of restricted stock vest on the first anniversary of the grant date, and 58,334 shares of restricted stock are performance-based. Since the performance-based tranche is subject to performance vesting conditions, management has determined that it is not yet probable that the performance vesting conditions will be met, and as such no expense has been recognized for this tranche as of June 30, 2026.

In April 2026, the Company’s Board of Directors approved the acceleration of vesting for certain outstanding unvested shares of restricted stock previously granted to employees, directors, and scientific advisory board members, such that 734,356 shares that would otherwise have vested on their original vesting schedules vested immediately on April 30, 2026. The accelerated shares related to awards originally granted on July 12, 2024, June 5, 2025, September 25, 2025, and November 6, 2025. The acceleration was accounted for as a modification under ASC 718-20. Based on the $4.30 closing stock price on April 30, 2026, the Company recognized stock-based compensation expense of $4,781,116 related to the accelerated shares during the three and six months ended June 30, 2026, representing the previously unrecognized compensation cost associated with the original awards that was accelerated into the period.

As of June 30, 2026, 249,507 shares of restricted stock remained available for future issuance under the 2023 Plan.

The Company determined the fair value of restricted stock granted during the three and six months ended June 30, 2026 to be $0 and $1,599,700, respectively, and $1,498,000 and $3,314,500 during the three and six months ended June 30, 2025, respectively, based on the price of the most recent sale of common stock prior to each grant date for those shares of restricted stock granted prior to the listing date, or the quoted market value on the date of issuance for those shares of restricted stock granted after the listing date. For the three and six months ended June 30, 2026, the Company recognized $5,651,913 and $8,384,311, respectively, of stock-based compensation expense, and for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025, the Company recognized $3,526,076 and $20,923,850, respectively, of stock-based compensation expense, which is included in the condensed consolidated statements of operations. As of June 30, 2026, there was unamortized stock-based compensation of approximately $409,923, which the Company expects to recognize over approximately 1 year. The increase in stock-based compensation expense for the three and six months ended June 30, 2026 as compared to the corresponding prior year periods is primarily attributable to the acceleration of vesting described above.

The activity related to restricted stock during the six months ended June 30, 2026 is summarized as follows:

During the three and six months ended June 30, 2026, the Company withheld 382,573 and 776,777 shares of common stock, respectively, from recipients upon restricted stock vesting in order to cover their tax liabilities associated with such vesting events, including shares vested in connection with the acceleration described above. The fair value of the shares withheld at the respective vesting dates of $1,844,020 and $5,215,432, respectively, is reflected as a treasury stock transaction. As of June 30, 2026 and December 31, 2025, the Company had not remitted the income taxes on behalf of the recipients, and therefore $9,452,272 and $2,769,482, respectively, is included in accrued restricted stock tax withholding obligations in the accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheets, which includes accrued interest and penalties of $1,530,535 and $578,974, respectively, related to such unremitted amounts.

The Company is actively evaluating and implementing measures intended to remit the outstanding withholding tax obligations to the applicable taxing authorities as soon as practicable.

Note 10 – Commitments and Contingencies

Line of Credit Commitment – Related Party

On October 11, 2024, the Company entered into a Line of Credit Agreement (“the Agreement”) with HCWG for borrowings of up to $10.0 million. Borrowings under the Line of Credit Agreement bear interest at 10.0% per annum and increases to 14% if the Agreement is extended. Interest payments are due on the first business day of each calendar month and the unpaid principal is due on October 12, 2027. No amounts have been borrowed under the facility through June 30, 2026.

The debt issuance costs are being amortized over the term of the line of credit. Amortization of debt issuance costs amounted to $167,951 and $335,896 for the three and six months ended June 30, 2026, respectively, and $167,951 and $335,903 for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025, respectively, and is included within interest expense in the condensed consolidated statements of operations. As of June 30, 2026 and December 31, 2025, unamortized debt issuance costs totaled $862,609 and $1,198,505, respectively, which will continue to be amortized through October 2027.

In connection with the agreement, the Company issued HCWG five-year warrants to purchase up to 312,500 shares of our common stock at an exercise price of $12.00 per share. These warrants expire on October 23, 2029. In March 2025, 162,500 warrants were exercised in a cashless exercise, resulting in the issuance of 162,500 shares of common stock. At June 30, 2026, there are 150,000 shares of common stock remaining available to be purchased under the warrant.

The fair value of the warrants on the grant date was determined using the Black-Scholes valuation model, with the following key assumptions:

• Fair value of common stock: $12.00
• Expected volatility: 86%
• Risk-free interest rate: 4.82%
• Term: 2.5 years

Litigation

From time to time, the Company is involved in various disputes, claims, liens, and litigation matters arising out of the normal course of business which could result in a material adverse effect on the Company’s combined financial position, results of operations, or cash flows. Liabilities for loss contingencies arising from claims, assessments, litigation, fines and penalties, and other sources are recorded when it is probable that a liability has been incurred and the amount of the assessment can be reasonably estimated. As of June 30, 2026 and December 31, 2025, the Company had no liabilities recorded for loss contingencies, except as described below.

License Agreement – Orient EuroPharma Co., Ltd.

On November 8, 2013, the Company entered into a collaboration agreement (“Agreement”) with Orient EuroPharma Co., Ltd. (“OEP”), pursuant to which the parties will develop certain licensed products defined in the Agreement. NeOnc will license OEP the right to commercialize the Company’s drug NEO100, a highly purified form of perillyl alcohol (“Licensed Product”), in the territories specified in the license agreement (“Territory”).

In 2023, the Company sent notice to OEP indicating their intent to terminate the Agreement with OEP, after which OEP threatened litigation. On February 15, 2024, OEP and the Company entered into a settlement agreement whereas the Company and OEP terminated the Agreement in exchange for a payment in the amount of $4,000,000 payable by the Company to OEP within ten days of the date the Company completes its initial public offering. The settlement agreement provides for interest accruing on the unpaid balance. The Company had a litigation settlement payable of $4,378,904 and $4,170,000 in the accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheets as of June 30, 2026 and December 31, 2025, respectively. As of the date of this filing, the Company has not paid the litigation settlement amount.

Other Litigation

On June 6, 2023, a vendor filed a complaint against the Company for breach of contract in the Central District of California. The vendor alleged that the Company improperly terminated an Intellectual Property License and Supply Agreement (“IPLSA”) and that the Company also defrauded the vendor in connection with IPLSA. This matter was settled on October 16, 2023, and the Company agreed to pay the vendor $600,000 within 5 business days of the close of the date that the Company completes an IPO or March 31, 2024, whichever occurs first.

On March 31, 2024, the vendor agreed to extend the payment until May 15, 2024 for payment of an additional $25,000 payable on demand. On July 25, 2024, the arbitrator granted the implementation of interest at the statutory rate on the unpaid balance commencing May 15, 2024 until paid. Interest expense of $10,862 and $7,500 was recognized in the condensed consolidated statements of operations for the six months ended June 30, 2026 and 2025, respectively, related to this matter.

In February 2026, the Company paid the IPLSA settlement in full, including accrued interest, for a total payment of $737,921. As of June 30, 2026, no litigation settlement payable related to this matter remained outstanding. As of December 31, 2025, the Company had a litigation settlement payable of $722,059 included within litigation settlement payable in the accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheets.

Note 11 – Grants

In August 2025, the Company was awarded a grant totaling $400,000 in gross proceeds from the National Institutes of Health (“NIH”). The grant is structured pursuant to the NIH Small Business Technology Transfer (“STTR”) program, which requires collaboration with a research institution, whereby 40% of the grant funds, or $160,000, is allocated to the Company and 60%, or $240,000, is allocated to the Company’s academic research collaborator at USC as subcontractor.

In September 2025, the Company was awarded a grant totaling approximately $1,007,000 in gross proceeds from the NIH. The grant is structured pursuant to the NIH STTR program, which requires collaboration with a research institution, whereby approximately 24% of the grant funds, or approximately $245,000, is allocated to the Company and the remainder, or approximately $762,000, is allocated to USC as subcontractor.

The Company is the primary awardee under both STTR grants and is contractually responsible to the NIH for performance under the awards, including responsibility for USC’s compliance with award terms as subcontractor. The Company receives grant funds directly from the NIH and disburses USC’s portion to USC. The Company evaluated this arrangement and determined it acts as principal, rather than agent, with respect to the gross award proceeds, because the Company (i) is the party primarily obligated to the NIH, (ii) is responsible for the subcontractor’s performance and compliance, and (iii) controls the funds prior to disbursement to USC. Accordingly, the Company presents the gross amount receivable from the NIH — including the portion payable to USC — as a grant receivable, with a corresponding subcontract payable to USC, rather than presenting only the Company’s own net retained portion.

The Company recognized grant income of $47,123 and $94,246 for the three and six months ended June 30, 2026, respectively, representing allowable costs incurred under the Company’s two NIH grants, which is included within interest and other income in the condensed consolidated statements of operations. There was no comparable grant income during the three and six months ended June 30, 2025.

Correspondingly, USC incurs subcontractor costs under the two grants, which are recognized as research and development expense with a corresponding increase to the subcontract payable to USC. As of June 30, 2026, cumulative unpaid subcontractor costs incurred by USC under the two grants totaled $435,655.

As of June 30, 2026, the Company had a gross grant receivable of $601,148, comprised of $165,494 related to the Company’s own allowable costs and $435,655 related to amounts due to USC, and a corresponding subcontract payable to USC of $435,654, included within accounts payable – related parties. As of December 31, 2025, the Company had a gross grant receivable of $71,247.

Note 12 – Segment Reporting

The Company manages its business activities on a consolidated basis and operates as a single operating segment: Biotechnology. The accounting policies of the Biotechnology segment are the same as those described in Note 2 – Summary of Significant Accounting Policies.

Our Chief Operating Decision Maker (“CODM”) is our Chief Executive Officer, Amir Heshmatpour. The CODM uses net loss, as reported on our consolidated statement of operations, in evaluating the performance of the biotechnology segment and determining how to allocate resources of the Company as a whole, including investing in our research and development programs and acquisition/licensing strategy. The CODM does not review assets in evaluating the results of the biotechnology segment, and therefore, such information is not presented. The following supplemental information, which is regularly provided to the CODM, breaks down the research and development costs for the three and six months ended June 30, 2026 and 2025, respectively.

Note 13 – Subsequent Events

On July 1, 2026, the Board of Directors elected Nasim Shomali as a Class II director, effective immediately, to serve until the Company’s 2027 annual meeting of stockholders. In connection with her appointment, Ms. Shomali was granted 50,000 shares of restricted stock, which fully vest after 6 months.

Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with our condensed consolidated financial statements and related notes thereto included elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, as well as our audited consolidated financial statements and related notes thereto and the discussion under “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December31, 2025 (the “Form 10-K”) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March31, 2026. In addition to historical financial information, this discussion and analysis contains forward-looking statements that involve risks, assumptions, and uncertainties, including statements of our plans, objectives, expectations, intentions, forecasts, and projections. Our actual results and the timing of selected events could differ materially from those discussed in these forward-looking statements as a result of several factors, including those set forth under Part I, Item 1A “Risk Factors” of the Form 10-K, which you should read carefully to gain an understanding of the important factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from our forward-looking statements. Capitalized terms used herein, but not otherwise defined, shall have the meaning ascribed to those terms in the “Part I - Financial Information,” including the related notes to the condensed consolidated financial statements contained therein.

Overview

Our Company (f/k/a NAS-ONC, Inc.) was formed in 2008, devoted to developing new drugs with new delivery modes. As a clinical-stage biopharmaceutical company, we have focused on establishing superior treatments for intracranial malignancies, i.e., aggressive cancers located in the brain. These cancer types include primary brain cancers, such as glioblastoma, and secondary brain cancers, that have arrived through metastatic spread from other cancers throughout the body, such as melanoma or breast and lung cancer. Brain-localized malignancies are particularly difficult to treat because the blood-brain barrier prevents efficient entry of most pharmacotherapeutic agents into the brain. As a result, these patients are faced with poor prognoses and shortened average life expectancy. NeOnc is developing novel drug delivery methods to be used in combination with novel drug candidates.

NeOnc’s lead product candidate is NEO100. NEO100 is administered to patients via intranasal delivery. We have completed human safety testing in a Phase 1 clinical trial and have completed patient enrollment in, and the collection of clinical data from, our Phase 2a trial in patients with recurrent malignant glioma (Grade IV IDH1 mutant and Grade III Astrocytoma IDH1 mutant). Based on the data generated to date, we intend to meet with the FDA to discuss the design of a potential Phase 3 clinical trial of NEO100. NeOnc is also developing a second product candidate, NEO212, which has completed preclinical testing and, following the filing and acceptance of an investigational new drug (IND) application with the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA), has completed its Phase 1 clinical trial in patients harboring primary and secondary malignant brain cancer types. We have met with the FDA regarding the NEO212 program, and the FDA provided chemistry, manufacturing and controls (CMC) clearance to advance NEO212 into a Phase 2 clinical trial and indicated that the NEO212 program may proceed under the FDA’s accelerated approval pathway. We have since modified the design of the planned Phase 2 trial to focus on recurrent IDH1 wildtype glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). Several additional drug candidates are in the pipeline and are undergoing preclinical development.

Since inception, our operations have focused on organizing and staffing our Company, business planning, raising capital, acquiring and developing our technology, establishing our intellectual property portfolio, identifying potential product candidates and undertaking preclinical and clinical studies and manufacturing. We do not have any products approved for sale and have not generated any revenue from product sales other than for humanitarian usage.

Investment and Joint Venture

In June 2025, the Company (through its recently formed subsidiary – Nuromena Holdings Ltd. “NuroMena”) entered into a letter of intent to form an investment and joint venture agreement with a Middle-East investor (“Investor”), Quazar Investments. At the formation date, the Company would own 10 million shares of NuroMena and contribute a license to its technology to NuroMena, and the Investor will purchase 2.5 million shares of NuroMena for a subscription price of $400,000 (“Initial Investment”). Following the formation of the entity and closing of the Initial Investment, the Investor shall source one or more future investors to purchase up to $50.0 million at $25/share in common stock of the Company, of which 70% of the proceeds will be maintained by the Company and 30% will be transferred to an operating entity to be formed under NuroMena, to conduct clinical trials in the middle-east markets. As of the date of this filing, the Initial Investment has not yet occurred.

Asset Acquisition

In October 2025, the Company paid $500,000 to McMaster University pursuant to a Patent Purchase Agreement, and U.S. Patent No. 11,788,057 B2 (the “Patent”) was formally assigned effective October 8, 2025. The Patent covers proprietary technologies combining 3D bioprinting, artificial intelligence, and quantum modeling that are designed to enable the creation of patient-derived three-dimensional brain tumor models for high-throughput preclinical drug screening.

Liquidity and Going Concern

Since our inception, we have incurred significant operating losses. For the three and six months ended June 30, 2026, the Company incurred a net loss of $14,240,044 and $23,059,976, respectively. We had an accumulated deficit of $135,814,631 as of June 30, 2026, compared to $112,754,655 as of December 31, 2025. We expect to continue to incur operating losses for the foreseeable future, as we advance our current and future product candidates through preclinical and clinical development, manufacture drug product and drug supply, seek regulatory approval for our current and future product candidates, maintain and expand our intellectual property portfolio, hire additional research and development and business personnel and operate as a public company.

We will not generate revenue from product sales unless and until we successfully complete clinical development and obtain regulatory approval for our product candidates. In addition, if we obtain regulatory approval for our product candidates and do not enter a third-party commercialization partnership, we expect to incur significant expenses related to developing our commercialization capability to support product sales, marketing, manufacturing, and distribution activities.

These factors raise substantial doubt regarding the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern one year from the issuance date of this Form 10-Q. The financial statements do not include any adjustments that might result from the outcome of this uncertainty.

The Company is actively taking steps to mitigate the substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern, including pursuing additional financing. If the Company is unable to obtain additional capital and continue as a going concern, it may have to further scale back operations or liquidate its assets and cease operations entirely, and the values received for assets in liquidation or dissolution could be significantly lower than the values reflected in these financial statements. Accordingly, these financial statements do not include any adjustments that might result from the outcome of this uncertainty.

Components of Results of Operations

Revenue

We occasionally receive a fee from a patient for a “right to try” humanitarian program. Such revenues are not part of our core business.

Operating Expenses

Our operating expenses consist of (i) research and development expenses and (ii) legal and professional expenses and (iii) general and administrative expenses.

Research and Development Expenses

Research and development expenses consist primarily of costs incurred for our research and development activities, including our product candidate discovery efforts and preclinical and clinical studies under our research programs, which include:

• employee-related expenses, including salaries, benefits and stock-based compensation expense for our research and development personnel;
• costs of funding research performed by third parties that conduct research and development and preclinical and clinical activities on our behalf;
• costs of manufacturing drug products and drug supply related to our current or future product candidates;
• costs of conducting preclinical studies and clinical trials of our product candidates;
• consulting and professional fees related to research and development activities, including equity-based compensation to non-employees;
• costs of maintaining our laboratory, including purchasing laboratory supplies and non-capital equipment used in our preclinical studies;
• costs related to compliance with clinical regulatory requirements;
• license fees and milestone payments made pursuant to license and collaboration agreements; and
• facility costs and other allocated expenses, which include expenses for rent and maintenance of facilities, insurance, depreciation and other supplies.

Research and development costs are expensed as incurred. Costs for certain activities are recognized based on an evaluation of the progress to completion of specific tasks using data such as information provided to us by our vendors and analyzing the progress of our preclinical and clinical studies or other services performed.

The successful development of our product candidates is highly uncertain. We cannot reasonably estimate or know the nature, timing, and estimated costs of the efforts that will be necessary to complete development of our current or future product candidates. We are also unable to predict when, if ever, material net cash inflows will commence from the sale of our product candidates, if they are approved. This is due to the numerous risks and uncertainties associated with developing product candidates, including the uncertainty of:

• the scope, rate of progress, and expenses of our ongoing research activities as well as any preclinical studies and clinical trials and other research and development activities;
• establishing an appropriate safety profile;
• successful enrollment in and completion of clinical trials;
• whether our product candidates show safety and efficacy in our clinical trials;
• receipt of marketing approvals from applicable regulatory authorities;
• establishing commercial manufacturing capabilities or making arrangements with third-party manufacturers;
• obtaining and maintaining patent and trade secret protection and regulatory exclusivity for our product candidates;
• commercializing product candidates, if and when approved, whether alone or in collaboration with others; and
• continued acceptable safety of the products following any regulatory approval.

A change in the outcome of any of these variables with respect to the development of our current and future product candidates would significantly change the costs and timing associated with the development of those product candidates.

Research and development activities are central to our business model. Product candidates in later stages of clinical development generally have higher development costs than those in earlier stages of clinical development, primarily due to the increased size and duration of later-stage clinical trials. We expect research and development costs to increase significantly for the foreseeable future as we commence clinical trials and continue the development of our current and future product candidates. However, we do not believe that it is possible at this time to accurately project expenses through commercialization. There are numerous factors associated with the successful commercialization of any of our product candidates, including future trial design and various regulatory requirements, many of which cannot be determined with accuracy at this time based on our stage of development. Additionally, future commercial and regulatory factors beyond our control will impact our clinical development programs and plans.

Legal and Professional Expenses

Legal and professional expenses consist of costs related to corporate and intellectual property legal costs and accounting and auditing fees. We also anticipate increased expenses associated with being a public company, including costs for audit, legal, regulatory and tax-related services related to compliance with the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission, or the SEC, and listing standards applicable to companies listed on a national securities exchange, director and officer insurance premiums, and investor relations costs.

General and Administrative Expenses

General and administrative expenses include salaries and other compensation-related costs, including stock-based compensation, for personnel in executive, finance and accounting, business development, operations and administrative roles. Other significant costs include insurance costs, travel costs, facility and office-related costs not included in research and development expenses.

We anticipate that our general and administrative expenses will increase in the future as our business expands to support expected growth in research and development activities, including our future clinical programs. These increases will likely include increased costs related to the hiring of additional personnel and fees to outside service providers, among other expenses. In addition, if we obtain regulatory approval for any of our product candidates and do not enter a third-party commercialization collaboration, we expect to incur significant expenses related to building a sales and marketing team to support product sales, marketing and distribution activities.

Stock Based Compensation

Stock based compensation expense result from the recognition of the fair value of restricted stock recorded on a straight-line basis from the date of grant to the date the restricted stock becomes fully vested.

Interest Expense

Interest expense primarily results from the bridge loan and a short-term loan both from related parties. Borrowings under these loans carry a 50% (or 1 times amounts borrowed) original issue discount (“OID”) on principal. The Company also had interest expense related to the convertible debt entered into in 2025, which contained an OID factor on the original principal amount. The OID to be earned under the loan is recognized ratably over the term of each draw-down under the loan through the maturity date.

Interest expense primarily relates to the convertible debt entered into in 2025, which contained an original issue discount (“OID”) factor on the original principal amount, which was repaid in January 2026. The Company also had interest expense related to the outstanding litigation settlements.

Advisory fees

Advisory fees principally represent amounts due AFH Holdings, a related party, for their services in recapitalizing the Company.

Amortization

Amortization on debt issuance costs resulted from the grant of warrants for a line of credit commitment. The fair value of the warrants was determined using the Black Scholes valuation method and the fair value is being amortized over the term of the line of credit commitment.

Amortization on deferred offering costs resulted from the issuance of common stock in connection with a private equity agreement.

Gain (Loss) on Change in Fair Value of Derivative Liability

Gain (loss) on change in fair value of derivative liability relates to the fair value of the discount offered to stockholders who purchased shares under the equity line of credit.

Comparison of the three months ended June30, 2026 and 2025:

Results of Operations

The following table summarizes our results of operations for the periods presented:

Revenue

No revenue was generated for fees for a “right to try” humanitarian program during the three months ended June 30, 2026 and June 30, 2025.

Research and Development Expenses

The following table summarizes the components of our research and development expenses for the periods presented:

Research and development expenses were $2,649,673 and $677,332 for the three months ended June 30, 2026 and 2025, respectively. A portion of these expenses amounting to approximately $0 and $82,225 for the three months ended June 30, 2026 and 2025, respectively are from the University of Southern California (USC), where Dr. Chen is a member of the faculty. The total increase of $1,972,341 was primarily due to:

• The addition of clinical trial sites for NEO100 and NEO212 clinical trials.
• The increased drug product manufacturing activity to support ongoing and planned clinical trials.
• The recruitment for NEO212.
• The start of the clinical trial for NEO100-03 for a Pediatric Indication.
• Increased patient recruitment efforts.
• Data lockdown and analysis activities associated with the NEO100 clinical trial.
• Costs associated with designing the Phase 2a trial for NEO212, including meetings and correspondence with the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (“FDA”) regarding the program’s clinical development pathway.

Legal and Professional Expenses

Legal and professional expenses were $1,286,167 and $520,364 for the three months ended June 30, 2026 and 2025, respectively. The increase of $765,803 was primarily attributable to investment banking associated with the Company’s capital raising activities, incremental legal fees associated with the Second Addendum to the Company’s advisory agreement with AFH Holding & Advisory, LLC, the Series A Convertible Preferred Stock issuance, and other corporate and securities matters, and increased audit fees associated with the Company’s expanded reporting requirements as a public company.

General and Administrative Expenses

General and administrative expenses were $895,559 and $984,262 for the three months ended June 30, 2026 and 2025, respectively. The decrease of $88,703 was primarily due to a reduction in D&O insurance premiums, as well as a reduction in advertising, marketing, and travel expenses incurred during the three months ended June 30, 2025 in connection with a marketing campaign and in pursuit of a strategic partnership in the Middle East, for which a letter of intent was executed subsequent to June 30, 2025. This decrease was partially offset by an increase in business development costs during the three months ended June 30, 2026.

Stock Based Compensation

Stock-based compensation expense, which is a non-cash expense, for the three months ended June 30, 2026 primarily resulted from the acceleration of vesting of certain outstanding restricted stock awards approved by the Board of Directors in April 2026, which resulted in the recognition of previously unrecognized compensation expense associated with those awards, in addition to the ongoing recognition of the grant date fair value of restricted stock over the applicable service periods for awards not subject to the acceleration. Stock-based compensation expense for the three months ended June 30, 2025 included the recognition of expense from the original grant dates of certain restricted stock through the Listing Date that occurred on March 26, 2025, reflecting a cumulative catch-up upon removal of the listing contingency, in addition to amortization of the grant date fair value of those shares of restricted stock over their respective service periods following the Listing Date. Since stock-based compensation is a non-cash item, it does not affect our cash position or our cash used in operating activities.

In April 2026, the Company’s Board of Directors approved the acceleration of vesting for certain outstanding unvested shares of restricted stock previously granted to employees, directors, and scientific advisory board members, such that 734,356 shares that would otherwise have vested on their original vesting schedules vested immediately on April 30, 2026. The accelerated shares related to awards originally granted on July 12, 2024, June 5, 2025, September 25, 2025, and November 6, 2025. The acceleration was accounted for as a modification under ASC 718-20. Based on the $4.30 closing stock price on April 30, 2026, the Company recognized stock-based compensation expense of $4,781,116 related to the accelerated shares during the three and six months ended June 30, 2026, representing the previously unrecognized compensation cost associated with the original awards that was accelerated into the period.

Advisory Fee

Advisory fee expense, a related party, was $3,586,575 and $0 for the three months ended June 30, 2026 and 2025, respectively. Advisory fee expense for the three months ended June 30, 2026 consisted of fees incurred for advisory services related to our capital financing arrangements pursuant to a letter of intent with AFH (see Note 4). In addition, on June 11, 2026, the Company and AFH entered into a Second Addendum to the Letter of Intent and Advisory Services Agreement, which amends and clarifies the methodology for determining AFH’s annual advisory fee. Under the Second Addendum, AFH is entitled to an annual advisory fee equal to 2.5% of the Company’s fully diluted market capitalization as of December 31 of each fiscal year. As of June 30, 2026, the Company had an outstanding accrued advisory fee – related party balance of approximately $1,600,000 payable to AFH pursuant to the Second Addendum.

Interest and Other Income

Interest and income was $334 and $28,725 for the three months ended June 30, 2026 and 2025, respectively. Interest and other income for the three months ended June 30, 2026 and 2025 related primarily to interest earned on our money market account.

Grant Income

Grant income was $482,778 and $0 for the three months ended June 30, 2026 and 2025, respectively. Grant income for the three months ended June 30, 2026 related to the Company’s two Small Business Technology Transfer (“STTR”) grants from the National Institutes of Health (“NIH”), awarded in August 2025 and September 2025, respectively, pursuant to which the Company’s academic research collaborator at USC serves as subcontractor. The Company recognizes grant income related to the whole portion of allowable costs as incurred and reimbursed by the NIH. There was no comparable grant income during the three months ended June 30, 2025, as the grants were not awarded until the second half of 2025.

Amortization of Debt Issuance Costs

Amortization of debt issuance costs was $167,951 and $192,249 for the three months ended June 30, 2026 and 2025, respectively. Amortization of debt issuance costs in both periods primarily reflected the ongoing amortization of debt issuance costs associated with the warrants issued in connection with the line of credit with HCWG.

Interest Expense

Interest expense was $234,370 and $48,750 for the three months ended June 30, 2026 and 2025, respectively. The increase of $185,620 was primarily related to interest accrued on the Company’s unremitted restricted stock tax withholding obligations and accrued interest for a litigation matter.

Other Income (Expense)

Other expense was $189,627 and other income was $240,138 for the three months ended June 30, 2026 and 2025, respectively. Other expense for the three months ended June 30, 2026 consisted of penalties and interest accrued in connection with the unremitted income tax withholdings on shares of common stock that were withheld from recipients upon the vesting of shares of restricted stock to satisfy the recipients’ tax obligations. As of June 30, 2026, the Company had not remitted such withholding taxes to the applicable taxing authorities, and accordingly the Company has accrued penalties and interest, which is included within accrued expenses in the condensed consolidated balance sheets.

Loss on change in fair value of derivative liability related to Series A preferred stock

Loss on change in fair value of derivative liability related to Series A Preferred Stock was $61,321 and $0 for the three months ended June 30, 2026 and 2025, respectively. In connection with the issuance of the Company’s Series A Convertible Preferred Stock during the three months ended June 30, 2026, the Company bifurcated an embedded variable-rate conversion feature as a derivative liability, which is remeasured to fair value at each reporting period using a Monte Carlo simulation model, with changes in fair value recognized in the condensed consolidated statements of operations. The loss recognized during the three months ended June 30, 2026 reflects the change in fair value of the derivative liability between the issuance date and June 30, 2026 (see Note 8). There was no comparable activity during the three months ended June 30, 2025, as the Series A Preferred Stock was not issued until the current period.

Comparison of the six months ended June30, 2026 and 2025:

Results of Operations

The following table summarizes our results of operations for the periods presented:

Revenue

No revenue was generated for fees for a “right to try” humanitarian program during the six months ended June 30, 2026 and June 30, 2025.

Research and Development Expenses

The following table summarizes the components of our research and development expenses for the periods presented:

Research and development expenses were $3,936,009 and $1,635,564 for the six months ended June 30, 2026 and 2025, respectively. A portion of these expenses amounting to approximately $38,409 and $184,449 for the six months ended June 30, 2026 and 2025, respectively are from the University of Southern California (USC), where Dr. Chen is a member of the faculty. The total increase of $2,300,445 was primarily due to:

• The addition of clinical trial sites for NEO100 and NEO212 clinical trials.
• The increased drug product manufacturing activity to support ongoing and planned clinical trials.
• The recruitment for NEO212.
• The start of the clinical trial for NEO100-03 for a Pediatric Indication.
• Increased patient recruitment efforts.
• Data lockdown and analysis activities associated with the NEO100-01 clinical trial.
• Costs associated with designing the Phase 2a trial for NEO212, including meetings and correspondence with the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (“FDA”) regarding the program’s clinical development pathway.

Legal and Professional Expenses

Legal and professional expenses were $2,474,387 and $1,477,909 for the six months ended June 30, 2026 and 2025, respectively. The increase of $996,478 was primarily attributable to investment banking and advisory fees associated with the Company’s capital raising activities. Additionally, the increase reflected incremental legal fees associated with the preparation and filing of the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2025, its Registration Statement on Form S-3 and related prospectus supplement, the Second Addendum to the Company’s advisory agreement with AFH Holding & Advisory, LLC, the Series A Convertible Preferred Stock issuance, and other corporate and securities matters, as well as increased audit fees associated with the Company’s expanded reporting requirements as a public company.

General and Administrative Expenses

General and administrative expenses were $1,384,267 and $1,833,747 for the six months ended June 30, 2026 and 2025, respectively. The decrease of $449,480 was primarily due to a reduction in advertising and marketing expense in connection with the Company’s direct public listing, a reduction in D&O insurance premiums, and a reduction in rent, travel, and other costs incurred during the six months ended June 30, 2025 in connection with a marketing campaign and in pursuit of a strategic partnership in the Middle East. This decrease was partially offset by an increase in business development and travel costs during the six months ended June 30, 2026.

Stock Based Compensation

Stock-based compensation expense, which is a non-cash expense, for the six months ended June 30, 2026 primarily resulted from the acceleration of vesting of certain outstanding restricted stock awards approved by the Board of Directors in April 2026, which resulted in the recognition of previously unrecognized compensation expense associated with those awards, in addition to the ongoing recognition of the grant date fair value of restricted stock over the applicable service periods for awards not subject to the acceleration. Stock-based compensation expense for the six months ended June 30, 2025 included the recognition of expense from the original grant dates of certain restricted stock through the Listing Date that occurred on March 26, 2025, reflecting a cumulative catch-up upon removal of the listing contingency, in addition to amortization of the grant date fair value of those shares of restricted stock over their respective service periods following the Listing Date. Since stock-based compensation is a non-cash item, it does not affect our cash position or our cash used in operating activities.

Advisory Fee

Advisory fee expense, primarily to a related party, was $4,946,575 and $11,737,806 for the six months ended June 30, 2026 and 2025, respectively. Advisory fee expense for the six months ended June 30, 2026 consisted of fees incurred for advisory services related to our capital financing arrangements pursuant to a letter of intent with AFH (see Note 4). In addition, on June 11, 2026, the Company and AFH entered into a Second Addendum to the Letter of Intent and Advisory Services Agreement, which amends and clarifies the methodology for determining AFH’s annual advisory fee. Under the Second Addendum, effective retroactively to January 1, 2025, AFH is entitled to an annual advisory fee equal to 2.5% of the Company’s fully diluted market capitalization as of December 31 of each fiscal year. As of June 30, 2026, the Company had an outstanding accrued advisory fee – related party balance of approximately $1,600,000 payable to AFH pursuant to the Second Addendum. Advisory fee expense for the six months ended June 30, 2025 was substantially comprised of the $11,328,565 fee earned upon the Listing Date on March 26, 2025 in accordance with the AFH advisory agreement then in effect.

Interest and Other Income

Interest and income was $5,530 and $80,424 for the six months ended June 30, 2026 and 2025, respectively. Interest and other income for the six months ended June 30, 2026 and 2025 related primarily to interest earned in our money market account.

Grant Income

Grant income was $529,901 and $0 for the six months ended June 30, 2026 and 2025, respectively. Grant income for the six months ended June 30, 2026 related to the Company’s two Small Business Technology Transfer (“STTR”) grants from the National Institutes of Health (“NIH”), awarded in August 2025 and September 2025, respectively, pursuant to which the Company’s academic research collaborator at USC serves as subcontractor. The Company recognizes grant income related to the whole portion of allowable costs as incurred and reimbursed by the NIH. There was no comparable grant income during the six months ended June 30, 2025, as the grants were not awarded until the second half of 2025.

Amortization of Debt Issuance Costs

Amortization of debt issuance costs was $360,116 and $360,200 for the six months ended June 30, 2026 and 2025, respectively. Amortization of debt issuance costs in both periods primarily reflected the ongoing amortization of debt issuance costs associated with the warrants issued in connection with the line of credit with HCWG.

Interest Expense

Interest expense was $1,216,994 and $357,672 for the six months ended June 30, 2026 and 2025, respectively. The increase of $859,322 was primarily related to the short-term OID loan (see Note 6), interest accrued on the Company’s unremitted restricted stock tax withholding obligations, and accrued interest for a litigation matter.

Other Income (Expense)

Other expense was $834,228 and other income was $240,138 for the six months ended June 30, 2026 and 2025, respectively. Other expense for the six months ended June 30, 2026 consisted of penalties and interest accrued in connection with the unremitted income tax withholdings on shares of common stock that were withheld from recipients upon the vesting of restricted stock to satisfy the recipients’ tax obligations. As of June 30, 2026, the Company had not remitted such withholding taxes to the applicable taxing authorities, and accordingly the Company has accrued penalties and interest, which is included within accrued expenses in the condensed consolidated balance sheets.

Loss on change in fair value of derivative liability related to Series A preferred stock

Loss on change in fair value of derivative liability related to Series A Preferred Stock was $61,321 and $0 for the six months ended June 30, 2026 and 2025, respectively. In connection with the issuance of the Company’s Series A Convertible Preferred Stock during the three months ended June 30, 2026, the Company bifurcated an embedded variable-rate conversion feature as a derivative liability, which is remeasured to fair value at each reporting period using a Monte Carlo simulation model, with changes in fair value recognized in the condensed consolidated statements of operations. The loss recognized during the three months ended June 30, 2026 reflects the change in fair value of the derivative liability between the issuance date and June 30, 2026 (see Note 8). There was no comparable activity during the six months ended June 30, 2025, as the Series A Preferred Stock was not issued until the current period.

Gain on Change in Fair Value of Derivative Liability

Gain on change in fair value of derivative liability was $2,801 and $0 for the six months ended June 30, 2026 and 2025, respectively. The derivative liability is created from the settlement feature embedded in the Company’s equity line of credit agreement with Mast Hill Fund, LP. Under the agreement, shares of common stock are purchased at a discount due to the five-day settlement period between the commitment date and the issuance date. This discount feature creates a variable settlement mechanism that is required to be accounted for as a derivative liability. The gain represents the change in fair value of this derivative liability from each draw under the agreement through the corresponding settlement date. There were no draws under the equity purchase agreement during the six months ended June 30, 2025, and no related loss was recognized in that period.

Cash Flows

The following table summarizes our cash flow for the periods indicated:

Operating Activities

During the six months ended June 30, 2026, net cash used in operating activities was $11,756,954, consisting primarily of our net loss of $23,059,976, offset by stock-based compensation of $8,384,311, accretion of original issue discount on the convertible promissory notes of $714,600, amortization of debt issuance costs of $360,116, amortization of right of use asset of $38,996, amortization of intangible asset of $18,519, transaction costs expensed on the issuance of Series A Convertible Preferred Stock of $127,478, loss on change in fair value of derivative liability related to Series A Convertible Preferred Stock of $61,321, an increase in accrued expense of $2,261,282, and an increase in accounts payable of $582,222. These were offset by decreases in accrued advisory fee of $100,566, accounts payable – related parties of $197,762, and lease liability of $33,596, an increase in prepaid expenses and other of $824,168, an increase in deferred offering costs of $86,930, and a gain on change in fair value of derivative liability of $2,801.

During the six months ended June 30, 2025, net cash used in operating activities was $10,964,226, consisting primarily of our net loss of $38,006,186, offset by stock-based compensation of $20,923,850, accretion of original issue discount on the bridge loan – related party of $300,000, amortization of debt issuance costs of $769,441, amortization of right of use asset of $18,153, an increase in accrued advisory fee of $5,882,710, and an increase in accounts payable – related parties of $45,350. These were offset by an increase in prepaid expenses and other of $350,134, a decrease in other assets of $47,177, a decrease in accrued compensation of $479,775, and a decrease in lease liability of $20,458.

Financing Activities

During the six months ended June 30, 2026, cash provided by financing activities was $13,671,645, consisting primarily of proceeds from the issuance of common stock and warrants in connection with our PIPE financing of $15,071,783, proceeds from the issuance of Series A Convertible Preferred Stock of $5,000,000, and proceeds from sales of common stock under the equity purchase agreement of $666,528, offset by the repayment of the OID loan of $6,666,667 and payment of issuance costs related to the Series A Convertible Preferred Stock of $400,000.

During the six months ended June 30, 2025, cash provided by financing activities was $11,024,372 consisting primarily of proceeds from the sale of common stock of $11,324,372 and proceeds from related party loans of $300,000, offset by repayment of related party loans of $600,000.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Sources of Liquidity/Going Concern

Since our inception, we have funded our operations through the sale and issuance of common stock and debt financings from related and third parties. Our historical sources of liquidity, including the issuances of common stock under our private placements, sales under the Equity Purchase Agreement with Mast Hill Fund, LP, the line of credit with HCWG, and our convertible debt financings, are described in the “Liquidity and Capital Resources” section of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2025. There have been no material changes to these arrangements during the six months ended June 30, 2026 except as described below.

The accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared on a going concern basis, which contemplates the realization of assets and the settlement of liabilities and commitments in the normal course of business. Since our inception, we have not generated any revenue from product sales or any other sources, except humanitarian use, and we have incurred significant operating losses. We have not yet commercialized any products, and we do not expect to generate revenue from sales of any product candidates for a number of years, if ever. As reflected in the accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements, we have incurred recurring net losses since our inception. For the six months ended June 30, 2026, we incurred a net loss of $23,059,976, and we had an accumulated deficit of $135,814,631 at June 30, 2026. At June 30, 2026, we had cash totaling $1,973,420. These factors raise substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern for at least one year from the date of issuance of the condensed consolidated financial statements included in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. Our ability to continue as a going concern is dependent upon our ability to raise additional funds and implement our strategies, such as executing additional licensing contracts. The condensed consolidated financial statements do not include any adjustments that might be necessary if we are unable to continue as a going concern.

In January 2026, the Company entered into the first of a series of related Securities Purchase Agreements providing for the issuance, in one or more closings, of up to an aggregate of 2,222,222 shares of common stock and warrants to purchase up to 2,222,222 shares of common stock at an exercise price of $9.00 per share, for aggregate gross proceeds of up to approximately $16,000,000. During the six months ended June 30, 2026, we completed closings under three Securities Purchase Agreements for an aggregate of 2,093,305 shares of common stock and warrants to purchase 2,093,305 shares of common stock, resulting in gross proceeds of $15,071,783. The offering of securities under the PIPE Financing terminated on April 30, 2026.

In June 2026, the Company entered into a Securities Purchase Agreement providing for the issuance of shares of Series A Convertible Preferred Stock for aggregate gross proceeds of $5,000,000. During the six months ended June 30, 2026, the Company completed the closing under the Securities Purchase Agreement, resulting in gross proceeds of $5,000,000 and net proceeds of approximately $4,600,000, after deducting issuance costs of $400,000. See Note 8 to the condensed consolidated financial statements for additional information regarding the terms of the Series A Convertible Preferred Stock.

While the proceeds from the PIPE Financing and the Series A Convertible Preferred Stock financing have provided additional liquidity during the six months ended June 30, 2026, management does not believe these proceeds, together with the Company’s other available resources, are sufficient to fund operations for at least twelve months from the date of issuance of these financial statements, and substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern therefore remains, as discussed above.

The ability to continue as a going concern is dependent on us raising additional capital and attaining and maintaining profitable operations in the future to meet our obligations and repay our liabilities arising from normal business operations when they come due. Since inception, we have funded our operations primarily through equity and debt financings and licensing income and we expect to continue to rely on these sources of capital in the future. We have the following financing facilities available to us:

• On October 11, 2024, the Company entered into a Line of Credit Agreement (“the Agreement”) with HCWG for borrowings of up to $10.0 million. No amounts have been borrowed under the facility through June 30, 2026.
• On October 22, 2024, we entered into an equity purchase agreement (the “Equity Purchase Agreement”) with Mast Hill Fund, LP (“Mast Hill”) pursuant to which the Company may sell and issue to the investor, and the investor may purchase from the Company, up to $50,000,000 of Company’s common shares. During the six months ended June 30, 2026, the Company sold 76,648 shares of common stock at prices ranging from $8.40 to $8.97 per share under the Equity Purchase Agreement, resulting in net proceeds of $663,727.
• On April 2, 2026, the Company filed a shelf registration statement on Form S-3, pursuant to which the Company may offer and sell up to $300,000,000 of common stock, preferred stock, debt securities, warrants, and units, from time to time. In connection with the Shelf Registration Statement, the Company entered into an At-the-Market Equity Offering Sales Agreement (the “ATM Agreement”) with BTIG, LLC and Alliance Global Partners, as sales agents, pursuant to which the Company may offer and sell shares of common stock having an aggregate offering price of up to $75,000,000, subject to any applicable limits when using Form S-3. During the six months ended June 30, 2026, the Company did not sell any shares of common stock under the ATM Agreement.

No assurance can be given that we will be able to draw upon such facilities if needed. Further, no assurance can be given that any future financing will be available or, if available, that it will be on terms that are satisfactory to us. Even if we are able to obtain additional financing, it may contain undue restrictions on our operations, in the case of debt financing, or cause substantial dilution for our stockholders, in the case of equity financing, or grant unfavorable terms in licensing agreements.

Funding Requirements

We expect our expenses to increase in connection with our ongoing activities, particularly as we continue our research and development, initiate and conduct preclinical studies and clinical trials, and seek marketing approval for our current and any of our future product candidates. In addition, if we obtain marketing approval for any of our current or our future product candidates, we expect to incur significant commercialization expenses related to product sales, marketing, manufacturing and distribution, which costs we may seek to offset through entry into collaboration agreements with third parties. Furthermore, we expect to incur additional costs associated with operating as a public company. Accordingly, we will need to obtain substantial additional funding in connection with our continuing operations. If we are unable to raise capital when needed or on acceptable terms, we would be forced to delay, reduce or eliminate our research and development programs or future commercialization efforts.

We intend to finance our operations over the next 12 months primarily through existing cash balances and the proceeds from the funds available through our Line of Credit Agreement with HCWG, sales under the Equity Purchase Agreement, and sales under the ATM Agreement, each as described above. We have based this estimate on assumptions that may prove to be wrong, and we may use our available capital resources sooner than we currently expect. Our future capital requirements will depend on a number of factors, including:

• the costs of conducting preclinical studies and clinical trials;
• the costs of manufacturing;
• the scope, progress, results and costs of discovery, preclinical development, laboratory testing, and clinical trials for product candidates we may develop, if any;
• the costs, timing, and outcome of regulatory review of our product candidates;
• our ability to establish and maintain collaborations on favorable terms, if at all;
• the achievement of milestones or the occurrence of other developments that trigger payments under any license or collaboration agreements we might have at such time;
• the costs and timing of future commercialization activities, including product sales, marketing, manufacturing and distribution, for any of our product candidates for which we receive marketing approval;
• the amount of revenue, if any, received from commercial sales of our product candidates, should any of our product candidates receive marketing approval;
• the costs of preparing, filing and prosecuting patent applications, obtaining, maintaining and enforcing our intellectual property rights, and defending intellectual property-related claims;
• our headcount growth and associated costs as we expand our business operations and research and development activities; and
• the costs of operating as a public company.

Until such time, if ever, as we can generate substantial product revenues, we expect to finance our cash needs through public or private equity offerings and debt financings or other sources, such as potential collaboration agreements, strategic alliances and licensing arrangements. To the extent that we raise additional capital through the sale of equity or convertible debt securities, your ownership interests may be diluted, and the terms of these securities may include liquidation or other preferences that could adversely affect your rights as a common stockholder. Additional debt financing, if available, may involve agreements that include restrictive covenants that limit our ability to take specific actions, such as incurring additional debt, making capital expenditures or declaring dividends, that could adversely impact our ability to conduct our business.

If we raise funds through potential collaborations, strategic alliances or licensing arrangements with third parties, we may have to relinquish valuable rights to our technologies, future revenue streams, research programs or product candidates, or to grant licenses on terms that may not be favorable to us. If we are unable to raise additional funds when needed, we may be required to delay, limit, reduce or terminate our product development or future commercialization efforts or grant rights to develop and market product candidates that we would otherwise prefer to develop and market ourselves.

Critical Accounting Estimates

Stock-Based Compensation

We account for stock-based compensation, including restricted stock, in accordance with ASC 718 (Accounting Standards Codification Topic 718, Compensation—Stock Compensation). Shares of restricted stock are measured at fair value on the grant date based on our common stock price and expense over the vesting period. For awards with performance or market conditions, expense is recognized based on the probability of achievement and may be accelerated. We estimate forfeitures based on historical data and adjust these estimates periodically. Changes in forfeiture rates, stock price, or performance assumptions can materially affect stock-based compensation expenses. Management reviews these assumptions quarterly and updates estimates as necessary. We consider the accounting for restricted stock a critical estimate due to the judgment involved and its material impact on our financial results.

Common Stock Purchase Warrants

We consider the valuation of our common stock purchase warrants a critical accounting estimate. The fair value of our warrants is determined using a Monte Carlo Simulation model. The Monte Carlo Simulation model requires significant judgment in the selection of key inputs, including expected volatility, expected term, risk-free interest rate, and the fair value of our common stock. Expected volatility is estimated based on the historical volatility of a peer group of guideline public companies, given our limited trading history as a public company. The expected term reflects, among other factors, our assumptions regarding the likelihood and timing of liquidity events. For warrants with down-round protective provisions, additional judgment is required in modeling the timing, probability, and pricing of assumed future financing events that could trigger an adjustment to the warrant exercise price. Changes in these assumptions, particularly expected volatility, expected term, and stock price, can materially affect the estimated fair value of our warrants and, for liability-classified warrants, our reported results of operations in any given period.

Series A Convertible Preferred Stock

We consider the accounting for our Series A Convertible Preferred Stock a critical accounting estimate. Management exercised significant judgment in determining that the Series A Convertible Preferred Stock should be classified as permanent equity under ASC 480, and that the embedded variable-rate conversion feature should be bifurcated and separately accounted for as a derivative liability under ASC 815. The derivative liability is initially recorded at fair value, with subsequent changes in fair value recognized in the condensed consolidated statements of operations at each reporting period. The fair value of the derivative liability is estimated using a Monte Carlo Simulation model, which requires significant judgment in the selection of key inputs, including expected volatility, risk-free interest rate, the probability and timing of conversion events, and the fair value of our common stock. Expected volatility is estimated based on the historical volatility of a peer group of guideline public companies, given our limited trading history as a public company. Changes in these assumptions, particularly expected volatility, stock price, and the probability and timing of conversion, can materially affect the estimated fair value of the derivative liability and our reported results of operations in any given period.

Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk

We are not currently exposed to significant market risk related to changes in foreign currency exchange rates. However, we have contracted with and may continue to contract with foreign vendors that are located in Europe, Middle East, and India. Our operations may be subject to fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates in the future.

Inflation generally affects us by increasing our cost of labor. We do not believe that inflation had a material effect on our business, financial condition, or results of operations during the three and six months ended June 30, 2026 or 2025.

Item 4. Controls and Procedures

Disclosure Controls and Procedures

Disclosure controls and procedures are controls and other procedures that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in our reports filed or submitted under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported, within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms. Disclosure controls and procedures include, without limitation, controls and procedures designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in our reports filed or submitted under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

We do not expect that our disclosure controls and procedures will prevent all errors and all instances of fraud. Disclosure controls and procedures, no matter how well conceived and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the objectives of the disclosure controls and procedures are met. Further, the design of disclosure controls and procedures must reflect the fact that there are resource constraints, and the benefits must be considered relative to their costs.

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

As required by Rules 13a-15 and 15d-15 under the Exchange Act, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer carried out an evaluation of the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures as of June 30, 2026. Based upon their evaluation, and due to material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting related to; controls over segregation of duties, entity level controls over the risk assessment, information and communication and monitoring process, financial controls over all significant transaction classes, controls over authorization and tracking of related party transactions and controls over information technology over user access and provisioning, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act) were not effective as of June 30, 2026.

Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting

There were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rule 13a-15(f) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934) during the quarter ended June 30, 2026, that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting, as defined in the Exchange Act Rule 13a-15(f). Our internal control over financial reporting is designed to provide reasonable assurance to our management and board of directors regarding the preparation and fair presentation of published consolidated financial statements. Management conducted an evaluation of our internal control over financial reporting based on the framework in Internal Control-Integrated Framework issued in 2013 by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (the “2013 Framework”). A material weakness is a deficiency, or a combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of our consolidated financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis. As previously reported in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2025, management concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was not effective as of December 31, 2025 due to the material weaknesses described therein. As of June 30, 2026, those material weaknesses have not been fully remediated.

As a result, we performed additional analysis as deemed necessary to ensure that our condensed consolidated financial statements were prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles. Accordingly, management believes that the condensed consolidated financial statements included in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q present fairly, in all material respects, our financial position, results of operations, and cash flows for the periods presented.

Management has initiated steps to remediate these material weaknesses, including:

• engaged an information technology controls consultant to assess and remediate deficiencies in user access management;
• implemented a new enterprise resource planning system, migrating our accounting records and financial close processes from QuickBooks Online to NetSuite, to enhance the design and operation of controls over our chart of accounts, transaction-level account mapping, and financial reporting processes;
• enhanced our company-wide risk assessment and internal communication processes;
• expanded and improved our review process for complex securities and related accounting standards;
• engaged with third-party professionals to consult on complex accounting applications in conformity with U.S. GAAP;
• implement a formal related party transaction policy requiring the identification of related party transactions by the Audit Committee;
• hired a Chief Accounting Officer (“CAO”) with technical accounting expertise to strengthen financial reporting oversight, internal control environment, and accounting operations; and
• consider additional staff with the requisite experience and training to supplement existing accounting professionals.

The Company can offer no assurance that these changes will ultimately have the intended effects.

This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q does not include an attestation report on internal controls from our independent registered public accounting firm due to our status as an emerging growth company under the JOBS Act.

PART II - OTHER INFORMATION

Item 1. Legal Proceedings

We may in the future be involved in actual and/or threatened legal proceedings, claims, investigations and government inquiries arising in the ordinary course of our business, including legal proceedings, claims, investigations and government inquiries involving intellectual property, data privacy and data protection, privacy and other torts, illegal or objectionable content, consumer protection, securities, employment, contractual rights, civil rights infringement, false or misleading advertising, or other legal claims relating to our business.

On November 8, 2013, the Company entered into a collaboration agreement (“Agreement”) with Orient EuroPharma Co., Ltd. (“OEP”), pursuant to which the parties will develop certain licensed products defined in the Agreement. NeOnc will license OEP the right to commercialize the Company’s drug NEO100, a highly purified form of perillyl alcohol (“Licensed Product”), in the territories specified in the license agreement (“Territory”).

In 2023, the Company sent notice to OEP indicating their intent to terminate the Agreement with OEP, after which OEP threatened litigation. On February 15, 2024, OEP and the Company entered into a settlement agreement whereas the Company and OEP terminated the Agreement in exchange for a payment in the amount of $4,000,000 payable by the Company to OEP within ten days of the date the Company completes its initial public offering. The settlement agreement provides for interest accruing on the unpaid balance. The Company had a litigation settlement payable of $4,378,904 and $4,170,000 in the accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheets as of June 30, 2026 and December 31, 2025, respectively. As of the date of this filing, the Company has not paid the litigation settlement amount.

On July 1, 2022, NeOnc Technologies, Inc. and Fox Infused, LLC, a Delaware limited liability company (“Fox Infused”), entered into an Intellectual Property License and Supply Agreement effective July 1, 2022 (the “Fox Infused Agreement”) whereby NeOnc agreed to supply certain products to Fox Infused and license certain of our patents. The Company terminated the Fox Infused Agreement on April 25, 2023. On June 6, 2023, Fox Infused filed a complaint against the Company in the Central District of California alleging that the termination was improper (Civil Action No. 2:23-04431). Fox Infused also filed an ex parte application for a temporary restraining order and an order to show cause on a preliminary injunction against the Company seeking to have the court stop the termination of the contract. Fox Infused’s temporary restraining order application was denied, and the case was dismissed without prejudice. Fox Infused refiled the case in arbitration before the American Arbitration Association (Case No. 01-23-0002-5020). On October 16, 2023, the parties engaged in settlement discussions and agreed to settle the dispute for a $600,000 payment by the Company to Fox Infused within 5 business days of the closing date of the Company’s initial public offering or March 31, 2024.

On March 31, 2024, Fox Infused agreed to extend the payment until May 15, 2024 in exchange for an additional $25,000 payable on demand. The Company did not make the payment, and on July 25, 2024, the arbitrator granted interest at the statutory rate of 10% per annum on the unpaid balance commencing May 15, 2024. The Company remained in default through December 31, 2025, with the total obligation, including accrued interest, included in litigation settlement payable in the accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheets at that date. Fox Infused initiated default proceedings against the Company, which resulted in direct and indirect costs to the Company in defending and responding to such proceedings. In February 2026, the Company satisfied this obligation in full by paying the settlement amount plus accrued interest, for a total payment of $737,921. As of June 30, 2026, no remaining liability associated with this settlement was outstanding.

Item 1A. Risk Factors

There have been no material changes to the risk factors previously disclosed under Part I, Item 1A “Risk Factors” of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2025 (the “Form 10-K”), filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 31, 2026.

Investing in our common stock involves a high degree of risk. You should carefully consider the following risk factors, as well as the other information in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, before deciding whether to invest in shares of our common stock. If any of the following risks actually occurs, our business, results of operations and financial condition could be materially adversely affected. In this case, the trading price of our common stock would likely decline, and you might lose part or all your investment in our common stock.

Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds

Recent Sales of Unregistered Securities

During the three months ended June 30, 2026, the Company issued the following unregistered securities:

In April 2026, we issued 277,777 shares of common stock and warrants to purchase 277,777 shares of common stock at an exercise price of $9.00 per share to one accredited investor in a private placement at a per-share unit purchase price of $7.20, for aggregate gross proceeds of $2,000,000, pursuant to the Securities Purchase Agreement dated April 20, 2026.

In June 2026, pursuant to a Securities Purchase Agreement dated June 11, 2026, the Company issued 6,000 shares of Series A Convertible Preferred Stock to two accredited investors for aggregate gross proceeds of $5,000,000.

None of the foregoing transactions involved any underwriters, underwriting discounts or commissions, or any public offering. Unless otherwise specified above, we believe these transactions were exempt from registration under the Securities Act in reliance on Section 4(2) of the Securities Act (and Regulation D or Regulation S promulgated thereunder) or Rule 701 promulgated under Section 3(b) of the Securities Act as transactions by an issuer not involving any public offering or under benefit plans and contracts relating to compensation as provided under Rule 701. The recipients of the securities in each of these transactions represented their intentions to acquire the securities for investment only and not with a view to or for sale in connection with any distribution thereof, and appropriate legends were placed on the share certificates issued in these transactions. All recipients had adequate access, through their relationships with us, to information about us. The sales of these securities were made without any general solicitation or advertising.

Recent Sales of Registered Securities

None.

Use of Proceeds

Not applicable.

Repurchases

None.

Item 3. Defaults Upon Senior Securities

None.

Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures

Not applicable.

Item 5. Other Information

Rule**10b5-1 Trading Arrangements

On December 18, 2025, Yousha Neman-Ebrahim, Chief Clinical Officer, adopted a written plan for the sale of shares of our common stock that is intended to satisfy the affirmative defense conditions of Rule 10b5-1(c) under the Exchange Act. The plan provides for the sale of up to 25% of the net shares of common stock issued to Mr. Neman-Ebrahim upon each vesting of shares of restricted stock, with the actual number of shares subject to each sale to be determined at the time of the applicable vesting event. The plan will expire on March 18, 2027, or on any earlier date on which all of the shares authorized for sale have been sold.

On December 18, 2025, Axel Schonthal, Directors, adopted a written plan for the sale of up to 8,000 shares of our common stock that is intended to satisfy the affirmative defense conditions of Rule 10b5-1(c) under the Exchange Act. The plan will expire on January 17, 2027, or on any earlier date on which all of the shares have been sold.

On June 16, 2026, Thomas Chen,Founder and Chief Medical Officer, adopted a written plan for the sale of up to 40,000 shares of our common stock that is intended to satisfy the affirmative defense conditions of Rule 10b5-1(c) under the Exchange Act. The plan will expire on September 15, 2027, or on any earlier date on which all of the shares have been sold.

On June 16, 2026, Keithly Garnett, Chief Financial Officer, adopted a written plan for the sale of up to 50,000 shares of our common stock that is intended to satisfy the affirmative defense conditions of Rule 10b5-1(c) under the Exchange Act. The plan will expire on September 15, 2027, or on any earlier date on which all of the shares have been sold.

On June 16, 2026, David Choi,Chief Accounting Officer, adopted a written plan for the sale of up to 22,000 shares of our common stock that is intended to satisfy the affirmative defense conditions of Rule 10b5-1(c) under the Exchange Act. The plan will expire on September 15, 2027, or on any earlier date on which all of the shares have been sold.

On June 17, 2026, Jim Delshad,Directors, adopted a written plan for the sale of up to 15,000 shares of our common stock that is intended to satisfy the affirmative defense conditions of Rule 10b5-1(c) under the Exchange Act. The plan will expire on September 16, 2027, or on any earlier date on which all of the shares have been sold.

On June 23, 2026, Ming-Fu Chiang, Directors, adopted a written plan for the sale of up to 55,000 shares of our common stock that is intended to satisfy the affirmative defense conditions of Rule 10b5-1(c) under the Exchange Act. The plan will expire on September 26, 2027, or on any earlier date on which all of the shares have been sold.

Other than as noted above, none of our directors or officers, as defined in Rule 16a-1(f) under the Exchange Act, adopted or terminated a Rule 10b5-1 trading plan or arrangement or a non-Rule 10b5-1 trading plan or arrangement, as defined in Item 408(c) of Regulation S-K, during the three months ended June 30, 2026.

Item 6. Exhibit Index

* Filed herewith.

** Furnished herewith.

Management contract or compensatory plan or arrangement