International Bancshares IBOC Form 10-Q filing Q2 FY2026

Item 1. Financial Statements

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INTERNATIONAL BANCSHARES CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES

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Consolidated Statements of Condition (Unaudited)

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(Dollars in Thousands)

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INTERNATIONAL BANCSHARES CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES

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Consolidated Statements of Condition, continued (Unaudited)

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(Dollars in Thousands)

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See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

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INTERNATIONAL BANCSHARES CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES

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Consolidated Statements of Income (Unaudited)

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(Dollars in Thousands, except per share data)

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INTERNATIONAL BANCSHARES CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES

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Consolidated Statements of Income, continued (Unaudited)

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(Dollars in Thousands, except per share data)

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See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

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INTERNATIONAL BANCSHARES CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES

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Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Unaudited)

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(Dollars in Thousands)

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See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

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INTERNATIONAL BANCSHARES CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES

Consolidated Statements of Shareholders’ Equity

Three and Six Months ended June 30, 2026 and 2025

(in Thousands, except per share amounts)

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See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

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INTERNATIONAL BANCSHARES CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES

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Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (Unaudited)

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(Dollars in Thousands)

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INTERNATIONAL BANCSHARES CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES

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Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows, continued (Unaudited)

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(Dollars in Thousands)

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See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

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INTERNATIONAL BANCSHARES CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES

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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

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(Unaudited)

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As used in this report, the words “Company,” “we,” “us” and “our” refer to International Bancshares Corporation, a Texas corporation, its five wholly owned subsidiary banks, and other subsidiaries. The information that follows may contain forward-looking statements, which are qualified as indicated under “Special Cautionary Notice Regarding Forward-Looking Information” in Item 2 (Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations) of this report. Our website address is www.ibc.com.

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Note 1 — Basis of Presentation

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Our accounting and reporting policies conform to accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“US GAAP”) and to general practices within the banking industry. Our consolidated financial statements include the accounts of International Bancshares Corporation, and our five wholly-owned bank subsidiaries, International Bank of Commerce, Laredo (“IBC”), Commerce Bank, International Bank of Commerce, Zapata, International Bank of Commerce, Brownsville, International Bank of Commerce, Oklahoma (the “Subsidiary Banks”) and our six wholly-owned non-bank subsidiaries, IBC Trading Company, Premier Tierra Holdings, Inc., IBC Charitable and Community Development Corporation, IBC Capital Corporation, Diamond Beach Holdings, LLC and WCMH, LLC. Our consolidated financial statements are unaudited but include all adjustments that, in the opinion of management, are necessary for a fair presentation of the results of the periods presented. All such adjustments were of a normal and recurring nature. These financial statements should be read in conjunction with the financial statements and the notes thereto in our latest Annual Report to Shareholders on Form ARS for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2025, furnished to the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) on February 26, 2026 (our “2025 Annual Report”). Our consolidated statement of condition at December 31, 2025 has been derived from the audited financial statements at that date but does not include all of the information and footnotes required by US GAAP for complete financial statements.

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We operate as one segment, banking. The chief operating decision maker (“CODM”) is our chief executive officer. The operating information used by our CODM for purposes of assessing performance and making operating decisions is the consolidated statements presented in this report. We have five active operating subsidiaries, the Subsidiary Banks. Our Subsidiary Banks offer all products and services on the same basis and on the same terms and operate in the same regulatory environment. We apply the provisions of ASC Topic 280, “Segment Reporting,” in determining our reportable segments and related disclosures.

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Subsequent to the end of the period and through the date we have issued these financial statements, we reduced our ownership percentage in a merchant banking investment in accordance with regulatory requirements for merchant banking investments and their holding period. We are still evaluating the impact of the transaction on our financial statements.

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Note 2 — Fair Value Measurements

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FASB ASC Topic 820, “Fair Value Measurements” (“ASC 820”), defines fair value, establishes a framework for measuring fair value in US GAAP, and expands disclosures about fair value measurements. ASC 820 applies to all financial instruments that are being measured and reported on a fair value basis. ASC 820 defines fair value as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date; it also establishes a fair value hierarchy that prioritizes the inputs used in valuation methodologies into the following three levels:

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• Level 1 Inputs - Unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities.

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• Level 2 Inputs - Observable inputs other than Level 1 inputs, such as quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities; quoted prices in markets that are not active; or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data for substantially the full term of the assets or liabilities.
• Level 3 Inputs - Unobservable inputs that are supported by little or no market activity and that are significant to the fair value of the assets or liabilities. Level 3 assets and liabilities include financial instruments whose value is determined using pricing models, discounted cash flow methodologies, or other valuation techniques, as well as instruments for which the determination of fair value requires significant management judgment or estimation.

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A description of the valuation methodologies used for instruments measured at fair value, as well as the general classification of such instruments pursuant to the valuation hierarchy is set forth below.

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The following table represents assets and liabilities reported on the consolidated balance sheets at their fair value on a recurring basis as of June 30, 2026 by level within the fair value measurement hierarchy:

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The following table represents assets and liabilities reported on the consolidated balance sheets at their fair value on a recurring basis as of December 31, 2025 by level within the fair value measurement hierarchy:

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Available-for-sale securities are classified within Level 1 or 2 of the valuation hierarchy. Equity securities with readily determinable fair values are classified within Level 1. For debt investments classified as Level 2 in the fair value hierarchy, we obtain fair value measurements from an independent pricing service. The fair value measurements consider observable data that may include dealer quotes, market spreads, cash flows, the U.S. Treasury yield curve, live

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trading levels, trade execution data, market consensus prepayment speeds, credit information and the bond’s terms and conditions, among other things.

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Certain financial assets and financial liabilities are measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis. The instruments are not measured at fair value on an ongoing basis but are subject to fair value adjustments in certain circumstances (for example, when there is evidence of impairment). Our policy is to recognize transfers between levels at the end of each reporting period, if applicable. There were no transfers between levels of the fair value hierarchy during the six months ended June 30, 2026.

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The following table represents financial instruments measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis as of and for the period ended June 30, 2026 by level within the fair value measurement hierarchy:

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The following table represents financial instruments measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis as of and for the period ended December 31, 2025 by level within the fair value measurement hierarchy:

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Our assets measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis are limited to loans classified as Watch List—Doubtful and other real estate owned. The tabular disclosures above include only those loans or other real estate owned that had a change in the provision for credit loss during the reporting period or for which a new specific provision for credit loss was established during the reporting period. The fair value of Watch List—Doubtful loans is derived in accordance with FASB ASC Subtopic 326-10, “Financial Instruments – Credit Losses - Overall”. They are primarily comprised of collateral-dependent commercial loans. As the primary sources of loan repayments decline, the secondary repayment source, the collateral, takes on greater significance. Correctly evaluating the fair value becomes even more important. Re-measurement of the loan to fair value is done through a specific valuation allowance included in the allowance for credit losses (“ACL”). The fair value of the loan is based on the fair value of the collateral, as determined through either an appraisal or internal evaluation process. The basis for our appraisal and appraisal review process are applicable regulatory guidelines, including regulatory appraisal laws and the Uniform Standards of Professional Appraisal Practice, which are incorporated into our lending policy. All collateral dependent loans are evaluated in accordance with our lending policy to assess if a third-party appraisal is required to be obtained as part of our credit

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underwriting and monitoring process. Collateral dependent loans that do not meet the requirements for a third-party appraisal are required to undergo an internal evaluation by our in-house independent appraisal staff.

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Our determination to either seek an appraisal or to perform an internal evaluation is performed by our credit quality committee, which analyzes the existing collateral values of the doubtful loans and identifies obsolete appraisals or internal evaluations. The credit quality committee reviews the existing appraisal to determine if the collateral value is reasonable in view of the current use of the collateral and the economic environment related to the collateral. The ultimate decision on the appropriate action is made by our independent credit administration team. A new appraisal is not required if an internal evaluation, as performed by our in-house independent appraisal staff, is able to appropriately update the original appraisal assumptions to reflect current market conditions and provide an estimate of the collateral’s market value for analysis of the doubtful loan. The internal evaluations must be in writing and contain sufficient information detailing the analysis, assumptions and conclusions, and they must support performing an evaluation in lieu of ordering a new appraisal.

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As of June 30, 2026, we had $296,896,000 of doubtful commercial collateral-dependent loans, of which $118,007,000 had an appraisal performed within the immediately preceding rolling twelve-month period, and of which $90,067,000 had an internal evaluation performed within the immediately preceding rolling twelve-month period. As of December 31, 2025, we had approximately $139,643,000 of doubtful commercial collateral-dependent loans, of which $0 had an appraisal performed within the immediately preceding rolling twelve-month period and of which $139,643,000 had an internal evaluation performed within the immediately preceding rolling twelve-month period.

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Other real estate owned is comprised of real estate acquired by foreclosure and deeds in lieu of foreclosure. Other real estate owned is carried at the lower of the recorded investment in the property or its fair value less estimated costs to sell such property (as determined by independent appraisal) within Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy. Prior to foreclosure, the value of the underlying loan is written down to the fair value of the real estate to be acquired by a charge to the ACL, if necessary. The fair value is reviewed periodically, and subsequent write-downs are made through a charge to operations, accordingly. Other real estate owned is included in other assets on the consolidated financial statements. For the three and six months ended June 30, 2026 and the twelve months ended December 31, 2025, we recorded $42,000, $42,000 and $101,000, respectively, in charges to the ACL in connection with loans transferred to other real estate owned. For the three and six months ended June 30, 2026 and the twelve months ended December 31, 2025, we recorded $0, $23,000 and $1,296,000, respectively, in adjustments to fair value in connection with other real estate owned.

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The fair value estimates, methods, and assumptions for our financial instruments at June 30, 2026 and December 31, 2025 are outlined below.

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Cash and Cash Equivalents

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For these short-term instruments, the carrying amount is a reasonable estimate of fair value.

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Time Deposits with Banks

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The carrying amounts of time deposits with banks approximate fair value.

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Investment Securities Held-to-Maturity

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The carrying amounts of investments held-to-maturity approximate fair value.

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Investment Securities

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For investment securities, which include U.S. Treasury securities, obligations of other U.S. government agencies, obligations of states and political subdivisions and mortgage pass-through and related securities, fair values are established by an independent pricing service. The fair value measurements consider observable data that may include dealer quotes, market spreads, cash flows, the U.S. Treasury yield curve, live trading levels, trade execution data, market consensus prepayment speeds, credit information and the bond’s terms and conditions, among other things. See disclosures of fair value of investment securities in Note 6.

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Loans

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Fair values are estimated for portfolios of loans with similar financial characteristics. Loans are segregated by type, such as commercial, real estate or consumer loans, as outlined by regulatory reporting guidelines. Each category is segmented into fixed and variable interest rate terms and by performing and non-performing categories.

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For variable rate performing loans, the carrying amount approximates fair value. For fixed-rate performing loans, the fair value is calculated by discounting scheduled cash flows using current interest rates at which similar loans with similar terms would be made to borrowers of similar credit quality. At June 30, 2026 and December 31, 2025, the carrying amount of fixed rate performing loans was $1,157,552,000 and $1,200,539,000, respectively, and the estimated fair value was $1,114,696,000 and $1,166,537,000, respectively.

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Accrued Interest

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The carrying amounts of accrued interest approximate fair value.

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Deposits

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The fair value of deposits with no stated maturity, such as non-interest-bearing demand deposit accounts, savings accounts and interest-bearing demand deposit accounts, was equal to the amount payable on demand as of June 30, 2026 and December 31, 2025. The fair value of time deposits is based on the discounted value of contractual cashflows. The discount rate is based on currently offered rates. Time deposits are within Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy. At June 30, 2026 and December 31, 2025, the carrying amount of time deposits was $3,257,699,000 and $3,201,320,000, respectively, and the estimated fair value was $3,255,972,000 and $3,196,649,000, respectively.

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Securities Sold Under Repurchase Agreements

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Securities sold under repurchase agreements are short-term maturities. Due to the contractual terms of the instruments, the carrying amounts approximated fair value at June 30, 2026 and December 31, 2025.

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Junior Subordinated Deferrable Interest Debentures

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We currently have floating-rate junior subordinated deferrable interest debentures outstanding. Due to the contractual terms of the floating-rate junior subordinated deferrable interest debentures, the carrying amounts approximated fair value at June 30, 2026 and December 31, 2025.

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Other Borrowed Funds

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We currently have long-term borrowings issued from the Federal Home Loan Bank (“FHLB”). The long-term borrowings outstanding at June 30, 2026 and December 31, 2025 are fixed-rate borrowings, and the fair value is based on established market spreads for similar types of borrowings. The fixed rate long-term borrowings are included in Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy. At June 30, 2026 and December 31, 2025, the carrying amount of the fixed rate long-term FHLB borrowings was $10,225,000 and $10,332,000, respectively, and the estimated fair value was $10,225,000 and $10,332,000, respectively.

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Commitments to Extend Credit and Letters of Credit

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Commitments to extend credit and fund letters of credit are principally at current interest rates, and, therefore, the carrying amount approximates fair value.

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Limitations

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Fair value estimates are made at a point in time, based on relevant market information and information about the financial instrument. These estimates do not reflect any premium or discount that could result from offering for sale at one time our entire holdings of a particular financial instrument. Because no market exists for a significant portion of

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our financial instruments, fair value estimates are based on judgments regarding future expected loss experience, current economic conditions, risk characteristics of various financial instruments and other factors. These estimates are subjective in nature and involve uncertainties and matters of significant judgment and therefore cannot be determined with precision. Changes in assumptions could significantly affect the estimates.

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Fair value estimates are based on existing on- and off-statement of condition financial instruments without attempting to estimate the value of anticipated future business and the value of assets and liabilities that are not considered financial instruments. Other significant assets and liabilities that are not considered financial assets or liabilities include the bank premises and equipment and core deposit value. In addition, the tax ramifications related to the effect of fair value estimates have not been considered in the above estimates.

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Note 3 — Loans

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A summary of loans, by loan type, at June 30, 2026 and December 31, 2025 is as follows:

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Note 4 — Allowance for Credit Losses

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The estimation of the ACL is based on a loss-rate methodology that measures lifetime losses on loan pools that have similar risk characteristics. Loans that do not have similar risk characteristics are evaluated on an individual basis. The segmentation of the loan portfolio into pools requires a balancing process between capturing similar risk characteristics and containing sufficient loss history to provide meaningful results. Our segmentation starts at the general loan category with further sub-segmentation based on collateral types that may be of meaningful size and/or may contain sufficient differences in risk characteristics based on management’s judgement that would warrant further segmentation. Risk management begins with a strong and conservative lending policy that specifies lending limits that are well below allowable regulatory limits, provides highly restrictive lending authority to lending officers, and promotes judicious lending terms and diversification. The general loan categories along with primary risk characteristics used in our calculation are as follows:

Commercial and industrial loans. This category primarily includes loans extended to a diverse array of businesses for working capital or equipment purchases. These loans are mostly secured by the collateral pledged by a borrower that is directly related to the business activities of the borrower’s company such as equipment, accounts receivable and inventory. The borrower’s abilities to generate revenues from equipment purchases, collect accounts receivable, and turn inventory into sales are risk factors in the repayment of the loan. A portion of this loan category is related to loans secured by oil and gas production and loans secured by aircraft.

Construction and land development loans. This category includes loans for the development of unimproved land to lot development for both residential and commercial use and vertical construction across residential and commercial real estate classes. These loans carry the risk of repayment when projects incur cost overruns, have an increase in the price of construction materials, encounter zoning, entitlement or environmental issues, or encounter other factors that may affect the completion of a project on time and on budget. Additionally, repayment risk may be negatively impacted when the market experiences a deterioration in the value of real estate. Risks specifically related to 1-4 family development loans also include mortgage rate risk and the practice by the mortgage industry of imposing more restrictive underwriting standards, which inhibits the buyer from obtaining long term financing, creating excessive housing and lot inventory in the market.

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Commercial real estate loans. This category includes loans secured by farmland, multifamily properties, owner-occupied commercial properties, and non-owner-occupied commercial properties. Owner-occupied commercial properties include warehouses often along the U.S. border for import/export operations, office space where the borrower is the primary tenant, restaurants and other single-tenant retail spaces. Non-owner-occupied commercial properties include hotels, retail centers, office and professional buildings, and leased warehouses. These loans carry the risk of repayment when market values deteriorate, the business experiences turnover in key management, the business is unable to attract or maintain stable occupancy levels, or the market experiences an exit of a specific business type that is significant to the local economy, such as a manufacturing plant. Our primary risk management tool is internal monitoring measured against internal concentration limits that are significantly lower than regulatory thresholds and are segmented by low-risk and high-risk characteristics, such as the borrower’s equity, cash flow coverage, and non-amortizing versus amortizing status, further disaggregated by the length of time to pay in full. This monitoring is regularly reported to senior management and the board of directors. Risk management practices also extend to managing the borrower’s relationship with us and are designed to recognize degradation in the borrower’s ability to repay under established terms well before the borrower may default. Loan and deposit activity by the borrower is monitored on a frequent basis, which may prompt a change in risk classification. Once a loan is moved to a more severe risk classification, the loan performance, and when applicable, a plan by the borrower to rectify issues are monitored and reviewed at least quarterly. Additionally, our credit administration team, which is independent from the lending team, reviews a substantial portion of the commercial lending portfolio annually, which includes a significant portion of the commercial real estate loan portfolio given the current mix of loans in our portfolio. The table below summarizes the commercial real estate loan portfolio disaggregated by the type of real estate securing the credit as of June 30, 2026 and December 31, 2025:

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1-4 family mortgages. This category includes both first and second lien mortgages for the purposes of home purchases or refinancing existing mortgage loans. A small portion of this loan category is related to home equity lines of credits, lots purchases, and home construction. Loan repayments may be affected by unemployment or underemployment and deteriorating market values of real estate.

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Consumer loans. This category includes deposit secured, vehicle secured, and unsecured loans, including overdrafts, made to individuals. Repayment is primarily affected by unemployment or underemployment.

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The loan pools are further broken down using a risk-based segmentation based on internal classifications for commercial loans and past due status for consumer mortgage loans. Non-mortgage consumer loans are evaluated as one segment. On a weekly basis, commercial loan past due reports are reviewed by our credit quality committee to determine if a loan has any potential problems and should be placed on our internal Watch List report. Additionally, our credit department reviews the majority of our loans for proper internal classification purposes regardless of whether they are past due and segregates any loans with potential problems for further review. The credit department will discuss the potential problem loans with the servicing loan officers to determine any relevant issues that were not discovered in the evaluation. Also, an analysis of loans that is provided through examinations by regulatory authorities is considered in the review process. After the above analysis is completed, we determine if a loan should be placed on our internal Watch List report because of issues related to the analysis of the credit, credit documents, collateral and/or payment history.

Our internal Watch List report is segregated into the following categories: (i) Pass, (ii) Economic Monitoring, (iii) Special Review, (iv) Watch List—Pass, (v) Watch List—Substandard, and (vi) Watch List—Doubtful. Loans placed in the Economic Monitoring or Special Review categories reflect our opinion that the loans have potential weaknesses that require monitoring on a more frequent basis. Credits in those categories are reviewed and discussed on a regular basis with the credit department and the lending staff to determine if a change in category is warranted. Loans placed in the Watch List—Pass category reflect our opinion that the credit contains weaknesses that represent a greater degree of risk, which warrants “extra attention.” Credits placed in this category are reviewed and discussed on a regular basis with the credit department and the lending staff to determine if a change in category is warranted. Loans placed in the Watch List—Substandard category are considered to be potentially inadequately protected by the current sound worth and debt service capacity of the borrower or of any pledged collateral. Those credit obligations, even if apparently protected by collateral value, have shown defined weaknesses related to adverse financial, managerial, economic, market, or political conditions, which may jeopardize repayment of principal and interest under contractual terms. Furthermore, there is a possibility that we may sustain some future loss if such weaknesses are not corrected. Loans placed in the Watch List—Doubtful category have shown defined weaknesses and reflect our belief that it is likely, based on current information and events, that we will be unable to collect all principal and/or interest amounts contractually due. Loans placed in the Watch List—Doubtful category are placed on non-accrual when they are moved to that category.

For the purposes of the ACL, in order to maintain segments with sufficient history for meaningful results, the credits in the Pass and Economic Monitoring categories are aggregated, the credits in the Special Review and Watch List—Pass category are aggregated, and the credits in the Watch List—Substandard category remain in their own segment. For loans classified as Watch List—Doubtful, management evaluates these credits in accordance with FASB ASC Subtopic 326-20, “Financial Instruments – Credit Losses – Measured at Amortized Cost,” and, if deemed necessary, a specific reserve is allocated to the loan. The analysis of the specific reserve is based on a variety of factors, including the borrower’s ability to pay, the economic conditions impacting the borrower’s industry and any collateral deficiency. If it is a collateral-dependent loan, the net realizable fair value of collateral will be evaluated for any deficiencies. Substantially all of our loans evaluated as Watch List – Doubtful are measured using the fair value of collateral method. In rare cases, we may use other methods to determine the specific reserve of a loan if such loan is not collateral dependent.

Within each collectively evaluated pool, the robustness of the lifetime historical loss-rate is evaluated and, if needed, is supplemented with peer loss rates through a model risk adjustment. Certain qualitative loss factors are then evaluated to incorporate management’s two-year reasonable and supportable forecast period followed by a reversion to the pool’s average lifetime loss-rate. Those qualitative loss factors are: (i) trends in portfolio volume and composition, (ii) volume and trends in classified loans, delinquencies and non-accruals, (iii) concentration risk, (iv) trends in underlying collateral value, (v) changes in policies, procedures, and strategies, and (vi) economic conditions. Qualitative factors also include potential losses stemming from operational risk factors arising from fraud, natural disasters, pandemics, geopolitical events and large loans. Should any of the factors considered by management in evaluating the adequacy of the ACL change, our estimate could also change, which could affect the level of future credit loss expense.

We have elected to not measure an ACL for accrued interest receivable given our timely approach in identifying and writing off uncollectible accrued interest. An ACL for off-balance sheet exposure is derived from a projected usage rate of any unfunded commitment multiplied by the historical loss-rate, plus model risk adjustment, if any, of the on-balance sheet loan pools.

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Our management continually reviews the ACL of the Subsidiary Banks using the amounts determined from the estimates established on specific doubtful loans, the estimate established on quantitative historical loss percentages, and the estimate based on qualitative current conditions and reasonable and supportable two-year forecasted data. Our methodology reverts to the average lifetime loss-rate beyond the forecast period when we can no longer develop reasonable and supportable forecasts. Should any of the factors considered by management in evaluating the adequacy of the estimate for current expected credit losses change, our estimate of current expected credit losses could also change, which could affect the level of future credit loss expense. While the calculation of our ACL utilizes management’s best judgment and all information reasonably available, the adequacy of the ACL is dependent on a variety of factors beyond our control, including, among other things, the performance of the entire loan portfolio, the economy, government actions, changes in interest rates, and the view of regulatory authorities towards loan classifications.

A summary of the transactions in the allowance for credit loan losses by loan class is as follows:

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The qualitative loss factors for the June 30, 2026 ACL remained the same as the prior period. The provision for credit losses for the second quarter of 2026 increased as a result of a change in the level of non-accrual loan balances and the reevaluation of the specific provision for credit losses related to those loans. The change in the level of non-accrual loans can be primarily attributed to a relationship consisting of several loans secured by interests in affordable housing projects that were placed on non-accrual in the second quarter of 2026.

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The tables below provide additional information on the balance of loans individually or collectively evaluated for impairment and their related allowance, by loan class, as of June 30, 2026 and December 31, 2025:

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The table below provides additional information on loans accounted for on a non-accrual basis by loan class at June 30, 2026 and December 31, 2025:

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We occasionally provide modifications to borrowers experiencing financial difficulties. Modifications may include certain concessions that we must evaluate under current accounting standards to determine the need for disclosure. Concessions to borrowers experiencing financial difficulties that would require disclosure include principal forgiveness, a term extension, an other-than-insignificant payment delay, an interest rate reduction or a combination of these concessions. For the six months ended June 30, 2026, we did not provide any modifications under these circumstances to any borrower experiencing financial difficulty that would require disclosure.

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The Subsidiary Banks charge-off that portion of any loan that management considers to represent a loss or that is classified as a “loss” by bank examiners. Management generally considers commercial and industrial or real estate loans to represent a loss, in whole or part, when an exposure beyond any collateral coverage is apparent and when no further collection of the loss portion is anticipated based on the borrower’s financial condition and general economic conditions in the borrower’s industry. Generally, unsecured consumer loans are charged-off when 90 days past due.

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While our management believes that it is generally able to identify borrowers with financial problems reasonably early and to monitor credit extended to such borrowers carefully, there is no precise method of predicting loan losses. The determination that a loan is likely to be uncollectible and that it should be wholly or partially charged-off as a loss is an exercise of judgment. Similarly, the determination of the adequacy of the ACL can be made only on a subjective basis. It is the judgment of our management that the ACL at June 30, 2026 was adequate to absorb probable losses from loans in the portfolio at that date.

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The following tables present information regarding the aging of past due loans by loan class at June 30, 2026 and December 31, 2025:

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The increase in Commercial loans past due 30 – 59 days at June 30, 2026 can be attributed to one relationship that was past due and is secured by a leasehold interest in a marina. The increase in Commercial loans past due 60 – 89 days at June 30, 2026 can be attributed to a loan secured by a partnership interest in real estate investments that is on non-accrual. The decrease in Commercial real estate: multifamily loans past due 30 – 59 days at June 30, 2026 can be attributed to a loan secured by a multifamily building that was brought current. The increase for the same period in Commercial real estate: multifamily loans past due 90 days or greater can be attributed to two loans secured by multifamily affordable housing communities that are on non-accrual.

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A summary of the loan portfolio by credit quality indicator by loan class and by year of origination at June 30, 2026 and December 31, 2025 is presented below:

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The increase in Watch List – Pass Commercial loans at June 30, 2026, can be attributed to one loan secured by an interest in an affordable housing project that was downgraded from Pass. The increase in Watch List Doubtful Commercial loans at June 30, 2026, can be attributed to a relationship consisting of several loans secured by interests in affordable housing projects that were placed on non-accrual. The decrease in Special Review Commercial real estate: farmland & commercial loans at June 30, 2026, can be attributed to a loan secured by a hotel that was paid in full. The decrease in Watch List Pass Commercial real estate: farmland & commercial loans at June 30, 2026, can be attributed to two loans. One loan was paid off and one, secured by a restaurant and vacant land held for development, was downgraded to Watch List Substandard.

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Note 5 — Stock Options

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On April 5, 2012, our Board of Directors (the “Board”) adopted the 2012 International Bancshares Corporation Stock Option Plan (the “2012 Plan”). There were 800,000 shares of common stock available for stock option grants under the 2012 Plan, which were qualified incentive stock options (“ISOs”) or non-qualified stock options. Options granted may be exercisable for a period of up to 10 years from the date of grant, excluding ISOs granted to 10% shareholders, which may be exercisable for a period of up to only five years. On April 4, 2022, the 2012 Plan expired and was not renewed.

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A summary of option activity under the 2012 Plan for the six months ended June 30, 2026 is as follows:

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Stock-based compensation expense included in the consolidated statements of income for the three and six months ended June 30, 2026 was $15,000 and $33,000, respectively. Stock-based compensation expense included in the consolidated statements of income for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025 was $21,000 and $66,000, respectively. As of June 30, 2026, there was approximately $80,000 of total unrecognized stock-based compensation cost related to non-vested options granted under our plans that will be recognized over a weighted average period of 1.08 years.

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On April 18, 2022, the Board adopted the 2022 International Bancshares Corporation Stock Appreciation Rights Plan (the “SAR Plan”). There are 750,000 shares of underlying common stock that may be used for stock appreciation right (“SAR”) grants under the SAR Plan; however, no actual shares will be granted. Upon exercise, the SAR will be settled in cash. SARs granted may be exercisable for a period of up to 10 years from the date of grant and may vest over an eight-year period. As of June 30, 2026, a total of 419,830 SARs had been issued under the SAR Plan.

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A summary of activity under the SAR Plan for the six months ended June 30, 2026 is as follows:

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The fair value of the liability for payments due to SAR holders at June 30, 2026 and December 31, 2025 is approximately $8,680,000 and $6,620,000, respectively, as calculated using a Black-Scholes-Merton pricing model, and is included in other liabilities on the consolidated statements of condition. The expense recorded in connection with all grants under the SAR Plan totaled $2,003,000 and $2,546,000 for the three and six months ended June 30, 2026, respectively. The expense recorded in connection with all grants under the SAR Plan totaled $874,000 and $1,262,000 for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025, respectively. As of June 30, 2026, there was approximately $7,037,000 in unrecognized liability related to non-vested SARs granted under the SAR Plan that will be recognized over a weighted average period of 6.04 years.

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Note 6 — Investment Securities, Equity Securities with Readily Determinable Fair Values and Other Investments

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We classify debt securities into one of three categories: held-to-maturity, available-for-sale, or trading. Such debt securities are reassessed for appropriate classification at each reporting date. Securities classified as “held-to-maturity” are carried at amortized cost for financial statement reporting, while securities classified as “available-for-sale” and “trading” are carried at their fair value. Unrealized holding gains and losses are included in net income for those securities classified as “trading,” while unrealized holding gains and losses related to those securities classified as “available-for-sale” are excluded from net income and reported net of tax as other comprehensive income (loss) and accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) until realized, or in the case of losses, when deemed other than temporary. Available-for-sale and held-to-maturity debt securities in an unrealized loss position are evaluated for the underlying cause of the loss. In the event that the deterioration in value is attributable to credit-related reasons, then the amount of credit-related impairment will be recorded as a charge to our ACL with subsequent changes in the amount of impairment, up or down, also recorded through our ACL. We have evaluated the debt securities classified as available-for-sale and held-to-maturity at June 30, 2026 and have determined that no debt securities in an unrealized loss position are arising from credit-related reasons and have therefore not recorded any allowances for debt securities in our ACL for the period.

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The amortized cost and estimated fair value by type of investment security at June 30, 2026 are as follows:

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(1) Included in the carrying value of residential mortgage-backed securities are $802,003 of mortgage-backed securities issued by Ginnie Mae and $4,151,964 of mortgage-backed securities issued by Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac.

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The amortized cost and estimated fair value by type of investment security at December 31, 2025 are as follows:

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(1) Included in the carrying value of residential mortgage-backed securities are $854,726 of mortgage-backed securities issued by Ginnie Mae and $3,975,862 of mortgage-backed securities issued by Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac.

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The amortized cost and estimated fair value of investment securities at June 30, 2026, by contractual maturity, are shown below. Expected maturities will differ from contractual maturities because borrowers may have the right to prepay obligations with or without prepayment penalties.

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Residential mortgage-backed securities are securities primarily issued by the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation (“Freddie Mac”), Federal National Mortgage Association (“Fannie Mae”), or the Government National Mortgage Association (“Ginnie Mae”). Investments in residential mortgage-backed securities issued by Ginnie Mae are fully guaranteed by the U.S. Government. Investments in residential mortgage-backed securities issued by Freddie Mac and Fannie Mae are not fully guaranteed by the U.S. Government, however, we believe that the quality of the bonds is similar to other AAA rated bonds with limited credit risk, particularly given the placement of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac into conservatorship by the federal government in early September 2008 and because securities issued by others that are collateralized by residential mortgage-backed securities issued by Fannie Mae or Freddie Mac are rated consistently as AAA rated securities. Obligations of states and political subdivisions are securities issued by public school districts and are guaranteed by the Permanent School Fund (“PSF”) of the State of Texas under the Texas Education Code. The PSF guarantee provides an unconditional and irrevocable guarantee of principal and interest payments.

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The amortized cost and fair value of available-for-sale debt investment securities pledged to qualify for fiduciary powers, to secure public monies as required by law, repurchase agreements and short-term fixed borrowings was $1,638,689,000 and $1,472,501,000, respectively, at June 30, 2026.

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Proceeds from the sales and calls of available-for-sale debt securities were $0 and $3,345,000 for the three and six months ended June 30, 2026, respectively, which included $0 and $0 of mortgage-backed securities, respectively. Gross gains of $0 and $0 and gross losses of $0 and $0 were realized on the sales and calls for the three and six months

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ended June 30, 2026, respectively. Proceeds from the sales and calls of available-for-sale debt securities were $730,000 and $4,235,000 for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025, respectively, which included $0 and $0 of mortgage-backed securities. Gross gains of $0 and $0 and gross losses of $0 and $0 were realized on the sales and calls for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025, respectively.

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Gross unrealized losses on debt investment securities and the fair value of those related securities, aggregated by investment category and length of time that individual debt securities have been in a continuous unrealized loss position at June 30, 2026, were as follows:

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Gross unrealized losses on debt investment securities and the fair value of those related securities, aggregated by investment category and length of time that individual debt securities have been in a continuous unrealized loss position at December 31, 2025, were as follows:

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Equity securities with readily determinable fair values consist primarily of Community Reinvestment Act funds. At June 30, 2026 and December 31, 2025, the balance in equity securities with readily determinable fair values recorded at fair value were $5,545,000 and $5,573,000, respectively. The following is a summary of unrealized and realized gains and losses recognized in net income on equity securities during the three and six months ended June 30, 2026 and the three and six months ended June 30, 2025:

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Other investments include equity and merchant banking investments held by our Subsidiary Banks and non-banking subsidiary entities. We hold ownership interests in limited partnerships for the purpose of investing in low-income housing tax credit (“LIHTC”) projects. The partnerships may acquire, construct or rehabilitate housing for low- and moderate-income individuals. We realize a return primarily from federal tax credits and other federal tax deductions associated with the underlying LIHTC projects. We are a limited partner in the partnerships and are not required to consolidate the entities in our consolidated financial statements. Investments in LIHTC projects totaled $248,590,000 and $261,128,000 at June 30, 2026 and December 31, 2025, respectively, and are included in other investments on the consolidated financial statements. Unfunded commitments to LIHTC projects totaled $26,526,000 at June 30, 2026 and $37,200,000 at December 31, 2025 and are included in other liabilities on the consolidated financial statements. Tax credits and other tax benefits, as well as amortization expense associated with investments in qualified low-income housing partnerships are accounted for using the proportional amortization method of accounting. There was a total of $8,355,000 and $16,615,000 in estimated tax credits related to these investments for the three and six months ended June 30, 2026, respectively and $7,070,000 and $14,034 000 in estimated amortization related to these investments for the three and six months ended June 30, 2026, respectively. There was a total of $8,141,000 and $16,282,000 in estimated tax credits related to these investments for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025, respectively and $6,542,000 and $13,084,000 in estimated amortization related to these investments for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025. We monitor LIHTC investments for indicators of impairment and evaluate the recoverability of the carrying amount based on the expected realization of the remaining tax credits, tax benefits, and other economic benefits. There were no impairment losses recorded on tax equity investments during the six months ended June 30, 2026 or the twelve months ended December 31, 2025, respectively.

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Note 7 — Other Borrowed Funds

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Other borrowed funds include FHLB borrowings, which are long-term borrowings issued by the FHLB of Dallas at the market price offered at the time of funding. These borrowings are secured by residential mortgage-backed investment securities and a portion of our loan portfolio. At June 30, 2026, other borrowed funds totaled $10,225,000 compared to $10,332,000 at December 31, 2025.

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Note 8 — Junior Subordinated Interest Deferrable Debentures

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As of June 30, 2026, we had four statutory business trusts, Trusts IX, X, XI and XII (the “Trusts”), formed under the laws of the State of Delaware, for the purpose of issuing trust preferred securities. The Trusts each issued capital and common securities (the “Capital and Common Securities”) and invested the proceeds thereof in an equivalent amount of junior subordinated debentures (the “Debentures”) that we issued. As of June 30, 2026 and December 31, 2025, the principal amount of Debentures outstanding totaled $108,868,000, respectively.

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The Debentures are subordinated and junior in right of payment to all present and future senior indebtedness (as defined in the respective indentures) and are pari passu with one another. The interest rate payable on, and the payment terms of the Debentures are the same as the distribution rate and payment terms of the respective issues of Capital and Common Securities issued by the Trusts. We have fully and unconditionally guaranteed the obligations of each of the Trusts with respect to the Capital and Common Securities. We have the right, unless an Event of Default (as defined in the Indentures) has occurred and is continuing, to defer payment of interest on the Debentures for up to twenty consecutive quarterly periods on each of the Trusts. If interest payments on any Debenture are deferred, distributions on both the Capital and Common Securities related to that Debenture would also be deferred. The redemption prior to maturity of any of the Debentures may require the prior approval of the Federal Reserve and/or other regulatory bodies.

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For financial reporting purposes, the Trusts are treated as investments and not consolidated in our consolidated financial statements. Although the Capital and Common Securities issued by each of the Trusts are not included as a component of shareholders’ equity on the consolidated statement of condition, the Capital and Common Securities are treated as capital for regulatory purposes. Specifically, under applicable regulatory guidelines, the Capital and Common Securities issued by the Trusts qualify as Tier 1 capital up to a maximum of 25% of Tier 1 capital on an aggregate basis. Any amount that exceeds the 25% threshold would qualify as Tier 2 capital. At June 30, 2026 and December 31, 2025, the total $108,868,000, respectively, of the Capital and Common Securities outstanding qualified as Tier 1 capital.

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The following table illustrates key information about each of the Capital and Common Securities and their interest rate at June 30, 2026:

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(1) The interest rate index on the Capital and Common Securities is the Three-Month CME Term Secured Overnight Financing Rate (“SOFR”).

(2) The Capital and Common Securities may be redeemed in whole or in part on any interest payment date after the Optional Redemption Date.

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Note 9 — Common Stock and Dividends

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We paid cash dividends of $0.73 per share on February 27, 2026 to record holders of our common stock on February 13, 2026. We paid cash dividends of $0.70 per share on February 28, 2025 to record holders of our common stock on February 14, 2025.

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In April 2009, the Board re-established a formal stock repurchase program that authorized the repurchase of up to $40 million of common stock within the following 12 months. Annually since then, including on February 17, 2026, the Board extended and increased the repurchase program to purchase up to $150 million of common stock during the 12-month period commencing on March 15, 2026. Shares of common stock may be purchased from time to time on the open market or through privately negotiated transactions. Shares purchased in this program will be held in treasury for reissue for various corporate purposes, including employee compensation plans. During the second quarter of 2026, the Board adopted a Rule 10b-18 trading plan and a Rule 10b5-1 trading plan and intends to adopt additional Rule 10b-18 and Rule 10b5-1 trading plans, which will allow us to purchase shares of our common stock during certain open and blackout periods when we ordinarily would not be in the market due to trading restrictions in our insider trading policy. During the terms of both a Rule 10b-18 and Rule 10b5-1 trading plan, purchases of common stock are automatic to the extent the conditions of the plan’s trading instructions are met. Shares purchased under these trading plans will be held in treasury for reissue for various corporate purposes, including employee stock compensation plans. As of August 4, 2026, a total of 13,798,305 shares had been repurchased under all programs at a cost of $420,157,000. We are not obligated to purchase shares under our stock repurchase program outside of the Rule 10b-18 and Rule 10b5-1trading plans.

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Note 10 — Commitments and Contingent Liabilities

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We are involved in various legal proceedings that are in various stages of litigation. We have determined, based on discussions with our counsel, that any material loss in such actions, individually or in the aggregate, is remote or the damages sought, even if fully recovered, would not be considered material to our consolidated financial position or results of operations. However, many of these matters are in various stages of proceedings and further developments could cause management to revise its assessment of these matters.

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Note 11 — Capital Ratios

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We and the Subsidiary Banks are subject to various regulatory capital requirements administered by state and federal banking agencies. Failure to meet minimum capital requirements can initiate certain mandatory and possibly additional discretionary actions by regulators that, if undertaken, could have a direct material effect on our consolidated financial statements. Under capital adequacy guidelines and the regulatory framework for prompt corrective action, we must meet specific capital guidelines that involve quantitative measures of our assets, liabilities, and certain off-balance sheet items calculated under regulatory accounting practices. Our capital amounts and classifications are also subject to qualitative judgements by regulators about components, risk weightings and other factors.

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In July 2013, the FDIC and other regulatory bodies established a new, comprehensive capital framework for U.S. banking organizations, consisting of minimum requirements that increase both the quantity and quality of capital held by banking organizations. The final rules are a result of the implementation of the Basel III capital reforms and various related capital provisions of the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act (the “Dodd Frank Act”). Consistent with the Basel international framework, the rules include a new minimum ratio of Common Equity Tier 1 (“CET1”) capital to risk-weighted assets of 4.5% and a CET1 capital conservation buffer of 2.5% of risk-weighted assets, effectively resulting in a minimum ratio of CET1 capital to risk-weighted assets of at least 7% upon full implementation. The capital conservation buffer is designed to absorb losses during periods of economic stress. Banking institutions with a ratio of CET1 capital to risk-weighted assets above the minimum but below the conservation buffer will face constraints on dividends, equity repurchases, and compensation based on the amount of the shortfall. The rules also raised the minimum ratio of Tier 1 capital to risk-weighted assets from 4% to 6% and include a minimum leverage ratio of 4% for all banking organizations. Regarding the quality of capital, the rules emphasize CET1 capital and implements strict eligibility criteria for regulatory capital instruments. The rules also improve the methodology for calculating risk-weighted assets to enhance risk sensitivity. We believe that as of June 30, 2026, we meet all fully phased-in capital adequacy requirements.

In November 2017, the OCC, the Federal Reserve Board (“FRB”) and the FDIC finalized a proposed rule that extends the current treatment under the regulatory capital rules for certain regulatory capital deductions and risk weights and certain minority interest requirements, as they apply to banking organizations that are not subject to the advanced approaches capital rules. Effective January 1, 2018, the rule also paused the full transition to the Basel III treatment of mortgage servicing assets, certain deferred tax assets, investments in the capital of unconsolidated financial institutions and minority interests. The agencies are also considering whether to make adjustments to the capital rules in response to

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CECL and its potential impact on regulatory capital. Pursuant to rules issued by the federal bank regulatory agencies in February 2019 and March 2020, banking organizations were given options to phase in the adoption of CECL over a three-year transition period through December 31, 2022 or over a five-year transition period through December 31, 2024. Rather than electing to make one of the phase-in options, we immediately recognized the capital impact upon adopting CECL accounting standards on January 1, 2020, which resulted in an increase in our allowance for probable loan losses and a one-time cumulative-effect adjustment to retained earnings upon adoption.

In December 2017, the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision unveiled its final set of standards and reforms to its Basel III regulatory capital framework, commonly called “Basel III Endgame” or “Basel IV.” The Basel IV framework makes changes to the capital framework first introduced as “Basel III” in 2010 and aims to reduce excessive variability in banks’ calculations of risk-weighted capital ratios. Implementation of Basel IV across the Basel Committee’s member jurisdictions began on January 1, 2023 and was intended to continue over a five-year transition period by regulators in individual countries, including the U.S. federal bank regulatory agencies. In July 2023, U.S. regulators issued initial proposals for implementing the Basel IV framework (the “2023 Proposals”), which targeted implementation of Basel IV to begin on July 1, 2025, subject to a three-year transition period with full compliance expected by July 1, 2028. However, the previously established implementation dates for Basel IV are no longer definitive, and the future implementation of Basel IV remains unclear, as the federal banking agencies continue to review the Basel IV rules. Most recently, on March 19, 2026, the Federal Reserve Board, the FDIC, and the OCC jointly rescinded the 2023 Proposals and unveiled a set of re-proposed capital rules (the “2026 Proposals”) that are intended to streamline and modernize certain aspects of the Basel IV framework and be less onerous for banks than the 2023 Proposals, including based on agency estimates, due to anticipated reductions in certain CET1 capital requirements for banking organizations. The 2026 Proposals include: (i) an expanded risk-based capital framework for large banking organizations; (ii) revisions to the standardized approach for calculating risk-weighted assets; and (iii) revisions to the capital surcharge applicable to global systemically important bank holding companies. The 2026 Proposals were subject to public comment through June 18, 2026. Accordingly, the timing, scope, and final form of the U.S. implementation of the Basel IV framework remains uncertain.

As of June 30, 2026, our capital levels continue to exceed all capital adequacy requirements under the Basel III capital rules as currently applicable to us.

On May 24, 2018, the Economic Growth, Regulatory Relief and Consumer Protection Act of 2018 (“EGRRCPA”) was enacted, and among other things, it includes a simplified capital rule change that effectively exempts banks with assets of less than $10 billion that exceed the “community bank leverage ratio” (the “CBLR”) from all risk-based capital requirements, including Basel III and its predecessors. The federal banking agencies established the CBLR (a ratio of tangible equity to average consolidated assets) at 9%, which became effective on January 1, 2020, and qualifying community banks can begin to take advantage of this regulatory relief provision. On April 29, 2026, the federal banking agencies published a final rule lowering the CBLR from 9% to 8%, effective July 1, 2026. Some of our Subsidiary Banks, with assets of less than $10 billion, may qualify for this exemption. Additionally, under the EGRRCPA, qualified bank holding companies with assets of up to $3 billion will be eligible for the FRB’s Small Bank Holding Company and Savings and Loan Holding Company Policy Statement, which eases limitations on the issuance of debt by holding companies. On August 28, 2018, the FRB issued an interim final rule expanding the applicability of its Small Bank Holding Company Policy Statement. While holding companies that meet the conditions of the policy statement are excluded from consolidated capital requirements, their depository institutions continue to be subject to minimum capital requirements. Finally, for banks that continue to be subject to the Basel III’s risk-based capital rules (e.g., assignment of a 150% risk weight to certain exposures), certain commercial real estate loans that were formally classified as high volatility commercial real estate (“HVCRE”) are not subject to heightened risk weights if they meet certain criteria. Also, while acquisition, development, and construction loans are generally subject to heightened risk weights, certain exceptions will apply. In November 2019, the federal banking agencies issued a final rule modifying the agencies’ capital rules for HVCRE, which became effective on April 1, 2020.

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We had a CET1 to risk-weighted assets ratio of 23.56% on June 30, 2026 and 23.36% on December 31, 2025. We had a Tier 1 capital-to-average-total-asset (leverage) ratio of 20.27% and 19.86%, risk-weighted Tier 1 capital ratio of 24.09% and 23.91%, and risk-weighted total capital ratio of 25.30% and 25.09% at June 30, 2026 and December 31, 2025, respectively. Our CET1 capital consists of common stock and related surplus, net of treasury stock, and retained earnings. We and our Subsidiary Banks elected to opt-out of the requirement to include most components of

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accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) in the calculation of CET1 capital. CET1 is reduced by goodwill and other intangible assets, net of associated deferred tax liabilities and subject to transition provisions. Tier 1 capital includes CET1 capital and additional Tier 1 capital. Additional Tier 1 capital includes the Capital and Common Securities issued by the Trusts (see Note 8 above) up to a maximum of 25% of Tier 1 capital on an aggregate basis. Any amount that exceeds the 25% threshold qualifies as Tier 2 capital. As of June 30, 2026 and December 31, 2025, the total of $108,868,000 of the Capital and Common Securities outstanding qualified as Tier 1 capital. We actively monitor the regulatory capital ratios to ensure that our Subsidiary Banks are well-capitalized under the regulatory framework.

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The CET1, Tier 1 and total capital ratios are calculated by dividing the respective capital amounts by risk-weighted assets. Risk-weighted assets are calculated based on regulatory requirements and include total assets, excluding goodwill and other intangible assets, allocated by risk-weight category, and certain off-balance-sheet items, among other things. The leverage ratio is calculated by dividing Tier 1 capital by adjusted quarterly average total assets, which exclude goodwill and other intangible assets, among other things.

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We and our Subsidiary Banks are subject to the regulatory capital requirements administered by the Federal Reserve, and, for our Subsidiary Banks, the FDIC. Regulatory authorities can initiate certain mandatory actions if we or any of our Subsidiary Banks fail to meet the minimum capital requirements, which could have a direct material effect on our financial statements. Management believes, as of June 30, 2026, that we and each of our Subsidiary Banks meet all capital adequacy requirements to which we are subject.

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As used in this report, the words “Company,” “we,” “us” and “our” refer to International Bancshares Corporation, a Texas corporation, its five wholly owned subsidiary banks, and other subsidiaries. The information that follows may contain forward-looking statements, which are qualified as indicated under “Special Cautionary Notice Regarding Forward-Looking Information” in Item 2 (Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations) of this report. Our website address is www.ibc.com*.*

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Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

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The following discussion should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements, and notes thereto, for the year ended December 31, 2025, which are included in our 2025 Annual Report. Operating results for the three and six months ended June 30, 2026 are not necessarily indicative of the results for the year ending December 31, 2026, or any future period.

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Special Cautionary Notice Regarding Forward-Looking Information

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Certain matters discussed in this report, excluding historical information, include forward-looking statements, within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and are subject to the safe harbor created by these sections. Although we believe such forward-looking statements are based on reasonable assumptions, no assurance can be given that every objective will be reached. The words “estimate,” “expect,” “intend,” “believe” and “project,” as well as other words or expressions of a similar meaning are intended to identify forward-looking statements. Readers are cautioned not to place undue reliance on forward-looking statements, which speak only as of the date of this report. Such statements are based on current expectations, are inherently uncertain, are subject to risks and should be viewed with caution. Actual results and experience may differ materially from the forward-looking statements as a result of many factors.

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Risk factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from any results that we project, forecast, estimate or budget in forward-looking statements include those disclosed in Item 1A to Part I of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2025, filed with the SEC on February 26, 2026, and among others, the following:

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• Local, regional, national, and international economic business conditions and the impact they may have on us, our customers, and such customers’ ability to transact profitable business with us, including the ability of our borrowers to repay their loans according to their terms or a change in the value of the related collateral.
• Volatility and disruption in national and international financial markets.
• The imposition of new or increased international tariffs and the impact of potential retaliatory tariffs, which may impact our subsidiary banks’ business and operations with Mexico.
• Government intervention in the U.S. financial system.
• The unavailability of funding from the FHLB, the FRB or other sources in the future could adversely impact our growth strategy, prospects, and performance.
• Changes in consumer spending, borrowing, and saving habits.
• Changes in interest rates and market prices, including changes in federal regulations on the payment of interest on demand deposits.
• Changes in our ability to retain or access deposits due to changes in public confidence in the banking system and the potential threat of bank-run contagion fueled by, among other factors, economic instability, inflationary pressures, the public’s increased exposure to social media, and the rapid speed at which communication and coordination via social media can occur.
• Changes in the capital markets we utilize, including changes in the interest rate environment that may reduce margins.
• Changes in state and/or federal laws and regulations, including, the impact of the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (“CFPB”) as a regulator of financial institutions, changes in the accounting, tax, and regulatory treatment of trust-preferred securities, as well as changes in banking, tax, securities, insurance, employment, environmental, and immigration laws and regulations and the risk of litigation that may follow.

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• Changes in U.S.—Mexico trade, including reductions in border crossings and commerce, integration, and implementation of the United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement, the imposition of tariffs on imported goods from Mexico, and the potential retaliatory tariffs that Mexico may impose on the United States.
• Political instability in, and strained geopolitical relations between, the United States and Mexico.
• General instability of economic and political conditions in the United States, including inflationary pressures, prolonged elevated interest rates and slower than expected rate reductions, economic slowdown or recession, low productivity growth, declining business investment, concerns regarding the level of U.S. debt, and escalating geopolitical tensions.
• The reduction of deposits from nonresident alien individuals due to the Internal Revenue Service rules requiring U.S. financial institutions to report deposit interest payments made to such individuals.
• The loss of senior management or operating personnel.
• The timing, impact, and other uncertainties of the potential future acquisitions, as well as our ability to maintain our current branch network and enter new markets to capitalize on growth opportunities.
• Additions to our allowance for credit loss (“ACL”) as a result of changes in local, national, or international conditions which adversely affect our customers.
• Greater than expected costs or difficulties related to the development and integration of new products and lines of business.
• Increased labor costs and effects related to health care reform and other laws, regulations, and legal developments impacting labor costs.
• Impairment of carrying value of goodwill could negatively impact our earnings and capital.
• Changes in the soundness of other financial institutions with which we interact.
• Technological changes or system failures or breaches of our network security, as well as other cybersecurity risks, could subject us to increased operating costs, litigation, and other liabilities.
• Potential loss of revenue streams and reduction of lower cost deposits as a source of funds resulting from the rise in bank-like products and services from financial technology companies and other alternative financial providers, including blockchain-based financial products and banking-as-a-service platforms.
• Changes in the regulatory landscape for cryptocurrencies, decentralized finance, and fintech services that favor or otherwise broaden the ability of banks and fintechs to offer alternative financial products, which may subject us to additional competitive pressures and reduce the demand for traditional banking services.
• Increased compliance and operational costs associated with investing in, adapting to, integrating, and competing with technological developments that incorporate artificial intelligence (“AI”) into banking services and products.
• Flaws in our introduction and use of AI technologies, which could result in increased exposure to security vulnerabilities, data inconsistencies, operational disruptions, and technological inefficiencies that could hamper the customer experience, negatively impact transaction processing, and undermine our risk-management processes.
• Increased cybersecurity and fraud risks resulting from threat actors’ use of AI and other advanced technologies to conduct more sophisticated phishing schemes, social engineering, deepfake impersonations, and other cyberattacks, which could lead to unauthorized access to customer accounts, financial losses, and operational disruption.
• Acts of war or terrorism.
• Natural disasters or other adverse external events such as pandemics or epidemics.
• Reduced earnings resulting from the write-down of the carrying value of securities held in our securities available-for-sale portfolios.
• The effect of changes in accounting policies and practices by the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (“PCAOB”), the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) and other accounting standards setters.

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• The costs and effects of regulatory developments or regulatory or other governmental inquiries and the results of regulatory examinations or reviews and obtaining regulatory approvals.
• The effect of any supervisory and enforcement efforts by the CFPB related to its unfair, deceptive, or abusive acts or practices authority concerning fees charged by financial institutions including late, non-sufficient funds, and overdraft fees, as well as the effect of any other regulatory or legal developments that limit fees and/or overdraft services.
• Monetary and fiscal policies of the U.S. Government, including policies of the U.S. Treasury and the FRB.
• The reduction of income and possible increase in required capital levels related to the adoption of legislation and the implementing rules and regulations, including those that establish debit card interchange fee standards and prohibit network exclusivity arrangements and routing restrictions.
• The increase in required capital levels related to the implementation of capital and liquidity rules of the federal banking agencies that address or are impacted by the Basel III capital and liquidity standards.
• The enhanced due diligence burden imposed on banks related to the banks’ inability to rely on credit ratings under the Dodd-Frank Act.
• The failure or circumvention of our internal controls and risk management, policies, and procedures.

Overview

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We are headquartered in Laredo, Texas with 165 facilities and 245 ATMs, and we provide banking services for commercial, consumer and international customers of North, South, Central and Southeast Texas and the State of Oklahoma. We are one of the largest independent commercial bank holding companies headquartered in Texas. We, through our Subsidiary Banks, are in the business of gathering funds from various sources and investing those funds in order to earn a return. We, either directly or through a Subsidiary Bank, own an insurance agency, a liquidating subsidiary, a fifty percent interest in an investment banking unit that owns a broker/dealer, a controlling interest in five merchant banking entities, and a majority ownership in a real-estate development partnership. Our primary earnings come from the spread between the interest earned on interest-bearing assets and the interest paid on interest-bearing liabilities. In addition, we generate income from fees on products offered to commercial, consumer and international customers. The sales team of each of our Subsidiary Banks aims to match the right mix of products and services to each customer to best serve the customer’s needs. That process entails spending time with customers to assess those needs and servicing the sales arising from those discussions on a long-term basis. The Subsidiary Banks have various compensation plans, including incentive-based compensation, for fairly compensating employees. The Subsidiary Banks also have a robust process in place to review sales that support the incentive-based compensation plan to monitor the quality of the sales and identify any significant irregularities, a process that has been in place for many years.

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We are very active in facilitating trade along the United States border with Mexico. We do a large amount of business with customers domiciled in Mexico. Deposits from persons and entities domiciled in Mexico comprise a large and stable portion of the deposit base of our Subsidiary Banks. We also serve the growing Hispanic population through our facilities located throughout South, Central and Southeast Texas and the State of Oklahoma.

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Future economic conditions remain uncertain and the impact of those conditions on our business also remains uncertain. Our business depends on the willingness and ability of our customers to conduct banking and other financial transactions. Our revenue streams, including service charges on deposits and banking and non-banking service charges and fees (ATM and interchange income), may be impacted in the future if economic conditions deteriorate. Expense control is an essential element of our long-term profitability. It has been a constant focus of ours for many years and is especially critical during periods of economic uncertainty. We have kept that focus in mind as we continue to look at operations, create efficiencies, and institute cost-control protocols at all levels. We will continue to closely monitor our efficiency ratio, a measure of non-interest expense to net interest income plus non-interest income and our overhead burden ratio, a

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ratio of our operating expenses against total assets. We use these measures in determining if we are accomplishing our long-term goals of controlling our costs in order to provide superior returns to our shareholders.

Results of Operations

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Summary

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Consolidated Statements of Condition Information

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Consolidated Statements of Income Information

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Net Income

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Net income for the three and six months ended June 30, 2026, decreased by 4.3% and increased by 0.5%, respectively, compared to the same periods of 2025. Net income for the first six months of 2026 continued to be positively affected by interest income earned on our investment and loan portfolios driven primarily by both an increase in the size of our investment and loan portfolios and the current rate environment. Net interest income was also positively affected by a decrease in interest expense, primarily driven by a redistribution in rates paid on deposits. We continue to closely monitor rates paid on deposits to remain competitive to grow and retain deposits. Net income for the same period was negatively impacted by an increase in our provision for credit loss expense, driven primarily by a change in non-accrual loan balances and the reevaluation of specific reserves on those non-accrual loans.

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Net Interest Income

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The change in net interest income for the three and six months ended June 30, 2026 can be attributed to interest income, which continues to be positively impacted by interest income earned on our investment and loan portfolios, driven by both an increase in the size of such portfolios and the current rate environment, which remains elevated due to FRB actions on interest rates in recent years, and a decrease in interest expense, primarily driven by a redistribution in rates paid on deposits. We continue to closely monitor rates paid on deposits. Net interest income is the spread between income on interest earning assets, such as loans and securities, and the interest expense on liabilities used to fund those assets, such as deposits, repurchase agreements and funds borrowed. As part of our strategy to manage interest rate risk, we strive to manage both assets and liabilities so that interest sensitivities match. One method of calculating interest rate sensitivity is through gap analysis. A gap is the difference between the amount of interest rate sensitive assets and interest rate sensitive liabilities that re-price or mature in a given time period. Positive gaps occur when interest rate sensitive assets exceed interest rate sensitive liabilities, and negative gaps occur when interest rate sensitive liabilities exceed interest rate sensitive assets. A positive gap position in a period of rising interest rates should have a positive effect on net interest income as assets will re-price faster than liabilities. Conversely, net interest income should contract somewhat in a period of falling interest rates. Our management can quickly change our interest rate position at any given point in time as market conditions dictate. Additionally, interest rate changes do not affect all categories of assets and liabilities equally or at the same time. Analytical techniques we employ to supplement gap analysis include simulation analysis to quantify interest rate risk exposure. The gap analysis prepared by management is reviewed by our Investment Committee twice a year (see table on page 47 for the June 30, 2026 gap analysis). Our management currently believes that we are properly positioned for interest rate changes; however, if our management determines at any time that we are not properly positioned, we will strive to adjust the interest rate sensitive assets and liabilities in order to manage the effect of interest rate changes.

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Non-Interest Income

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Total non-interest income for the three and six months ended June 30, 2026 increased by 7.5% and 11.4%, respectively, compared to the same periods of 2025. Non-interest income for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025 was negatively impacted due to losses recorded on merchant banking investments and is reflected in other investments, net in the table above.

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Non-Interest Expense

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Non-interest expense increased by 6.2% and 4.7% for the three and six months ended June 30, 2026, respectively, compared to the same periods of 2025. Non-interest expense continues to be primarily impacted by an increase in our employee compensation and benefits as we continue to adjust our compensation programs to retain our workforce and remain competitive in the current employment market. We also continue to monitor and manage our controllable non-interest expenses through a variety of measures with the ultimate goal of ensuring we align non-interest expenses with our operations and revenue streams.

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Financial Condition

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Allowance for Credit Losses

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The ACL increased 6.8 % to $170,014,000 at June 30, 2026 from $159,174,000 at December 31, 2025. The provision for credit losses charged to expense increased 152.5% to $11,105,000 for the three months ended June 30, 2026 compared to $4,398,000 for the same period of 2025. The provision for credit losses charged to expense increased 82.9% to $14,129,000 for the six months ended June 30, 2026 compared to $7,727,000 for the same period of 2025. The increase in our provision for credit loss expense was driven primarily by a change in non-accrual loan balances and the

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reevaluation of specific reserves on those non-accrual loans. The ACL was 1.72% of total loans at June 30, 2026 and 1.68% of total loans at December 31, 2025.

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Investment Securities

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Residential mortgage-backed debt securities are securities primarily issued by Freddie Mac, Fannie Mae, or Ginnie Mae. Investments in debt residential mortgage-backed securities issued by Ginnie Mae are fully guaranteed by the U.S. government. Investments in debt residential mortgage-backed securities issued by Freddie Mac and Fannie Mae are not fully guaranteed by the U.S. Government, however, we believe that the quality of the bonds is similar to other AAA rated bonds with limited credit risk, particularly given the placement of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac into conservatorship by the federal government in early September 2008 and because securities issued by others that are collateralized by residential mortgage-backed securities issued by Fannie Mae or Freddie Mac are rated consistently as AAA rated securities. Obligations of states and political subdivisions are securities issued by public school districts and are guaranteed by the Permanent School Fund (PSF) of the State of Texas under the Texas Education Code. The PSF guarantee provides an unconditional and irrevocable guarantee of principal and interest payments.

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Loans

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Total loans increased by 4.3% to $9,863,199,000 at June 30, 2026, from $9,460,422,000 at December 31, 2025. Commercial real estate loans have historically been the largest category in our loan portfolio and comprise approximately 67% of total loans at June 30, 2026 and December 31, 2025, respectively. The loans in this category primarily include owner- and non-owner-occupied commercial buildings such as shopping centers, warehouses, hotels and office buildings and are primarily geographically concentrated in central and south Texas and throughout Oklahoma. Commercial real estate loans generally carry a lower risk of loss; however, they may also be significantly more affected by changes in real estate markets or the general economy. We regularly monitor commercial real estate loan concentrations and also have processes and procedures in place to monitor economic conditions that may adversely affect our commercial real estate portfolio.

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Deposits

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Deposits increased by 2.4% to $12,736,044,000 at June 30, 2026, compared to $12,436,506,000 at December 31, 2025. Deposits have continued to fluctuate as a result of increased general activities by customers, increased competition for deposits by the federal government, and aggressive competitors’ pricing. We have closely monitored the rates paid on deposits by competitors and have made changes to our pricing accordingly in order to remain competitive in an effort to retain deposits. The five separately charted banks within our holding company structure also allow us to work with customers to maximize their FDIC insurance levels and provide additional levels of insured deposits.

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Foreign Operations

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On June 30, 2026, we had $17,021,950,000 of consolidated assets, of which approximately $401,801,000, or 2.4%, was related to loans outstanding to borrowers domiciled in foreign countries, compared to $392,811,000, or 2.4%, at December 31, 2025. Of the $401,801,000, 88.2% is directly or indirectly secured by U.S. assets, certificates of deposits and real estate; 2.8% is secured by foreign real estate or other assets; and 9.0% is unsecured.

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Critical Accounting Policies

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We have established various accounting policies that govern the application of accounting principles in the preparation of our Consolidated Financial Statements. The significant accounting policies are described in the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements. Certain accounting policies involve significant subjective judgments and assumptions by management that have a material impact on the carrying value of certain assets and liabilities; management considers such accounting policies to be critical accounting policies.

We consider our estimated ACL as a policy critical to the sound operations of our Subsidiary Banks. The ACL is deducted from the amortized cost of an instrument to present the net amount expected to be collected on the financial asset. Our ACL primarily consists of the aggregate ACL estimates of our Subsidiary Banks. The estimates are

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established through charges to operations in the form of charges to provisions for credit loss expense. Loan losses or recoveries are charged or credited directly to the ACL. The ACL of each Subsidiary Bank is maintained at a level considered appropriate by management, based on estimated current expected credit losses in the current loan portfolio, including information about past events, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts.

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The estimation of the ACL is based on a loss-rate methodology that measures lifetime losses on loan pools that have similar risk characteristics. Loans that do not have similar risk characteristics are evaluated on an individual basis. The segmentation of the loan portfolio into pools requires a balancing process between capturing similar risk characteristics and containing sufficient loss history to provide meaningful results. Our segmentation starts at the general loan category with further sub-segmentation based on collateral types that may be of meaningful size and/or may contain sufficient differences in risk characteristics based on management’s judgement that would warrant further segmentation. Risk management begins with a strong and conservative lending policy that specifies lending limits that are well below allowable regulatory limits, provides highly restrictive lending authority to lending officers, and promotes judicious lending terms and diversification. The general loan categories along with primary risk characteristics used in our calculation are as follows:

Commercial and industrial loans. This category primarily includes loans extended to a diverse array of businesses for working capital or equipment purchases. These loans are mostly secured by the collateral pledged by a borrower that is directly related to the business activities of the borrower’s company such as equipment, accounts receivable and inventory. The borrower’s abilities to generate revenues from equipment purchases, collect accounts receivable, and to turn inventory into sales are risk factors in the repayment of the loan. A portion of this loan category is related to loans secured by oil and gas production and loans secured by aircraft.

Construction and land development loans. This category includes loans for the development of unimproved land to lot development for both residential and commercial use and vertical construction across residential and commercial real estate classes. These loans carry risk of repayment when projects incur cost overruns, have an increase in the price of construction materials, encounter zoning, entitlement, or environmental issues, or encounter other factors that may affect the completion of a project on time and on budget. Additionally, repayment risk may be negatively impacted when the market experiences a deterioration in the value of real estate. Risks specifically related to 1-4 family development loans also include mortgage rate risk and the practice by the mortgage industry of imposing more restrictive underwriting standards, which inhibits the buyer from obtaining long term financing creating excessive housing and lot inventory in the market.

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Commercial real estate loans. This category includes loans secured by farmland, multifamily properties, owner-occupied commercial properties, and non-owner-occupied commercial properties. Owner-occupied commercial properties include warehouses often along the U.S./Mexico border for import/export operations, office space where the borrower is the primary tenant, restaurants and other single-tenant retail spaces. Non-owner-occupied commercial properties include hotels, retail centers, office and professional buildings, and leased warehouses. These loans carry the risk of repayment when market values deteriorate, the business experiences turnover in key management, the business is unable to attract or maintain stable occupancy levels, or the market experiences an exit of a specific business type that is significant to the local economy, such as a manufacturing plant. Our primary risk management tool is internal monitoring measured against internal concentration limits that are significantly lower than regulatory thresholds and are segmented by low-risk and high-risk characteristics, such as the borrower’s equity, cash flow coverage, and non-amortizing versus amortizing status, further disaggregated by the length of time to pay in full. This monitoring is regularly reported to senior management and the board of directors. Risk management practices also extend to managing the borrower’s relationship with us and are designed to recognize degradation in the borrower’s ability to repay under established terms well before the borrower may default. Loan and deposit activity by the borrower is monitored on a frequent basis, which may prompt a change in risk classification. Once a loan is moved to a more severe risk classification, the loan performance, and when applicable, a plan by the borrower to rectify issues are monitored and reviewed at least quarterly. Additionally, our credit administration team, which is independent from the lending team, reviews a substantial portion of the commercial lending portfolio annually, which includes a significant portion of the commercial real estate loan portfolio given the current mix of loans in our portfolio. The table below summarizes the commercial real estate loan portfolio disaggregated by the type of real estate securing the credit as of June 30, 2026 and December 31, 2025:

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1-4 family mortgages. This category includes both first and second lien mortgages for the purposes of home purchases or refinancing existing mortgage loans. A small portion of this loan category is related to home equity lines of credits, lots purchases, and home construction. Loan repayments may be affected by unemployment or underemployment and deteriorating market values of real estate.

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Consumer loans. This category includes deposit secured, vehicle secured, and unsecured loans, including overdrafts, made to individuals. Repayment is primarily affected by unemployment or underemployment.

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The loan pools are further broken down using a risk-based segmentation based on internal classifications for commercial loans and past due status for consumer mortgage loans. Non-mortgage consumer loans are evaluated as one segment. On a weekly basis, commercial loan past due reports are reviewed by our credit quality committee to determine if a loan has any potential problems and if a loan should be placed on our internal Watch List report. Additionally, our

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credit department reviews the majority of our loans for proper internal classification purposes regardless of whether they are past due and segregates any loans with potential problems for further review. The credit department will discuss the potential problem loans with the servicing loan officers to determine any relevant issues that were not discovered in the evaluation. Also, an analysis of loans that is provided through examinations by regulatory authorities is considered in the review process. After the above analysis is completed, we will determine if a loan should be placed on an internal Watch List report because of issues related to the analysis of the credit, credit documents, collateral, and/or payment history.

Our internal Watch List report is segregated into the following categories: (i) Pass, (ii) Economic Monitoring, (iii) Special Review, (iv) Watch List—Pass, (v) Watch List—Substandard, and (vi) Watch List—Doubtful. Loans placed in the Economic Monitoring or Special Review categories reflect our opinion that the loans have potential weaknesses that require monitoring on a more frequent basis. Credits in those categories are reviewed and discussed on a regular basis with the credit department and the lending staff to determine if a change in category is warranted. Loans placed in the Watch List—Pass category reflect our opinion that the credit contains weaknesses that represent a greater degree of risk, which warrants “extra attention.” Credits placed in this category are reviewed and discussed on a regular basis with the credit department and the lending staff to determine if a change in category is warranted. Loans placed in the Watch List—Substandard category are considered to be potentially inadequately protected by the current sound worth and debt service capacity of the borrower or of any pledged collateral. Those credit obligations, even if apparently protected by collateral value, have shown defined weaknesses related to adverse financial, managerial, economic, market, or political conditions, which may jeopardize repayment of principal and interest under contractual terms. Furthermore, there is a possibility that we may sustain some future loss if such weaknesses are not corrected. Loans placed in the Watch List—Doubtful category have shown defined weaknesses and reflect our belief that it is likely, based on current information and events, that we will be unable to collect all principal and/or interest amounts contractually due. Loans placed in the Watch List—Doubtful category are placed on non-accrual when they are moved to that category.

For the purposes of the ACL, in order to maintain segments with sufficient history for meaningful results, the credits in the Pass and Economic Monitoring categories are aggregated, the credits in the Special Review and Watch List—Pass category are aggregated, and the credits in the Watch List—Substandard category remain in their own segment. For loans classified as Watch List—Doubtful, management evaluates these credits in accordance with FASB ASC Subtopic 326-20, “Financial Instruments – Credit Losses – Measured at Amortized Cost,” and, if deemed necessary, a specific reserve is allocated to the loan. The analysis of the specific reserve is based on a variety of factors, including the borrower’s ability to pay, the economic conditions impacting the borrower’s industry and any collateral deficiency. If it is a collateral-dependent loan, the net realizable fair value of collateral will be evaluated for any deficiencies. Substantially all of our loans evaluated as Watch List – Doubtful are measured using the fair value of collateral method. In rare cases, we may use other methods to determine the specific reserve of a loan if such loan is not collateral dependent.

Within each collectively evaluated pool, the robustness of the lifetime historical loss-rate is evaluated and, if needed, is supplemented with peer loss rates through a model risk adjustment. Certain qualitative loss factors are then evaluated to incorporate management’s two-year reasonable and supportable forecast period followed by a reversion to the pool’s average lifetime loss-rate. Those qualitative loss factors are: (i) trends in portfolio volume and composition, (ii) volume and trends in classified loans, delinquencies and non-accruals, (iii) concentration risk, (iv) trends in underlying collateral value, (v) changes in policies, procedures, and strategies, and (vi) economic conditions. Qualitative factors also include potential losses stemming from operational risk factors arising from fraud, natural disasters, pandemics, geopolitical events, and large loans. The large loan operational risk factor was added to our ACL calculation beginning in the second quarter of 2023. Because of the magnitude of large loans, they pose a higher risk of default. Recognizing this risk and establishing an operational risk factor to capture that risk, is prudent action in the current economic environment. Large loans are usually part of a larger relationship with collateral that is pledged across the relationship. Defaulting on a larger loan may therefore jeopardize an entire collateral relationship. The current economic environment has created challenges for borrowers to service their debt. Increasing capitalization rates, elevated office vacancies, an upward trend in apartment vacancies and significant increases in interest rates are all contributing to the elevated risk in large loans. Should any of the factors considered by management in evaluating the adequacy of the ACL change, our estimate could also change, which could affect the level of future credit loss expense.

We have elected to not measure an ACL for accrued interest receivable given our timely approach in identifying and writing off uncollectible accrued interest. An ACL for off-balance sheet exposure is derived from a projected usage

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rate of any unfunded commitment multiplied by the historical loss-rate, plus model risk adjustment, if any, of the on-balance sheet loan pools.

Our management continually reviews the ACL of the Subsidiary Banks using the amounts determined from the estimates established on specific doubtful loans, the estimate established on quantitative historical loss percentages, and the estimate based on qualitative current conditions and reasonable and supportable two-year forecasted data. Our methodology reverts to the average lifetime loss-rate beyond the forecast period when we can no longer develop reasonable and supportable forecasts. Should any of the factors considered by management in evaluating the adequacy of the estimate for current expected credit losses change, our estimate of current expected credit losses could also change, which could affect the level of future credit loss expense. While the calculation of our ACL utilizes management’s best judgment and all information reasonably available, the adequacy of the ACL is dependent on a variety of factors beyond our control, including, among other things, the performance of the entire loan portfolio, the economy, government actions, changes in interest rates and the view of regulatory authorities towards loan classifications.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

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The maintenance of adequate liquidity provides our Subsidiary Banks with the ability to meet potential depositor withdrawals, provide for customer credit needs, maintain adequate statutory reserve levels and take full advantage of high-yield investment opportunities as they arise. Liquidity is afforded by access to financial markets and by holding appropriate amounts of liquid assets. Our Subsidiary Banks derive their liquidity largely from deposits of individuals and business entities. Deposits from persons and entities domiciled in Mexico comprise a stable portion of the deposit base of our Subsidiary Banks. Other important funding sources for our Subsidiary Banks during 2026 and 2025 were securities sold under repurchase agreements and large certificates of deposit, requiring management to closely monitor our asset/liability mix in terms of both rate sensitivity and maturity distribution. Our Subsidiary Banks have had a long-standing relationship with the FHLB and keep open significant unused lines of credit in order to fund liquidity needs. We also maintain a sizable, high quality investment portfolio to provide significant liquidity. These securities can be pledged to the FHLB, sold, or sold under agreements to repurchase to provide immediate liquidity. The following table summarizes our short-term balancing capacities net of balances outstanding:

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We maintain an adequate level of capital as a margin of safety for our depositors and shareholders. At June 30, 2026, shareholders’ equity was $3,375,304,000 compared to $3,251,638,000 at December 31, 2025. The increase in shareholders’ equity can be primarily attributed to the retention of earnings offset by shareholder dividends paid.

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We and the Subsidiary Banks are subject to various regulatory capital requirements administered by state and federal banking agencies. Failure to meet minimum capital requirements can initiate certain mandatory and possibly additional discretionary actions by regulators that, if undertaken, could have a direct material effect on our consolidated financial statements. Under capital adequacy guidelines and the regulatory framework for prompt corrective action, we must meet specific capital guidelines that involve quantitative measures of our assets, liabilities, and certain off-balance sheet items calculated under regulatory accounting practices. Our capital amounts and classifications are also subject to qualitative judgements by regulators about components, risk weightings and other factors.

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In July 2013, the FDIC and other regulatory bodies established a new, comprehensive capital framework for U.S. banking organizations, consisting of minimum requirements that increase both the quantity and quality of capital held by banking organizations. The final rules are a result of the implementation of the Basel III capital reforms and various related capital provisions of the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act (the “Dodd Frank Act”). Consistent with the Basel international framework, the rules include a new minimum ratio of Common Equity Tier 1 (“CET1”) capital to risk-weighted assets of 4.5% and a CET1 capital conservation buffer of 2.5% of risk-weighted assets, effectively resulting in a minimum ratio of CET1 capital to risk-weighted assets of at least 7% upon full implementation. The capital conservation buffer is designed to absorb losses during periods of economic stress. Banking institutions with a ratio of CET1 capital to risk-weighted assets above the minimum but below the conservation buffer will face constraints on dividends, equity repurchases, and compensation based on the amount of the shortfall. The rules also raised the minimum ratio of Tier 1 capital to risk-weighted assets from 4% to 6% and include a minimum leverage ratio of 4% for all banking organizations. Regarding the quality of capital, the rules emphasize CET1 capital and implements strict eligibility criteria for regulatory capital instruments. The rules also improve the methodology for calculating risk-weighted assets to enhance risk sensitivity. We believe that as of June 30, 2026, we meet all fully phased-in capital adequacy requirements.

In November 2017, the OCC, the Federal Reserve Board (“FRB”) and the FDIC finalized a proposed rule that extends the current treatment under the regulatory capital rules for certain regulatory capital deductions and risk weights and certain minority interest requirements, as they apply to banking organizations that are not subject to the advanced approaches capital rules. Effective January 1, 2018, the rule also paused the full transition to the Basel III treatment of mortgage servicing assets, certain deferred tax assets, investments in the capital of unconsolidated financial institutions and minority interests. The agencies are also considering whether to make adjustments to the capital rules in response to CECL and its potential impact on regulatory capital. Pursuant to rules issued by the federal bank regulatory agencies in February 2019 and March 2020, banking organizations were given options to phase in the adoption of CECL over a three-year transition period through December 31, 2022 or over a five-year transition period through December 31, 2024. Rather than electing to make one of the phase-in options, we immediately recognized the capital impact upon adopting CECL accounting standards on January 1, 2020, which resulted in an increase in our allowance for probable loan losses and a one-time cumulative-effect adjustment to retained earnings upon adoption.

In December 2017, the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision unveiled its final set of standards and reforms to its Basel III regulatory capital framework, commonly called “Basel III Endgame” or “Basel IV.” The Basel IV framework makes changes to the capital framework first introduced as “Basel III” in 2010 and aims to reduce excessive variability in banks’ calculations of risk-weighted capital ratios. Implementation of Basel IV across the Basel Committee’s member jurisdictions began on January 1, 2023 and was intended to continue over a five-year transition period by regulators in individual countries, including the U.S. federal bank regulatory agencies. In July 2023, U.S. regulators issued initial proposals for implementing the Basel IV framework (the “2023 Proposals”), which targeted implementation of Basel IV to begin on July 1, 2025, subject to a three-year transition period with full compliance expected by July 1, 2028. However, the previously established implementation dates for Basel IV are no longer definitive, and the future implementation of Basel IV remains unclear, as the federal banking agencies continue to review the Basel IV rules. Most recently, on March 19, 2026, the Federal Reserve Board, the FDIC and the OCC jointly rescinded the 2023 Proposals and unveiled a set of re-proposed capital rules (the “2026 Proposals”) that are intended to streamline and modernize certain aspects of the Basel IV framework and be less onerous for banks than the 2023 Proposals, including based on agency estimates, due to anticipated reductions in certain CET1 capital requirements for banking organizations. The 2026 Proposals include: (i) an expanded risk-based capital framework for large banking organizations; (ii) revisions to the standardized approach for calculating risk-weighted assets; and (iii) revisions to the capital surcharge applicable to global systemically important bank holding companies. The 2026 Proposals were subject to public comment through June 18, 2026. Accordingly, the timing, scope, and final form of the U.S. implementation of the Basel IV framework remains uncertain.

As of June 30, 2026, our capital levels continue to exceed all capital adequacy requirements under the Basel III capital rules as currently applicable to us.

On May 24, 2018, the Economic Growth, Regulatory Relief and Consumer Protection Act of 2018 (“EGRRCPA”) was enacted, and among other things, it includes a simplified capital rule change that effectively exempts banks with assets of less than $10 billion that exceed the “community bank leverage ratio” (the “CBLR”) from all risk-based capital requirements, including Basel III and its predecessors. The federal banking agencies established the CBLR (a ratio of

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tangible equity to average consolidated assets) at 9%, which became effective on January 1, 2020, and qualifying community banks can begin to take advantage of this regulatory relief provision. On April 29, 2026, the federal banking agencies published a final rule lowering the CBLR from 9% to 8%, effective July 1, 2026. Some of our Subsidiary Banks, with assets of less than $10 billion, may qualify for this exemption. Additionally, under the EGRRCPA, qualified bank holding companies with assets of up to $3 billion will be eligible for the FRB’s Small Bank Holding Company and Savings and Loan Holding Company Policy Statement, which eases limitations on the issuance of debt by holding companies. On August 28, 2018, the FRB issued an interim final rule expanding the applicability of its Small Bank Holding Company Policy Statement. While holding companies that meet the conditions of the policy statement are excluded from consolidated capital requirements, their depository institutions continue to be subject to minimum capital requirements. Finally, for banks that continue to be subject to the Basel III’s risk-based capital rules (e.g., assignment of a 150% risk weight to certain exposures), certain commercial real estate loans that were formally classified as high volatility commercial real estate (“HVCRE”) are not subject to heightened risk weights if they meet certain criteria. Also, while acquisition, development, and construction loans are generally subject to heightened risk weights, certain exceptions will apply. In November 2019, the federal banking agencies issued a final rule modifying the agencies’ capital rules for HVCRE, which became effective on April 1, 2020.

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We had a CET1 to risk-weighted assets ratio of 23.56% on June 30, 2026 and 23.36% on December 31, 2025. We had a Tier 1 capital-to-average-total-asset (leverage) ratio of 20.27% and 19.86%, risk-weighted Tier 1 capital ratio of 24.09% and 23.91%, and risk-weighted total capital ratio of 25.30% and 25.09% at June 30, 2026 and December 31, 2025, respectively. Our CET1 capital consists of common stock and related surplus, net of treasury stock, and retained earnings. We and our Subsidiary Banks elected to opt-out of the requirement to include most components of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) in the calculation of CET1 capital. CET1 is reduced by goodwill and other intangible assets, net of associated deferred tax liabilities and subject to transition provisions. Tier 1 capital includes CET1 capital and additional Tier 1 capital. Additional Tier 1 capital includes the Capital and Common Securities issued by the Trusts (see Note 8 above) up to a maximum of 25% of Tier 1 capital on an aggregate basis. Any amount that exceeds the 25% threshold qualifies as Tier 2 capital. As of June 30, 2026 and December 31, 2025, the total of $108,868,000 of the Capital and Common Securities outstanding qualified as Tier 1 capital. We actively monitor the regulatory capital ratios to ensure that our Subsidiary Banks are well-capitalized under the regulatory framework.

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The CET1, Tier 1 and total capital ratios are calculated by dividing the respective capital amounts by risk-weighted assets. Risk-weighted assets are calculated based on regulatory requirements and include total assets, excluding goodwill and other intangible assets, allocated by risk-weight category, and certain off-balance-sheet items, among other things. The leverage ratio is calculated by dividing Tier 1 capital by adjusted quarterly average total assets, which exclude goodwill and other intangible assets, among other things.

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We and our Subsidiary Banks are subject to the regulatory capital requirements administered by the Federal Reserve, and, for our Subsidiary Banks, the FDIC. Regulatory authorities can initiate certain mandatory actions if we or any of our Subsidiary Banks fail to meet the minimum capital requirements, which could have a direct material effect on our financial statements. Management believes, as of June 30, 2026, that we and each of our Subsidiary Banks meet all capital adequacy requirements to which we are subject

We will continue to monitor the volatility and cost of funds in an attempt to match maturities of rate-sensitive assets and liabilities and respond accordingly to anticipate fluctuations in interest rates by adjusting the balance between sources and uses of funds as deemed appropriate. The net-interest rate sensitivity as of June 30, 2026 is illustrated in the table entitled “Interest Rate Sensitivity,” below. This information reflects the balances of assets and liabilities for which rates are subject to change. A mix of assets and liabilities that are roughly equal in volume and re-pricing characteristics represents a matched interest rate sensitivity position. Any excess of assets or liabilities results in an interest rate sensitivity gap.

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We undertake an interest rate sensitivity analysis to monitor the potential risk on future earnings resulting from the impact of possible future changes in interest rates on currently existing net asset or net liability positions. However, this type of analysis is as of a point-in-time position, when in fact that position can quickly change as market conditions, customer needs, and management strategies change. Thus, interest rate changes do not affect all categories of assets and liabilities equally or at the same time. As indicated in the table, we are asset sensitive in both the short- and long-term scenarios. Our Asset and Liability Committee semi-annually reviews the consolidated position along with simulation

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and duration models, and makes adjustments as needed to control our interest rate risk position. We use modeling of future events as a primary tool for monitoring interest rate risk.

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Interest Rate Sensitivity

(Dollars in Thousands)

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Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk

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During the six months ended June 30, 2026, there were no material changes in market risk exposures that affected the quantitative and qualitative disclosures regarding market risk presented under the caption “Liquidity and Capital Resources” located on pages 15 through 19 of our 2025 Annual Report.

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Item 4. Controls and Procedures

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Disclosure Controls and Procedures

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We maintain disclosure controls and procedures designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in reports filed under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within specified time periods. As of the end of the period covered by this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, our principal executive officer and principal financial officer evaluated, with the participation of our management, the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)). Based on the

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evaluation, which disclosed no material weaknesses, our principal executive officer and principal financial officer concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of the end of the period covered by this report.

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Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

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There were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting that occurred during our most recent fiscal quarter that have materially affected or are reasonably likely to materially affect our internal control over financial reporting.

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PART II - OTHER INFORMATION

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Item 1. Legal Proceedings

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We are involved in various legal proceedings that are in various stages of litigation. We have determined, based on discussions with our counsel that any material loss in any current legal proceedings, individually or in the aggregate, is remote or the damages sought, even if fully recovered, would not be considered material to our consolidated financial position or results of operations. However, many of these matters are in various stages of proceedings and further developments could cause management to revise its assessment of these matters.

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1A. Risk Factors

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There were no material changes in the risk factors as previously disclosed in Item 1A to Part I of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2025, filed with the SEC on February 26, 2026.

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Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds

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Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities

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During the six months ended June 30, 2026, there were no sales of equity securities that were not registered under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or which were not previously disclosed or reported in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2025 or a subsequent Current Report on Form 8-K.

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Purchases of Equity Securities by the Issuer and Affiliated Purchasers

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In April 2009, the Board re-established a formal stock repurchase program that authorized the repurchase of up to $40 million of common stock within the following 12 months. Annually since then, including on February 17, 2026, the Board extended and increased the repurchase program to purchase up to $150 million of common stock during the 12-month period commencing on March 15, 2026. Shares of common stock may be purchased from time to time on the open market or through privately negotiated transactions. Shares purchased in this program will be held in treasury for reissue for various corporate purposes, including employee compensation plans. During the second quarter of 2026, the Board adopted a Rule 10b-18 trading plan and a Rule 10b5-1 trading plan and intends to adopt additional Rule 10b-18 and Rule 10b5-1 trading plans, which will allow us to purchase shares of our common stock during certain open and blackout periods when we ordinarily would not be in the market due to trading restrictions in our insider trading policy. During the terms of both a Rule 10b-18 and Rule 10b5-1 trading plan, purchases of common stock are automatic to the extent the conditions of the plan’s trading instructions are met. Shares purchased under these trading plans will be held in treasury for reissue for various corporate purposes, including employee stock compensation plans. As of August 4, 2026, a total of 13,798,305 shares had been repurchased under all programs at a cost of $420,157,000. We are not obligated to purchase shares under our stock repurchase program outside of the Rule 10b-18 and Rule 10b5-1trading plans.

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Except for repurchases in connection with the administration of an employee benefit plan in the ordinary course of business and consistent with past practices, common stock repurchases are only conducted under publicly announced

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repurchase programs approved by the Board. The following table includes information about common stock share repurchases for the quarter ended June 30, 2026.

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(1) The repurchase program was extended on February 17, 2026 and allows for the purchase of up to an additional $150,000,000 of common stock through March 15, 2027.

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Item 5. Other Information

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During the quarter ended June 30, 2026, there was no information required to be disclosed in a Current Report on Form 8-K which was not disclosed in a Current Report on Form 8-K.

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During the quarter ended June 30, 2026, there were no material changes to the procedures by which shareholders may recommend nominees to our Board.

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During the quarter ended June 30, 2026, none of the Company’s directors or officers adopted, modified, or terminated a “Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement” or a “non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement,” as those terms are defined in Item 408 of Regulation S-K.

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Item 6. Exhibits

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The following exhibits are filed as a part of this Report:

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(3a)* — Articles of Incorporation of International Bancshares Corporation.

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(3b)* — Articles of Amendment to the Articles of Incorporation of International Bancshares Corporation dated May 22, 1998.

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(3c)* — Articles of Amendment to the Articles of Incorporation of International Bancshares Corporation dated May 21, 2002.

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(3d)* — Articles of Amendment to the Articles of Incorporation of International Bancshares Corporation filed with the Texas Secretary of State on May 17, 2005.

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(3e)* — Articles of Amendment to the Articles of Incorporation of International Bancshares Corporation filed with the Texas Secretary of State on December 22, 2008.

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(3f)* — Second Amended and Restated By-Laws of International Bancshares Corporation (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on August 12, 2025).

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(3g)* — Certificate of Amendment to Articles of Incorporation of International Bancshares Corporation filed with the Texas Secretary of State on May 21, 2013.

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13* —Annual report to Shareholders on Form ARS for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2025, filed with the SEC on February 26, 2026

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31(a) —Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002

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31(b) —Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002

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32(a)** —Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002

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32(b)** —Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002

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101++ — Interactive Data File

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104++ — Cover Page Interactive Data File (included in Exhibit 101)

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*Previously Filed

**This certification is furnished herewith and will not be deemed “filed” for purposes of Section 18 of the Exchange Act, or otherwise subject to the liability of that section. Such certification will not be deemed to be incorporated by reference into any filing under the Securities Act or the Exchange Act, except to the extent that the registrant specifically incorporates it by reference.

++ Attached as Exhibit 101 to this report are the following documents formatted in Inline XBRL (Extensible Business Reporting Language): (i) the Cover Page to this Form 10-Q; (ii) the Condensed Consolidated Statement of Earnings for the three and six months ended June 30, 2026; (iii) the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet as of June 30, 2026 and December 31, 2025; and (iv) the Condensed Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows for the six months ended June 30, 2026 and June 30, 2025.

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​ ​ INTERNATIONAL BANCSHARES CORPORATION

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Date: August 6, 2026 ​ /s/ Dennis E. Nixon

​ ​ Dennis E. Nixon

​ ​ President and Chief Executive Officer

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Date: August 6, 2026 ​ /s/ Judith I. Wawroski

​ ​ Judith I. Wawroski

​ ​ Treasurer and Chief Financial Officer

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